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Wang L, Cheng Y, Wu C, Luo F, Lin Z, Naidu R. Rapid on-site detection of underground petroleum pipeline leaks and risk assessment using portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and solid phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1696:463980. [PMID: 37060855 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Locating underground pipeline leaks can be challenging due to their hidden nature and variable terrain conditions. To sample soil gas, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was employed, and a portable gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to detect the presence and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon volatile organic compounds (pH-VOCs), including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). We optimized the extraction method through benchtop studies using SPME. The appropriate fibre materials and exposure time were selected for each BTEX compound. Before applying SPME, we preconditioned the soil vapour samples by keeping the temperature at around 4 °C and using ethanol as a desorbing agent and moisture filters to minimize the impact of moisture. To conduct this optimisation, airbags were applied to condition the soil vapour samples and SPME sampling. By conditioning the samples using this method, we were able to improve analytical efficiency and accuracy while minimizing environmental impacts, resulting in more reliable research data in the field. The study employed portable GC/MS data to assess the concentration distribution of BTEX in soil vapour samples obtained from 1.5 m below the ground surface at 10 subsurface vapour monitoring locations at the leak site. After optimization, the detection limits of BTEX were almost 100 µg/m3, and the measurement repeatabilities were approximately 5% and 15% for BTEX standards in the laboratory and soil vapour samples in the field, respectively. The soil vapour samples showed a hotspot region with high BTEX concentrations, reaching 30 mg/m3, indicating a diesel return pipeline leak caused by a gasket failure in a flange. The prompt detection of the leak source was critical in minimizing environmental impact and worker safety hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ying Cheng
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Cuiqin Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fjian 350108, China
| | - Zhenyu Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fjian 350108, China
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Needle extraction device for rapid and quantitative gas chromatographic determination of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons and benzene in soil. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Oliveira do Nascimento H, Zillene Franklin da Silva M, Beserra Alexandre J, Bastos Vidal C, Vieira Carvalho T, Ferreira do Nascimento R. New HS-SPME-GC-BID method for the determination of volatile constituents in distilled beverages. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Soury S, Bahrami A, Alizadeh S, Shahna FG, Nematollahi D. Development of a Needle Trap Device Packed with HKUST-1 Sorbent for Sampling and Analysis of BTEX in Air. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht16.02.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a needle trap device packed with HKUST-1 (Cu-based metal-organic framework) for the sampling and analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) in ambient air for the first time. The HKUST-1 was synthesized via the electrochemical process. Afterwards, the adsorbent was packed into 22 gauge needles. To provide the different concentrations of BTEX, the syringe pump was connected to the glass chamber to inject a specific rate of the BTEX compounds. Design-expert software (version 7) was used to optimize the analytical parameters including breakthrough volume, desorption conditions and sampling conditions. The best desorption conditions were achieved at 548 K for 6 min, and the best sampling conditions were determined at 309 K of sampling temperature and 20 % of relative humidity. According to the results, the limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) of the developed needle trap device (NTD) were in the range of 0.52–1.41 and 0.16–0.5 mg/m3, respectively. In addition, the repeatability and reproducibility of the method were calculated to be in the range of 5.5–13.2 and 5.3–12.3 %, respectively. The analysis of needles stored in the refrigerator (>277 K) and room temperature (298 K) showed that the NTD can store the BTEX analytes for at least 10 and 6 days, respectively. Our findings indicated that the NTD packed with HKUST-1 sorbent can be used as a trustworthy and useful technique for the determination of BTEX in air.
