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Jamal SZ, Dieckmann BW, McCollum GW, Penn JS, Jayagopal A, Imam Uddin MD. Imaging Hypoxia to Predict Primary Neuronal Cell Damage in Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion. Microcirculation 2024:e12883. [PMID: 39213162 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a reliable method to generate a mouse model of branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) using laser-induced thrombosis of a major artery in the mouse retina. Also, to develop a reliable method to detect retinal hypoxia as predictive biomarker for the risk of neuronal cell damage in BRAO. METHODS A reliable and reproducible model of laser-induced BRAO was developed in mouse retina using Rose Bengal. To characterize retinal hypoxia in BRAO, pimonidazole immunostaining and HYPOX-4 molecular imaging methods were used. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) was used to characterize neuronal cell damage in the BRAO retina. Expression of mRNA in retinal tissues from BRAO and age-matched control retinas were analyzed using qRT-PCR. RESULTS Occlusion of a branch retinal artery near the optic nerve head (ONH) caused a pattern of retinal tissue hypoxia covering about 12.5% of the entire retina. TUNEL-positive cells were localized in all layers in BRAO retinal tissue cross sections. In addition, qRT-PCR data analysis suggests that BRAO is associated with both inflammation and hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a reliable method for BRAO in mouse retina and demonstrates the utility of molecular imaging method to detect retinal hypoxia as predictive biomarker for the risk of neuronal cell damage in BRAO. In addition, our data suggest that BRAO retinas are associated with inflammation and also associated with hypoxia-related neuronal cell damage. PERSPECTIVES Imaging areas of retinal hypoxia may provide accurate diagnosis, evaluating retinal tissue injury from BRAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Z Jamal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Blake W Dieckmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gary W McCollum
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John S Penn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - M D Imam Uddin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Ren H, Sun Y, Li Y, Yuan X, Jiang B, Zhang W, Liu G, Lu P. Potential Mechanism of Platelet GPIIb/IIIa and Fibrinogen on Retinal Vein Occlusion. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:731-741. [PMID: 38482878 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2024.2327055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the role of coagulation and fibrinolytic factors, and the potential mechanism of platelet aggregation in the pathogenesis of retinal vein occlusion. METHODS Coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters in patients with retinal vein occlusion were determined using hemagglutinin and HISCL-5000. Relationships between these elevated parameters and factors representing typical clinical manifestations of retinal vein occlusion were examined, and these parameters were analyzed using a STRING database to indicate the potential role of platelet aggregation. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) levels were evaluated by flow cytometry after antiplatelet treatment in patients and mouse models. Furthermore, the GPIIb/IIIa ligand fibrinogen in peripheral blood and retina of mouse models was assessed by the turbidimetric method and real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS In patients, significant increases in peripheral blood fibrinogen and GPIIb/IIIa levels were observed (p = 0.0040, p < 0.0001, respectively). A positive correlation was observed between macular thickness (MT) and both fibrinogen and GPIIb/IIIa (r = 0.4528, p = 0.0063; r = 0.3789, p = 0.0427, respectively). After intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs, a significant reduction in fibrinogen levels was observed (p = 0.0072). In addition, the use of antiplatelet drugs resulted in a significant decrease in GPIIb/IIIa (p < 0.0001). In a mouse model, antiplatelet therapy significantly reduced both peripheral blood and retina fibrinogen levels and the overall rate of vein occlusion 3 days after occlusion (p < 0.0005). In addition, the reduction in GPIIb/IIIa levels after antiplatelet therapy was remarkable. CONCLUSION Fibrinogen and GPIIb/IIIa may be involved in retinal vein occlusion and blocking platelet aggregation may be a new therapeutic approach for retinal vein occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueyue Sun
