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Hu C, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Feng XS. Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and related compounds in the environment: Recent updates on pretreatment, analysis, and removal techniques. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128708. [PMID: 35344890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (1,1-Dimethylhydrazine, UDMH) has been widely used as aerospace fuel in many countries. The launch of space vehicles can cause the release and leakage of UDMH into the environment, posing serious threats to ecology system and human population. Even worse, the health risks are also pertinent to its numerous classes of transformation products including N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), because most of them display carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Recently, there has been an intense ongoing development of simple, fast, green, and effective techniques for determining and removing these hazardous substances. This review summarizes the latest research progress regarding the sources, fates, pretreatment, analysis, and removal techniques of UDMH and related products in the environment. Sample preparation methods mainly include pressurized liquid extraction, liquid-phase microextraction techniques, solid-phase extraction, headspace-solid-phase microextraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Detection and identification methods mainly include high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), and sensors. Removal methods mainly include advanced oxidation processes, adsorption, biodegradation techniques. The advantages/disadvantages, applications, and trends of the proposed approaches are thoroughly discussed to provide a valuable reference for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Zhakupbekova A, Baimatova N, Psillakis E, Kenessov B. Quantification of trace transformation products of rocket fuel unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine in sand using vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:33645-33656. [PMID: 35028834 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products in solid samples is an important stage in monitoring of environmental pollution caused by heavy rockets launches. The new method for simultaneous quantification of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products in sand samples using vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction without addition of water followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is proposed. Decreasing air evacuation time from 120 to 20 s at 23 °C resulted in increased responses of analytes by 25-46% and allowed obtaining similar responses as after evacuation at -30 °C. The best combination of responses of analytes and their relative standard deviations (RSDs) was achieved after air evacuation of a sample (m = 1.00 g) for 20 s at 23 °C, incubation for 30 min at 40 °C, and 30-min extraction at 40 °C by Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (Car/PDMS) fiber. The method was validated in terms of linearity (R2=0.9912-0.9938), limits of detection (0.035 to 3.6 ng g-1), limits of quantification (0.12-12 ng g-1), recovery (84-97% with RSDs 1-11%), repeatability (RSDs 3-9%), and reproducibility (RSDs 7-11%). It has a number of major advantages over existing methods based on headspace solid-phase microextraction-lower detection limits, better accuracy and precision at similar or lower cost of sample preparation. The developed method was successfully applied for studying losses of analytes from open vials with model sand spiked with unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products. It can be recommended for analysis of trace concentrations of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products when studying their transformation, migration and distribution in contaminated sand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aray Zhakupbekova
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi Street, office 101, 050012, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Development, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nassiba Baimatova
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi Street, office 101, 050012, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
| | - Elefteria Psillakis
- Laboratory of Aquatic Chemistry, School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece
| | - Bulat Kenessov
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi Street, office 101, 050012, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Huang D, Wang H, Wang X, Sun Y, Du Y, Gao X, Liu XX, Zuo C. High purity (E)‐1,1,4,
4‐tetramethyl
‐2‐tetrazene synthesis, characterization, and properties: A hypergolic nontoxic prospective alternative to hydrazines. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering High‐Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an China
| | - Huanchun Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering High‐Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China
| | - Xuanjun Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering High‐Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an China
| | - Yubin Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering High‐Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an China
| | - Yao Du
- School of Chemical Engineering High‐Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an China
| | - Xin Gao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering High‐Tech Institute of Beijing Beijing China
| | - Xiang Xuan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering High‐Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an China
| | - Chunshan Zuo
- School of Chemical and Pharmacological Engineering Huanghuai University Zhumadian China
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Rapid quantification and screening of nitrogen-containing rocket fuel transformation products by vortex assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography – high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bukenov B, Baimatova N, Kenessov B. Quantification of transformation products of rocket fuel unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine in air using solid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:614-622. [PMID: 34796657 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products in ambient air is important for assessing the environmental impact of heavy rocket launches. There are very little data of such analyses, which is mainly caused by the low number of analytes covered by the available analytical methods and their complexity. A simple and cost-efficient method for accurate simultaneous determination of seven unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products in air using solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed. The method was optimized for air sampling and solid-phase microextraction from 20-mL vials, which allows full automation of analysis. The extraction for 5 min by Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber from amber vials and desorption for 3 min provided the greatest analytes' responses, lowest relative standard deviations, linear calibration (R2 ≥ 0.99), and limits of detection from 0.12 to 0.5 μg/m3 . Samples with concentrations 500 μg/m3 can be stored at 21 ± 1°C without substantial losses (1-11%) for up to 24 h, while air samples with concentrations 10 and 50 μg/m3 stored for up to 24 h can be used for accurate quantification of only two and four out of seven analytes, respectively. The developed method was successfully tested for the analysis of air above real soil samples contaminated with unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine rocket fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauyrzhan Bukenov
