Simultaneous Determination of Deltamethrin and Permethrin in Water Samples Using Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction via Flotation Assistance and GC-FID

Progress in the technology of solvent flotation

Solvent flotation primarily relies on the variations in the activity of substances to adsorb target compounds onto the surface of bubbles, thereby facilitating the process of separation and extraction. This technology has the advantages of high separation efficiency, gentle process, and simple operation, making it widely applicable across various fields. This article reviews relevant research from the past decade to analyze the factors influencing this technology. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of its applications in detecting organic matter in environmental samples and extracting bioactive compounds from natural products, while also anticipating upcoming trends in its development.

Ternary solvent based homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction for the preconcentration of organochlorine pesticides from water and apple juice samples

In the present study, the optimal experimental conditions were determined by optimizing the effect of extraction solvent types and volume, salt types and concentration, centrifugation speed and time using one variable at a time. Under optimal experimental conditions, calibration curves were constructed separately using water and apple juice samples as representative matrices, and good linearities were achieved over a wide concentration range of 0.2-1600 ng L-1 with a coefficient of determination (r2) ≥ 0.998. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ), determined to be 3 and 10 times the signal-to-noise ratios (S/N), were between 0.07-3.9 and 0.2-12.0 ng L-1 for water samples and 2.6-10.0 and 8.0-30.0 ng L-1 for the apple juice sample respectively. The precisions study showed %RSD values of ≤6% for both matrices, indicating satisfactory precisions. The enrichment factors and recoveries of the proposed method ranged from 41.4-74.5 and 86-109% respectively. The proposed method could be used as a simple and environmentally friendly alternative for the analysis of OCPs from environmental and food matrices. This method potentially offers a more sustainable and effective approach to monitoring OCPs in environmental and food products. Its use in the analysis of apple juice samples is particularly novel and can provide valuable insights into pesticide contamination in fruit juices.

Development of effervescence-assisted switchable-polarity solvent homogeneous liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of permethrin and deltamethrin in water samples prior to GC-FID

An effervescent tablet-assisted switchable polarity solvent-based homogeneous liquid-phase microextraction (ETA-SPS-HLPME) combined with gas chromatography with flame ionization detection has been conducted for the separation, preconcentration, and detection of permethrin and deltamethrin in the river water specimens. The triethylamine (TEA) was utilized as a switchable polarity solvent in this method. The switching process was carried out by the dissolution of an effervescent tablet including an effervescency agent (sodium carbonate) and a proton donor agent (citric acid). Changing the pH of the specimen solution enhanced the conversion of TEA into protonated triethylamine carbonate (P-TEA-C) through the tablet that generated carbon dioxide (CO₂ ) bubbles in situ. Finally, the addition of sodium hydroxide changed the ionization state of TEA and separated two phases. Influential factors in extraction were investigated. According to optimal situations, the limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were obtained 0.16 and 0.5 μgL^-1 for permethrin and 0.03 and 0.1 μgL^-1 for deltamethrin respectively. The preconcentration factor (PF) was achieved 194 in river water samples and interday and intraday precision (RSD % n = 5) was <5%. The extraction recovery was obtained in the range of 93.0-97% for permethrin and deltamethrin in water samples.

Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction as an alternative sample preparation technique for biomedical analysis

Liquid-liquid extraction is a widely used technique of sample preparation in biomedical analysis. In spite of the high pre-concentration capacities of liquid-liquid extraction, it suffers from a number of limitations including time and effort consumption, large organic solvent utilization, and poor performance in highly polar analytes. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction is an alternative sample preparation technique that overcomes some drawbacks of conventional liquid-liquid extraction, and allows employing greener organic solvents in sample treatment. In homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction, a homogeneous phase is formed between the aqueous sample and the water-miscible extractant, followed by chemically or physically induced phase separation. To form the homogeneous phase, aqueous samples are mixed with water-miscible organic solvents, water-immiscible solvents/cosolvents, surfactants, or smart polymers. Then, phase separation is induced chemically (adding salt, sugar, or buffer) or physically (changing temperature or pH). This mode is rapid, sustainable, and cost-effective in comparison with other sample preparation techniques. Moreover, homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction is more suitable for the extraction of delicate macromolecules such as enzymes, hormones, and proteins and it is more compatible with liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, which is a vital technique in metabolomics and proteomics. In this review, the principle, types, applications, automation, and technical aspects of homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction are discussed.

Effects of Deltamethrin on striatum and hippocampus mitochondrial integrity and the protective role of Quercetin in rats

The present work is to evaluate the neurotoxicity induced by pyrethroid insecticide "Deltamethrin" at 0.32 mg/kg/day in two main regions of the Wistar rat brain (hippocampus and striatum) and the protective effects of Quercetin at 10 mg/kg/day on this toxicity after 90 days of exposure. The assay of brain parameters showed that Deltamethrin caused a significant increase of mitochondrial metabolite level (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates) and enzyme activity (glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase); a decreased amount of mitochondrial glutathione level and catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities; and an increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) acid levels of the two regions. Furthermore, mitochondrial functional testing in the brains of treated rats exhibited a significant increase in permeability followed by a mitochondrial swelling. Instead, a statistically significant decrease in mitochondrial respiration (O₂ consumption) was recorded in the striatum and hippocampus. Our study showed that the pesticide caused a significant increase of the cytochrome c amount correlated with activation of neuronal apoptosis mechanisms by the significant increase of caspase-3 of hippocampus and striatum. In particular, the results of behavioral tests (open field, classic maze tests of sucrose, and Morris water maze) have significant changes, namely bad behavior of the treated rats, affecting the level of anxiety, learning, and memory, and general motor activity has mainly been shown in treated rats. In addition, the histological cuts clearly confirm cerebral necrosis in the hippocampus and the striatum caused by the pesticide. They allow us to consider the necrotic areas, black spots, reduction, and denaturation of these brain regions in the treated rats. On the other hand, we have studied the protective effects against the neurotoxicity of Deltamethrin (DLM). In this context, after the gavage of Quercetin at the dose of 10 mg/kg/day, we have noticed an improvement in the entire parameters: mitochondrial enzyme, metabolic, histological, and behavioral parameters. This confirmed the improvement of preventive and curative effect of Quercetin against free radicals induced by the DLM.