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Bálint Á, Csányi S, Nemes I, Bijl H, Szabó I. Investigation of PRRS Virus Infection in Hungarian Wild Boar Populations during Its Eradication from Domestic Pig Herds. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1537. [PMID: 38891584 PMCID: PMC11171361 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) significantly impacts the pig farming industry globally, leading to economic losses due to reduced productivity. This study focuses on assessing the presence and impact of PRRS within Hungarian wild boar populations amidst efforts to eradicate the virus from domestic pig herds. We used a combination of serological and virological tests on samples collected from wild boars across Hungary to evaluate the prevalence of PRRS virus and its potential transmission risks to domestic pigs. Our findings reveal a low seropositivity rate in wild boars, suggesting a minimal role of wild boars in the transmission of PRRS to domestic pig populations. Moreover, no relationship was found between domestic pig and wild boar densities, emphasizing the limited interaction and consequent risk of disease spread between these populations. We confirm the effectiveness of Hungary's PRRS eradication measures among domestic herds and highlight the negligible risk posed by wild boars in re-introducing the PRRS virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Sándor Csányi
- Department of Wildlife Biology and Management, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - Imre Nemes
- National Food Chain Safety Office, H-1024 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Hanna Bijl
- Department of Wildlife Biology and Management, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - István Szabó
- National PRRS Eradication Committee, H-1021 Budapest, Hungary
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Milićević V, Glišić D, Sapundžić ZZ, Milovanović B, Maletić J, Jezdimirović N, Kureljušić B. Seroprevalence of Viral Enzootic Diseases in Swine Backyard Farms in Serbia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3409. [PMID: 37958164 PMCID: PMC10649762 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Contrary to pig farming in developed Western countries, in a large part of the world, pigs are still traditionally kept in small backyard farms, usually for family needs. Their main characteristics are low biosecurity, swill feeding, natural breeding and uncontrolled trade. Given the high number of backyard farms in Serbia and the risk they are thought to pose to intensive pig farming, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of major viral diseases of swine among traditionally kept pigs in small holdings with low biosecurity. For this investigation, 222 serum samples from 69 backyard holdings were randomly selected and tested for antibodies to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV), Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) and Swine influenza Virus (SIV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The herd-level seroprevalence of PRRS, Aujeszky's disease and PPV was 2.9%, 27.5% and 37.7%, respectively. Swine influenza seroconversion was not confirmed in any of the tested holdings. Despite widely distributed PPV and AD in backyard farms in Serbia, almost 50% of them are still negative for all the tested diseases. The backyard farms must be monitored, and owners must be educated as their role in eradication programs and obtaining country-free status may be crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Milićević
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.G.); (Z.Z.S.); (B.M.); (J.M.); (N.J.); (B.K.)
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Holgado-Martín R, Arnal JL, Sibila M, Franzo G, Martín-Jurado D, Risco D, Segalés J, Gómez L. First detection of porcine circovirus 4 (PCV-4) in Europe. Virol J 2023; 20:230. [PMID: 37817216 PMCID: PMC10566016 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV-4) is a novel virus recently discovered (2019) in domestic pigs from China, although several studies have proven its circulation since 2008. Later, PCV-4 was also detected in wild boar populations from China and domestic pigs from South Korea and Thailand. Currently, Asia is so far the only continent where this novel virus has been reported; few studies carried out in South America and Europe failed in the attempt to detect it. The objective of this Comment is to communicate the first detection of PCV-4 in Europe, specifically in wild boar and domestic pigs from Mid-South-Western Spain. A retrospective study was carried out on wild boar and domestic pigs, both extensively (Iberian breed) and intensively raised, from Spain and Italy, sampled between 1998 and 2022. PCV-4 genome detection was attempted using different conventional or quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) protocols and some positive results were confirmed through Sanger sequencing. A total of 57 out of 166 (34.3%) Spanish wild boar and 9 out of 223 (4%) Iberian pigs (both geographically located in the Mid-South-Western Spain) were qPCR positive, while the rest of tested animals from North-Eastern Spain and Italy were negative. Partial sequences of Rep or Cap genes of selected samples confirmed the presence of PCV-4. The relatively high prevalence in wild boar and the low one in Iberian pigs from the same areas suggests intra- and interspecific transmission, being the wild boar a potential viral reservoir. The epidemiological and clinical importance of these findings are currently unknown, but guarantees further research on this novel virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Holgado-Martín
- Departamento de Medicina Animal, Unidad de Anatomía Patológica y Anatomía Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria de Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain
| | - José Luís Arnal
- Exopol, Autovaccines and Veterinary Diagnostics, Polígono Río Gállego D/14, San Mateo de Gállego, Zaragoza, 50840, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- Programa de Sanitat Animal, IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- WOAH collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), Padua University, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Desireé Martín-Jurado
- Exopol, Autovaccines and Veterinary Diagnostics, Polígono Río Gállego D/14, San Mateo de Gállego, Zaragoza, 50840, Spain
| | - David Risco
- Departamento de Medicina Animal, Unidad de Anatomía Patológica y Anatomía Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria de Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Programa de Sanitat Animal, IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.