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi street, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Nassiba Baimatova
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi street, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Bulat Kenessov
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi street, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
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Popov MS, Ul’yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Quantification of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Transformation Products in Aqueous Solutions: Accelerated Water Sample Preparation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195743. [PMID: 34641287 PMCID: PMC8510043 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of highly toxic rocket fuel based on 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) in many types of carrier rockets poses a threat to environment and human health associated with an ingress of UDMH into wastewater and natural reservoirs and its transformation with the formation of numerous toxic nitrogen-containing products. Their GC-MS quantification in aqueous samples requires matrix change and is challenging due to high polarity of analytes. To overcome this problem, accelerated water sample preparation (AWASP) based on the complete removal of water with anhydrous sodium sulfate and transferring analytes into dichloromethane was used. Twenty-nine UDMH transformation products including both the acyclic and heterocyclic compounds of various classes were chosen as target analytes. AWASP ensured attaining near quantitative extraction of 23 compounds with sample preparation procedure duration of no more than 5 min. Combination of AWASP with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and using pyridine-d5 as an internal standard allowed for developing the rapid, simple, and low-cost method for simultaneous quantification of UDMH transformation products with detection limits of 1-5 μg L-1 and linear concentration range covering 4 orders of magnitude. The method has been validated and successfully tested in the analysis of aqueous solutions of rocket fuel subjected to oxidation with atmospheric oxygen, as well as pyrolytic gasification in supercritical water modelling wastewater from carrier rockets launch sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Popov
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Core Facility Center ‘Arktika’, Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia; (M.S.P.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Nikolay V. Ul’yanovskii
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Core Facility Center ‘Arktika’, Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia; (M.S.P.); (D.S.K.)
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, 163000 Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Dmitry S. Kosyakov
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Core Facility Center ‘Arktika’, Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia; (M.S.P.); (D.S.K.)
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Popov MS, Ul’yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS. Application of Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization to the Determination of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Transformation Products by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820130109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Ul’yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS, Popov MS, Pikovskoi II, Khoroshev OY. Using a Stationary Phase Based on Porous Graphitized Carbon for the Determination of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Transformation Products by Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820040140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kosyakov DS, Ul’yanovskii NV, Ivakhnov AD, Pikovskoi II. Transformation of Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine in Supercritical Water. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793119070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Huang D, Liu X, Wang X, Huang Z, Xie Z, Wang H. Investigation on the compositions of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine treatment with different oxidants using solid-phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190263. [PMID: 31218063 PMCID: PMC6549943 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The majority of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) treatments produce lots of toxic by-products, among which N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a strong carcinogen. The compositions of the by-products are important for evaluating the treatment efficiency and understanding the UDMH degradation mechanism to achieve UDMH mineralization. The intermediate and end products of UDMH treatment with different oxidants were investigated by using a simple and fast method, solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effects of several parameters (coating fibre, salt addition, pH, sampling time and desorption time) were studied to optimize analyte recovery. The best response can be attained by the 65 µm PDMS/DVB fibre at pH 7 during 10 min after desorption of 1 min in the GC inlet. The intermediate and final oxidative products of UDMH wastewater treatment with different oxidants (O3, Mn2+/O3, Fe2+/H2O2) were investigated. The results showed that the UDMH treatment with O3 could lead to high yields of NDMA. Metal catalytic ozonation could largely minimize the formation of NDMA. No NDMA was observed in the final decontaminated samples after treatment with Fe2+/H2O2. The NDMA formation and degradation mechanism were discussed based on the intermediates. This study is expected to provide useful information for controlling NDMA formation during UDMH wastewater treatment.