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanting Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xianbin Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gaoqin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Clinical Immunology Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peirong Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Clinical Immunology Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Xu X, Li X, Tang Q, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhang M. Exploring laser-induced acute and chronic retinal vein occlusion mouse models: Development, temporal in vivo imaging, and application perspectives. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305741. [PMID: 38885229 PMCID: PMC11182531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic venous occlusion is a commonly accepted method for establishing mouse models of retinal vein occlusion (RVO). However, existing model parameters do not distinguish between acute and chronic RVO subtypes. Large variations in laser energy seem to correlate with fluctuating retinopathy severity and high rates of venous recanalization during the acute phase, along with the variable levels of retinal perfusion during the chronic phase. After optimizing the modeling procedure and defining success and exclusion criteria, laser energy groups of 80mW, 100mW, and 120mW were established. Multimodal imaging confirmed that higher energy levels increased the incidence of retinal cystoid edema and intraretinal hemorrhage, exacerbated the severity of exudative retinal detachment, and reduced the venous recanalization rate. For the acute model, 100mW was considered an appropriate parameter for balancing moderate retinopathy and venous recanalization. Continuous imaging follow-up revealed that day 1 after RVO was the optimal observation point for peaking of retinal thickness and intensive occurrence of retinal cystic edema and intraretinal hemorrhage. After excluding the influence of venous recanalization on retinal thickness, acute retinal edema demonstrated a positive response to standard anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, validating the clinical relevance of the acute RVO model for further study in pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic efficacy. For the chronic model, the 120mW parameter with the lowest venous recanalization rate was applied, accompanied by an increase in both photocoagulation shots and range to ensure sustained vein occlusion. Imaging follow-up clarified non-ischemic retinopathy characterized by tortuosity and dilation of the distal end, branches, and adjacent veins of the occluded vein. These morphological changes are quantifiable and could be combined with electrophysiological functional assessment for treatment effectiveness evaluation. Moreover, the stable state of venous occlusion may facilitate investigations into response and compensation mechanisms under conditions of chronic retinal hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingqing Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Bora K, Kushwah N, Maurya M, Pavlovich MC, Wang Z, Chen J. Assessment of Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier: Animal Models and Methods. Cells 2023; 12:2443. [PMID: 37887287 PMCID: PMC10605292 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper functioning of the neural retina relies on the unique retinal environment regulated by the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), which restricts the passage of solutes, fluids, and toxic substances. BRB impairment occurs in many retinal vascular diseases and the breakdown of BRB significantly contributes to disease pathology. Understanding the different molecular constituents and signaling pathways involved in BRB development and maintenance is therefore crucial in developing treatment modalities. This review summarizes the major molecular signaling pathways involved in inner BRB (iBRB) formation and maintenance, and representative animal models of eye diseases with retinal vascular leakage. Studies on Wnt/β-catenin signaling are highlighted, which is critical for retinal and brain vascular angiogenesis and barriergenesis. Moreover, multiple in vivo and in vitro methods for the detection and analysis of vascular leakage are described, along with their advantages and limitations. These pre-clinical animal models and methods for assessing iBRB provide valuable experimental tools in delineating the molecular mechanisms of retinal vascular diseases and evaluating therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Establishment of a pigmented murine model abundant with characteristics of retinal vein occlusion. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108441. [PMID: 33453278 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a vascular disease that represents characteristic retinal hemorrhage and dilated retinal veins. Despite its clinical importance, its pathogenesis remains largely unknown because of limited opportunities to acquire human retinal samples. Therefore, an animal model that reproduces the clinical features of RVO patients is required for further investigation. In this study, we established a pigmented murine RVO model that reproduced characteristic fundus appearances similar to human RVO findings. Retinal edema in this model was observed in both optical coherence tomography and histological analysis, which is a clinically important outcome. With quantitative real-time PCR analysis on retinal samples, we revealed that the mRNA level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) increased in the retina induced RVO. Moreover, this retinal edema was reduced by intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF antibody. These results were consistent with human clinical knowledge and suggested that this model could be a useful tool for research into new therapeutic approaches.