| | - Luís Gómez
- Departamento de Medicina Animal, Unidad de Anatomía Patológica y Anatomía Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria de Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain.
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Makovska I, Dhaka P, Chantziaras I, Pessoa J, Dewulf J. The Role of Wildlife and Pests in the Transmission of Pathogenic Agents to Domestic Pigs: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1830. [PMID: 37889698 PMCID: PMC10251848 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild animals and pests are important reservoirs and vectors of pathogenic agents that can affect domestic pigs. Rapid globalization, anthropogenic factors, and increasing trends toward outdoor pig production facilitate the contact between domestic pigs and wildlife. However, knowledge on the transmission pathways between domestic pigs and the aforementioned target groups is limited. The present systematic review aims to collect and analyze information on the roles of different wild animal species and pests in the spread of pathogens to domesticated pigs. Overall, 1250 peer-reviewed manuscripts published in English between 2010 and 2022 were screened through the PRISMA framework using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A total of 84 studies reporting possible transmission routes of different pathogenic agents were included. A majority of the studies (80%) focused on the role of wild boars in the transmission of pathogenic agents to pig farms. Studies involving the role of rodents (7%), and deer (6%) were the next most frequent, whereas the role of insects (5%), wild carnivores (5%), wild birds (4%), cats (2%), and badgers (1%) were less available. Only 3.5% of studies presented evidence-based transmission routes from wildlife to domestic pigs. Approximately 65.5% of the included studies described possible risks/risk factors for pathogens' transmission based on quantitative data, whereas 31% of the articles only presented a hypothesis or qualitative analysis of possible transmission routes or risk factors and/or contact rates. Risk factors identified include outdoor farms or extensive systems and farms with a low level of biosecurity as well as wildlife behavior; environmental conditions; human activities and movements; fomites, feed (swill feeding), water, carcasses, and bedding materials. We recommend the strengthening of farm biosecurity frameworks with special attention to wildlife-associated parameters, especially in extensive rearing systems and high-risk zones as it was repeatedly found to be an important measure to prevent pathogen transmission to domestic pigs. In addition, there is a need to focus on effective risk-based wildlife surveillance mechanisms and to raise awareness among farmers about existing wildlife-associated risk factors for disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Makovska
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (P.D.); (I.C.); (J.P.); (J.D.)
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (P.D.); (I.C.); (J.P.); (J.D.)
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Ilias Chantziaras
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (P.D.); (I.C.); (J.P.); (J.D.)
| | - Joana Pessoa
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (P.D.); (I.C.); (J.P.); (J.D.)
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (P.D.); (I.C.); (J.P.); (J.D.)
