Rapid Multi-Residue Analysis of Herbicides with Endocrine-Disrupting Properties in Environmental Water Samples Using Ultrasound-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Green Extraction Techniques as Advanced Sample Preparation Approaches in Biological, Food, and Environmental Matrices: A Review

Green extraction techniques (GreETs) emerged in the last decade as greener and sustainable alternatives to classical sample preparation procedures aiming to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of analytical methods, simultaneously reducing the deleterious side effects of classical extraction techniques (CETs) for both the operator and the environment. The implementation of improved processes that overcome the main constraints of classical methods in terms of efficiency and ability to minimize or eliminate the use and generation of harmful substances will promote more efficient use of energy and resources in close association with the principles supporting the concept of green chemistry. The current review aims to update the state of the art of some cutting-edge GreETs developed and implemented in recent years focusing on the improvement of the main analytical features, practical aspects, and relevant applications in the biological, food, and environmental fields. Approaches to improve and accelerate the extraction efficiency and to lower solvent consumption, including sorbent-based techniques, such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and fabric-phase sorbent extraction (FPSE), and solvent-based techniques (μQuEChERS; micro quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), in addition to supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized solvent extraction (PSE), are highlighted.

New insights of metal free 2D graphitic carbon nitride for photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A

Polymeric oxygen rich exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride (exfoliated GCN, EGCN) was synthesized by the acid treatment of bulk GCN. The photocatalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and point of zero charge. EGCN shows high valance band hole transfer under short-time visible light (λ > 420 nm) exposure for photocatalytic mineralization of bisphenol A (BPA). Enhanced BPA removal was achieved by EGCN (99 %) due to formation of OH^● radicals (H₂O/h_VB⁺ →OH^●/H⁺). Major factors affecting BPA degradation including catalyst dose, wide pH range, and pollutant concentration were optimized. Repeated cycles of BPA degradation were performed with negligible rate decreased from 0.045 to 0.029 min^-1. The degradation profile and plausible reaction mechanism of BPA was established and well justified by the byproducts identified by mass analysis HR-ESI-MS. Therefore, the as-synthesized metal free EGCN, active under visible light, offers a new platform for complete mineralization of byproducts of halogenated organic contaminants.

A Simple Method for the Determination of Triazines from Seawater in Accordance with the Directive 2013/39/EU

Since the Directive 2013/39/EU included terbutryn to the list of priority substances of all water bodies, a previous method based on dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) for the determination of triazines in seawater has been modified. The main change consisted on the use of tandem mass spectrometry instead of diode array as detection technique. Due to the higher sensitivity of mass detector, sample volume was reduced and extraction solvent volume was optimized. The optimum extraction conditions were 5 mL of sample, 50 µL of 1-octanol and an agitation step instead of disperser solvent. The obtained analytical recoveries (73%-101% with relative standard deviations below 4%) meeting the requirements. The limits of quantification (between 0.016 and 0.021 µg L^-1) were more than 10 times lower than the limit set by the European Directive 2013/39/EU for terbutryn (0.34 µg L^-1). The proposed method was applied to the determination of the target compounds in seawater samples from A Coruña (Galicia, NW of Spain).