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Takahashi H, Nakagawa K, Yamada H, Mori H, Oba S, Toyama K, Takahashi K. Time course of collateral vessel formation after retinal vein occlusion visualized by OCTA and elucidation of factors in their formation. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05902. [PMID: 33474512 PMCID: PMC7803649 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is clinically recognized that collateral vessels can form after retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in some cases and these vessels can lead to spontaneous recovery of the pathological condition. In recent years, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has become a decisive clinical instrument. Unlike previous angiography tests, OCTA enables the non-invasive visualization of fundus vasculature without the need for administration of a contrast agent. However, it remains to be determined if OCTA depicts the 'true' histological status as several studies have reported artifacts in OCTA imaging. METHODS We generated a laser-induced mouse RVO model, and evaluated the subsequent formation of collateral vessels in order to understand the mechanisms by which collateral vessels form using OCTA imaging, as well as molecular and histological assessments. RESULTS We succeeded in visualizing the time course of collateral vessel formation in a mouse RVO model and confirmed the similarity in formation of collateral vessels only within the deep layer of the retina in both human and mouse. We hypothesized that sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1) may play important roles via vascular shear stress linking vein occlusion and collateral vessel formation. Results from OCTA revealed that collateral vessels are increased in response to administration of a S1PR1 agonist in a mouse RVO model. Based on quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), S1PR1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in the whole retina peaked 6 h after photocoagulation in this model. Immunohistochemical staining of retinal flat mounts revealed that S1PR1 staining occurred along the laser-occluded blood vessels. CONCLUSION We observed the temporal process of collateral vessel formation in a mouse RVO model and identified the relationship between S1PR1 and shear stress as one of the factors in collateral vessel formation in RVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakagawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Yamada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shimpei Oba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Toyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kanji Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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Jovanovic J, Liu X, Kokona D, Zinkernagel MS, Ebneter A. Inhibition of inflammatory cells delays retinal degeneration in experimental retinal vein occlusion in mice. Glia 2019; 68:574-588. [PMID: 31652020 PMCID: PMC7003783 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of microglia in retinal inflammation is still ambiguous. Branch retinal vein occlusion initiates an inflammatory response whereby resident microglia cells are activated. They trigger infiltration of neutrophils that exacerbate blood–retina barrier damage, regulate postischemic inflammation and irreversible loss of neuroretina. Suppression of microglia‐mediated inflammation might bear potential for mitigating functional impairment after retinal vein occlusion (RVO). To test this hypothesis, we depleted microglia by PLX5622 (a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor) in fractalkine receptor reporter mice (Cx3cr1gfp/+) subjected to various regimens of PLX5622 treatment and experimental RVO. Effectiveness of microglia suppression and retinal outcomes including retinal thickness as well as ganglion cell survival were compared to a control group of mice with experimental vein occlusion only. PLX5622 caused dramatic suppression of microglia. Despite vein occlusion, reappearance of green fluorescent protein positive cells was strongly impeded with continuous PLX5622 treatment and significantly delayed after its cessation. In depleted mice, retinal proinflammatory cytokine signaling was diminished and retinal ganglion cell survival improved by almost 50% compared to nondepleted animals 3 weeks after vein occlusion. Optical coherence tomography suggested delayed retinal degeneration in depleted mice. In summary, findings indicate that suppression of cells bearing the colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor, mainly microglia and monocytes, mitigates ischemic damage and salvages retinal ganglion cells. Blood–retina barrier breakdown seems central in the disease mechanism, and complex interactions between different cell types composing the blood–retina barrier as well as sustained hypoxia might explain why the protective effect was only partial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Jovanovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China
| | - Despina Kokona
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin S Zinkernagel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ebneter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Allingham MJ, Tserentsoodol N, Saloupis P, Mettu PS, Cousins SW. Aldosterone Exposure Causes Increased Retinal Edema and Severe Retinopathy Following Laser-Induced Retinal Vein Occlusion in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:3355-3365. [PMID: 30025072 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the effects of aldosterone exposure on retinal edema and retinopathy in a mouse model of retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods RVO was induced immediately following intravenous injection of Rose bengal (66 mg/kg) using a 532-nm wavelength laser to place three to seven applications at 80 mW and 50-μm spot size directed at the superior retinal vein one disc diameter away from the nerve. Negative control consisted of placing an equal number of laser spots without targeting the vein. Male and female C57BL/6J mice aged 7 to 9 months with confirmed absence of Crb1rd8 were used. Aldosterone pellets releasing a daily dose of 0.83 μg/day were implanted subcutaneously 4 weeks prior to RVO. Retinal imaging by optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed using a Micron IV rodent imaging system. Retinas were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using standard techniques. Retinal imaging and tissue analysis were performed 2, 4, and 7 days following RVO. Comparisons were made using Student's t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's χ2. Results RVO caused retinal edema in the form of cystic spaces and retinal thickening detectable by both OCT and histology. RVO also caused Müller glia (MG) dysfunction manifest as upregulated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and altered localization of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and Kir4.1. Treatment with aldosterone caused a significant increase in retinal edema and more severe retinopathy manifest as retinal whitening and extensive intraretinal hemorrhage. MG dysfunction was more severe and persistent in aldosterone-treated mice. Finally, aldosterone greatly increased the number of infiltrating mononuclear phagocytes following RVO. Conclusions Systemic aldosterone exposure causes a more severe RVO phenotype manifest as increased severity and duration of retinal edema and more severe retinopathy. The effects of aldosterone may be mediated by MG dysfunction and increased infiltration of mononuclear phagocytes. This suggests that small increases in aldosterone levels may be a risk factor for severe RVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Allingham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Nomingerel Tserentsoodol