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Shin GE, Park JY, Lee KK, Ko MK, Ku BK, Park CK, Jeoung HY. Genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and evaluation of three one-step real-time RT-PCR assays in Korea. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:327. [PMID: 36042510 PMCID: PMC9429472 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has caused huge economic losses in the global swine industry. Frequent genetic variations in this virus cause difficulties in controlling and accurately diagnosing PRRSV. Methods In this study, we investigated the genetic characteristics of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 circulating in Korea from January 2018 to September 2021 and evaluated three one-step real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Results A total of 129 lung samples were collected, consisting of 47 samples for PRRSV-1, 62 samples for PRRSV-2, and 20 PRRSV-negative samples. Nucleotide sequence analysis of open reading frames (ORFs) 5, ORF6, and ORF7 genes from PRRSV samples showed that PRRSV-1 belonged to subgroup A (43/47, 91.49%) and subgroup C (4/47, 8.51%), whereas PRRSV-2 was classified as lineage 1 (25/62, 40.32%), Korean lineage (Kor) C (13/62, 20.97%), Kor B (10/62, 16.13%), lineage 5 (9/62, 14.52%), and Kor A (5/62, 8.06%). Amino acid sequence analysis showed that the neutralizing epitope and T cell epitope of PRRSV-1, and the decoy epitope region and hypervariable regions of PRRSV-2 had evolved under positive selection pressure. In particular, the key amino acid substitutions were found at positions 102 and 104 of glycoprotein 5 (GP5) in some PRRSV-2, and at positions 10 and 70 of membrane protein (M) in most PRRSV-2. In addition, one-step real-time RT-PCR assays, comprising two commercial tests and one test recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), were evaluated. Conclusion The results revealed that two of the real-time RT-PCR assays had high sensitivities and specificities, whereas the real-time RT-PCR assay of the OIE had low sensitivity due to mismatches between nucleotides of Korean PRRSVs and forward primers. In this study, we genetically characterized recent PRRSV occurrences and evaluated three one-step real-time RT-PCR assays used in Korea. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03407-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go-Eun Shin
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungbuk National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Bok-Kyung Ku
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungbuk National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
| | - Hye-Young Jeoung
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea.
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Kitamura Y, Saito T, Tanaka E, Takashima Y. A serological survey of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in wild boar in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1406-1409. [PMID: 35979554 PMCID: PMC9586017 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an infectious swine disease
caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) that results in economic loss to the pig-rearing
industry. To study PRRSV infection in wild boars and pigs, we conducted a serological
survey in Gifu Prefecture, Japan, from 2020 to 2021. Three out of 453 (0.7%) wild boar
sera were positive for PRRSV antibodies in a commercial ELISA. However, given that PRRSV
RNA was not detected in these three wild boars and the specificity and sensitivity of the
test kit, these are considered as false positives. Although seropositive pigs were found
in multiple pig farms in the study area, the role of wild boars as a source of PRRS to pig
farms appeared to be minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kitamura
- Gifu Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center.,Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Taizo Saito
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Gifu Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Yasuhiro Takashima
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University.,Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Gifu University
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Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance by Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis between Close Domestic and Wild Environments. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110750. [PMID: 33137987 PMCID: PMC7692705 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Salmonellaenterica serovar Choleraesuis affects domestic pig and wild boar (WB), causing clinical salmonellosis. Iberian swine production is based on a free-range production system where WB and Iberian pig (IP) share ecosystems. This study focuses on the negative impact on the pork industry of infections due to this serotype, its role in the spread of antibiotic resistance, and its zoonotic potential. Antibiotic resistance (AR) and genetic relationships were analyzed among 20 strains of S. Choleraesuis isolated from diseased WB and IP sampled in the southwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. AR was studied using the Kirby-Bauer method with the exception of colistin resistance, which was measured using the broth microdilution reference method. Resistance and Class 1 integrase genes were measured using PCR, and the genetic relationship between isolates and plasmid content by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The results show a higher incidence of AR in isolates from IP. Phylogenetic analysis revealed seven profiles with two groups containing isolates from IP and WB, which indicates circulation of the same clone between species. Most pulsotypes presented with one plasmid of the same size, indicating vertical transmission. AR determinants blaTEM and tetA were routinely found in IP and WB, respectively. One isolate from IP expressed colistin resistance and presented the mcr-1 gene carried by a plasmid. This study suggests that S. Choleraesuis circulates between WB and IP living in proximity, and also that the mobilization of AR genes by plasmids is low. Furthermore, the detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in bacteria from IP is alarming and should be monitored.