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Milyushkin AL, Birin KP, Matyushin DD, Semeikin AV, Iartsev SD, Karnaeva AE, Uleanov AV, Buryak AK. Isomeric derivatives of triazoles as new toxic decomposition products of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:95-99. [PMID: 30414547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) is a rocket propellant for carrier rockets and missiles. UDMH is environmentally hostile compound, which easily forms a variety of toxic products of oxidative transformation. The liquidation of unused UDMH from retired launch sites is performed by the complete burning of UDMH-containing wastes. Due cyclicity of the burning equipment the UDMH-containing wastes are subject of prolonged storage in contact with atmospheric oxygen and thus contains a complicated mixture of UDMH degradation products. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and NMR were used for the isolation on characterization of new highly polar and potentially toxic UDMH transformation products in the mixture. Two series of unreported isomers with high ionization cross section in electrospray ionization were isolated by repeated preparative HPLC. The structures of the isomers were established by tandem HRMS and NMR. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds has been preliminarily studied and found to be similar to UDMH or higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey L Milyushkin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, GSP-1, 119071, Russia.
| | - Kirill P Birin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, GSP-1, 119071, Russia
| | - Dmitriy D Matyushin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, GSP-1, 119071, Russia
| | - Alexander V Semeikin
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Stepan D Iartsev
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, GSP-1, 119071, Russia
| | - Anastasia E Karnaeva
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, GSP-1, 119071, Russia
| | - Alexey V Uleanov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, GSP-1, 119071, Russia
| | - Aleksey K Buryak
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, GSP-1, 119071, Russia
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Ul’yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS, Pikovskoi II, Popov MS. Study of the Products of Oxidation of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine by Nitrogen Dioxide in an Aqueous Solution by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934818130130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Orazbayeva D, Kenessov B, Zhakupbekova A. Quantification of transformation products of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine in aqueous extracts from soil
based on vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction. CHEMICAL BULLETIN OF KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.15328/cb1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of transformation products of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) in soil requires tedious, time- and labor-consuming sample preparation. The simple and fast method for quantification of transformation products of UDMH in aqueous extracts from soil using vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (Vac-HSSPME) was optimized in this work. The method is based on extraction of analytes from soil with water followed by Vac-HSSPME of the obtained aqueous extracts, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The target transformation products were: pyrazine, 1-methyl-1H-pyrazole, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N,N-dimethylformamide, 1-methyl-1Н-1,2,4-triazole, 1-methyl-imidazole and 1H-pyrazole. The effect of a sample pH on responses of target analytes was studied. It was negligible, and no pH adjustment was recommended before a subsequent extraction. The water amount was optimized to provide the best combination of analytes responses and their precision. Extraction by adding 7.00 mL of water to 2.0 g of soil ensured linear dependence of responses of the analytes on their concentrations in soil. The optimized method provided detection limits of target analytes in soil in the range from 0.2 to 9 ng/g. The spike recoveries obtained for model samples were in the range 90-103%. The developed method can be recommended for application in laboratories conducting routine analyses of soil samples potentially contaminated by rocket fuel residuals.
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Orazbayeva D, Kenessov B, Psillakis E, Nassyrova D, Bektassov M. Determination of transformation products of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine in water using vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1555:30-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ul’yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS, Pikovskoi II, Shavrina IS, Shpigun OA. Determination of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine and its Transformation Products in Soil by Zwitterionic Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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