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Peter Saloupis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Priyatham S Mettu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Scott W Cousins
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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Hirabayashi K, Tanaka M, Imai A, Toriyama Y, Iesato Y, Sakurai T, Kamiyoshi A, Ichikawa-Shindo Y, Kawate H, Tanaka M, Dai K, Cui N, Wei Y, Nakamura K, Iida S, Matsui S, Yamauchi A, Murata T, Shindo T. Development of a Novel Model of Central Retinal Vascular Occlusion and the Therapeutic Potential of the Adrenomedullin-Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 2 System. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:449-466. [PMID: 30658846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is an intractable disease that causes visual acuity loss with retinal ischemia, hemorrhage, and edema. In this study, we developed an experimental CRVO model in mice and evaluated the therapeutic potential of the pleiotropic peptide adrenomedullin (ADM) and its receptor activity-modifying protein 2 (RAMP2). The CRVO model, which had phenotypes resembling those seen in the clinic, was produced by combining i.p. injection of Rose bengal, a photoactivator dye enhancing thrombus formation, with laser photocoagulation. Retinal vascular area, analyzed using fluorescein angiography and fluorescein isothiocyanate-perfused retinal flat mounts, was decreased after induction of CRVO but gradually recovered from day 1 to 7. Measurements of retinal thickness using optical coherence tomography and histology revealed prominent edema early after CRVO, followed by gradual atrophy. Reperfusion after CRVO was diminished in Adm and Ramp2 knockout (KO) mice but was increased by exogenous ADM administration. CRVO also increased expression of a coagulation factor, oxidative stress markers, and a leukocyte adhesion molecule in both wild-type and Adm KO mice, and the effect was more pronounced in Adm KO mice. Using retinal capillary endothelial cells, ADM was found to directly suppress retinal endothelial injury. The retinoprotective effects of the Adm-Ramp2 system make it a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of CRVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Hirabayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Akira Imai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuichi Toriyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iesato
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Akiko Kamiyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuka Ichikawa-Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hisaka Kawate
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Megumu Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kun Dai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Nanqi Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yangxuan Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Keisei Nakamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shiho Iida
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shuhei Matsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | | | - Toshinori Murata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan.
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10
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Khayat M, Williams M, Lois N. Ischemic retinal vein occlusion: characterizing the more severe spectrum of retinal vein occlusion. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63:816-850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gene expression profiling in a mouse model of retinal vein occlusion induced by laser treatment reveals a predominant inflammatory and tissue damage response. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29529099 PMCID: PMC5846732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) has been investigated in several laser-induced animal models using pigs, rabbits and rats. However, laser-induced RVO has been rarely reported in mice, despite the impressive number of available mutants, ease of handling and cost effectiveness. The aim of this study was to further assess the feasibility of a RVO mouse model for gene expression analysis and its possible use to investigate effects of hypoxia. Methods C57Bl/6J mice were injected with eosin Y for photo-sensitization. Subsequently, large retinal veins were laser-treated in one eye to induce vascular occlusion. Contralateral control eyes received non-occlusive retinal laser treatment sparing large vessels. The animals were followed for up to eight days and assessed by funduscopy, angiography, hypoxyprobe staining, histopathology and gene expression analysis by qPCR and RNA sequencing (RNAseq). Another group of mice was left untreated and studied at a single time point to determine baseline characteristics. Results Laser-induced RVO persisted in half of the treated veins for three days, and in a third of the veins for the whole observation period of 8 days. Funduscopy revealed large areas of retinal swelling in all laser-treated eyes, irrespective of vascular targeting or occlusion status. Damage of the outer retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and even choroid and sclera at the laser site was observed in histological sections. Genes associated with inflammation or cell damage were highly up-regulated in all laser-treated eyes as detected by RNAseq and qPCR. Retinal hypoxia was observed by hypoxyprobe staining in all RVO eyes for up to 5 days with a maximal extension at days 2 and 3, but no significant RVO-dependent changes in gene expression were detected for angiogenesis- or hypoxia-related genes. Conclusion The laser-induced RVO mouse model is characterized by a predominant general inflammatory and tissue damage response, which may obscure distinct hypoxia- and angiogenesis-related effects. A non-occlusive laser treatment control is essential to allow for proper data interpretation and should be mandatory in animal studies of laser-induced RVO to dissect laser-induced tissue damage from vascular occlusion effects.