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Jia B, Colling A, Stallknecht DE, Blehert D, Bingham J, Crossley B, Eagles D, Gardner IA. Validation of laboratory tests for infectious diseases in wild mammals: review and recommendations. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:776-792. [PMID: 32468923 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720920346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp) of tests for infectious diseases in wild animals is challenging, and some of the limitations may affect compliance with the OIE-recommended test validation pathway. We conducted a methodologic review of test validation studies for OIE-listed diseases in wild mammals published between 2008 and 2017 and focused on study design, statistical analysis, and reporting of results. Most published papers addressed Mycobacterium bovis infection in one or more wildlife species. Our review revealed limitations or missing information about sampled animals, identification criteria for positive and negative samples (case definition), representativeness of source and target populations, and species in the study, as well as information identifying animals sampled for calculations of DSe and DSp as naturally infected captive, free-ranging, or experimentally challenged animals. The deficiencies may have reflected omissions in reporting rather than design flaws, although lack of random sampling might have induced bias in estimates of DSe and DSp. We used case studies of validation of tests for hemorrhagic diseases in deer and white-nose syndrome in hibernating bats to demonstrate approaches for validation when new pathogen serotypes or genotypes are detected and diagnostic algorithms are changed, and how purposes of tests evolve together with the evolution of the pathogen after identification. We describe potential benefits of experimental challenge studies for obtaining DSe and DSp estimates, methods to maintain sample integrity, and Bayesian latent class models for statistical analysis. We make recommendations for improvements in future studies of detection test accuracy in wild mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Jia
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - Axel Colling
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - David Blehert
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - John Bingham
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - Beate Crossley
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - Debbie Eagles
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - Ian A Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
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Stankevicius A, Buitkuviene J, Sutkiene V, Spancerniene U, Pampariene I, Pautienius A, Oberauskas V, Zilinskas H, Zymantiene J. Detection and molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Lithuanian wild boar populations. Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:51. [PMID: 27608974 PMCID: PMC5016999 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is recognized worldwide as an important and economically devastating pathogen in pig production. Although PRRSV is widespread in domestic swine, there is a lack of information regarding PRRSV infection in European wild boars (Sus scrofa). Currently available information does not provide conclusive evidence that wild boars are a reservoir of PRRSV. Nevertheless, wild boars may be likely to become infected by domestic swine through occasional direct or indirect contact. Furthermore, wild boars can act as a reservoir for infectious diseases of domestic pigs. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to determine the virus prevalence and further explore the epidemiology and diversity of PRRSV strains present in Lithuanian wild boars over a 5-year period. A total of 1597 tissue and serum samples from wild boars inhabiting 44 districts and ten counties in Lithuania were analysed using conventional nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time Taqman RT-PCR for the detection of PRRSV-specific open reading frame (ORF) 1 and 6 sequences. RESULTS PRRSV was highly prevalent in Lithuanian wild boar populations, with an average rate of 18.66 % using conventional RT-PCR and 19.54 % using real-time RT-PCR. PRRSV was detected in 36.71 and 41.77 % of 237 hunting grounds tested by conventional RT-nPCR and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. No statistically significant differences in PRRSV prevalence were observed by geographic area in the ten Lithuanian counties. Animals infected with PRRSV were identified in all age groups; however, significantly higher prevalence rates were identified in subadult and adult wild boars than in juveniles up to 12 months old. No positive results were obtained using conventional PCR with Type 2 specific primers. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial ORF5 region revealed that ten wild boars harboured virus sequences belonging to genetic subtypes 3 and 4 and may therefore pose a serious threat to Lithuanian pig farms in which only subtype two strains are circulating. CONCLUSIONS The results of virus prevalence and phylogenetic analyses strongly support the role of wild boars as a possible natural reservoir for PRRSV in Lithuania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunas Stankevicius
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jurate Buitkuviene
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182 Kaunas, Lithuania
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, J. Kairiukscio st. 10, LT-08409 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Virginija Sutkiene
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ugne Spancerniene
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ina Pampariene
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arnoldas Pautienius
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vaidas Oberauskas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Henrikas Zilinskas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Judita Zymantiene
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Garnier R, Graham AL. Insights from parasite-specific serological tools in eco-immunology. Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:363-76. [PMID: 24760794 PMCID: PMC7537858 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eco-immunology seeks evolutionary explanations for the tremendous variation in immune defense observed in nature. Assays to quantify immune phenotypes often are crucial to this endeavor. To this end, we suggest that more use could (and arguably should) be made of the veterinary and clinical serological toolbox. For example, measuring the magnitude and half-life of parasite-specific antibodies across a range of host taxa may provide new ways of testing theories in eco-immunology. Here, we suggest that antibody assays developed in veterinary and clinical immunology and epidemiology provide excellent tools--or at least excellent starting points for development of tools--for tests of such hypotheses. We review how such assays work and how they may be optimized for new questions and new systems in eco-immunology. We provide examples of the application of such tools to eco-immunological studies of seabirds and mammals, and suggest a decision-tree to aid development of assays. We expect that addition of such tools to the eco-immunological toolbox will promote progress in the field and help elucidate how immune systems function and why they vary in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Garnier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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