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Song N, Tian Y, Luo Z, Dai J, Liu Y, Duan Y. Advances in pretreatment and analysis methods of aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6099-6113. [PMID: 35424557 PMCID: PMC8981609 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08633b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene compounds that are prevalent in the soil as organic pollutants mainly include BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three xylene isomers) and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). These pose a severe threat to many aspects of human health. Therefore, the accurate measurement of BTEX and PAHs concentrations in the soil is of great importance. The samples for analysis of BTEX and PAHs need to be suitable for the various detection methods after pretreatment, which include Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction, solid-phase microextraction, supercritical extraction, and needle trap. The detection techniques mainly consist of gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), and online sensors, and provide comprehensive information on contaminants in the soil. Their performance is evaluated in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and recovery. Recently, there has been rapid progress in the pretreatment and analysis methods for the quantitative and qualitative analyses of BTEX and PAHs. Therefore, it is necessary to produce a timely and in-depth review of the emerging pretreatment and analysis methods, which is unfortunately absent from the recent literature. In this work, state-of-art extraction techniques and analytical methods have been summarized for the determination of BTEX and PAHs in soil, with a particular focus on the potential and limitations of the respective methods for different aromatic hydrocarbons. Accordingly, the paper will describe the basic methodological knowledge, as well as the recent advancement of pretreatment and analysis methods for samples containing BTEX and PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
| | - Yonghui Tian
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
| | - Zewei Luo
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
| | - Jianxiong Dai
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
| | - Yan Liu
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
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Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene with headspace-hollow fiber solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography in wastewater and Buxus leaves, employing a chemometric approach. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Orazbayeva D, Koziel JA, Trujillo-Rodríguez MJ, Anderson JL, Kenessov B. Polymeric ionic liquid sorbent coatings in headspace solid-phase microextraction: A green sample preparation technique for the determination of pesticides in soil. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Quantitation of benzene in flavourings and liquid foods containing added cherry-type flavour by a careful work-up procedure followed by a stable isotope dilution assay. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Białowiec A, Micuda M, Szumny A, Łyczko J, Koziel JA. Quantification of VOC Emissions from Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123208. [PMID: 30563101 PMCID: PMC6321041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, for the first time, the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from carbonized refuse-derived fuel (CRDF) were quantified on a laboratory scale. The analyzed CRDF was generated from the torrefaction of municipal waste. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify 84 VOCs, including many that are toxic, e.g., derivatives of benzene or toluene. The highest emissions were measured for nonanal, octanal, and heptanal. The top 10 most emitted VOCs contributed to almost 65% of the total emissions. The VOC mixture emitted from torrefied CRDF differed from that emitted by other types of pyrolyzed biochars, produced from different types of feedstock, and under different pyrolysis conditions. SPME was a useful technology for surveying VOC emissions. Results provide an initial database of the types and relative quantities of VOCs emitted from CRDF. This data is needed for further development of CRDF technology and comprehensive assessment of environmental impact and practical storage, transport, and potential adoption of CRDF as means of energy and resource recovery from municipal waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Białowiec
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 50-375, Poland.
| | - Monika Micuda
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 50-375, Poland.
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 50-375, Poland.
| | - Jacek Łyczko
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 50-375, Poland.
| | - Jacek A Koziel
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011, USA.
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Bakaikina NV, Kenessov B, Ul’yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS. Quantification of transformation products of rocket fuel unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine in soils using SPME and GC-MS. Talanta 2018; 184:332-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Orazbayeva D, Kenessov B, Psillakis E, Nassyrova D, Bektassov M. Determination of transformation products of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine in water using vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1555:30-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Method development and optimization for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in water at trace levels by static headspace extraction coupled to gas chromatography-barrier ionization discharge detection. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1548:10-18. [PMID: 29571704 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, more commonly named BTEX, represent one of the most ubiquitous and hazardous groups of atmospheric pollutants. The goal of our research was the trace quantification of BTEX in water by using a new simple, low-cost, and accurate method, based on headspace (HS) extraction and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to barrier ionization discharge detector (BID). This water application dealt with simple matrices without protein, fat, or humic material that adsorb target analytes, thus the external standard calibration was suitable to quantify each compound. The validation steps included the study of linearity, detection and quantification limits, and accuracy. LODs and LOQs varied from 0.159 to 1.845 μg/L and from 0.202 to 2.452 μg/L, respectively. The recovery was between 0.74 ± 0.13 and 1.15 ± 0.09; relative standard deviations (% RDSs) were less than 12.81% (n = 5) and 14.84% (n = 10). Also, GC performance was evaluated in term of efficiency, peak tailing and resolution. Preliminary results from practical applications to analyses of real samples are presented. The results indicate that static HS coupled to GC-BID is a successful method for BTEX analysis in water samples at the μg/L levels, provided that hydrocarbons interference occur at similar concentration levels. GC-BID may become a routine reference method alongside the official analytical techniques for quality control purposes of contaminated waters. Moreover, the new method is amenable to automation by using commercial HS units.
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