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Uddin MI, Jayagopal A, McCollum GW, Yang R, Penn JS. In Vivo Imaging of Retinal Hypoxia Using HYPOX-4-Dependent Fluorescence in a Mouse Model of Laser-Induced Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:3818-3824. [PMID: 28750413 PMCID: PMC5531786 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To demonstrate the utility of a novel in vivo molecular imaging probe, HYPOX-4, to detect and image retinal hypoxia in real time, in a mouse model of retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods Retinal vein occlusion was achieved in adult mice by photodynamic retinal vein thrombosis (PRVT). One or two major retinal vein(s) was/were occluded in close proximity to the optic nerve head (ONH). In vivo imaging of retinal hypoxia was performed using, HYPOX-4, an imaging probe developed by our laboratory. Pimonidazole-adduct immunostaining was performed and used as a standard ex vivo method for the detection of retinal hypoxia in this mouse RVO model. The retinal vasculature was imaged using fluorescein angiography (FA) and isolectin B4 staining. Retinal thickness was assessed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) analysis. Results By application of the standard ex vivo pimonidazole-adduct immunostaining technique, retinal hypoxia was observed within 2 hours post-PRVT. The observed hypoxic retinal areas depended on whether one or two retinal vein(s) was/were occluded. Similar areas of hypoxia were imaged in vivo using HYPOX-4. Using OCT, retinal edema was observed immediately post-PRVT induction, resolving 8 days later. Nominal preretinal neovascularization was observed at 10 to 14 days post-RVO. Conclusions HYPOX-4 is an efficient probe capable of imaging retinal hypoxia in vivo, in RVO mice. Future studies will focus on its use in correlating retinal hypoxia to the onset and progression of ischemic vasculopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imam Uddin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Ashwath Jayagopal
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd. Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gary W McCollum
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - John S Penn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States 2Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd. Basel, Switzerland 3Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States 4Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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13
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Fuma S, Nishinaka A, Inoue Y, Tsuruma K, Shimazawa M, Kondo M, Hara H. A pharmacological approach in newly established retinal vein occlusion model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43509. [PMID: 28252108 PMCID: PMC5333144 DOI: 10.1038/srep43509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the effects of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) treatment is poorly understood, partly due to the lack of RVO animal models that mimic clinical pathology. The aims of this study were to establish a suitable RVO model, clarify the pathogenic mechanisms, and evaluate the effects of anti-VEGF antibody in the model. Mouse retinal veins were occluded by laser photocoagulation after rose bengal injection. Reduction of the b/a wave amplitude ratio, retinal nonperfusion, cystoid edema, and hard exudates were observed after occlusion, and expression of RVO-related genes was altered. Administration of anti-VEGF antibody immediately, or 7 days, after occlusion resulted in reduction and increase of the nonperfused area, respectively. We conclude that the present model will be useful for clarification of the pathogenic mechanisms, and that the timing of anti-VEGF antibody administration is important for the successful amelioration of retinal nonperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuma
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Anri Nishinaka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuruma
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mineo Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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14
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Wert KJ, Mahajan VB, Zhang L, Yan Y, Li Y, Tosi J, Hsu CW, Nagasaki T, Janisch KM, Grant MB, Mahajan M, Bassuk AG, Tsang SH. Neuroretinal hypoxic signaling in a new preclinical murine model for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2016; 1. [PMID: 27195131 PMCID: PMC4868361 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) affects approximately one-third of diabetic patients and, if left untreated, progresses to proliferative DR (PDR) with associated vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, iris neovascularization, glaucoma and irreversible blindness. In vitreous samples of human patients with PDR, we found elevated levels of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α). HIFs are transcription factors that promote hypoxia adaptation and have important functional roles in a wide range of ischemic and inflammatory diseases. To recreate the human PDR phenotype for a preclinical animal model, we generated a mouse with neuroretinal-specific loss of the von Hippel Lindau tumor suppressor protein, a protein that targets HIF1α for ubiquitination. We found that the neuroretinal cells in these mice overexpressed HIF1α and developed severe, irreversible ischemic retinopathy that has features of human PDR. Rapid progression of retinopathy in these mutant mice should facilitate the evaluation of therapeutic agents for ischemic and inflammatory blinding disorders. In addition, this model system can be used to manipulate the modulation of the hypoxia signaling pathways, for the treatment of non-ocular ischemic and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Wert
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory and Barbara & Donald Jonas Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory and Barbara & Donald Jonas Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuanqing Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yao Li
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory and Barbara & Donald Jonas Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joaquin Tosi
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory and Barbara & Donald Jonas Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chun Wei Hsu
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory and Barbara & Donald Jonas Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takayuki Nagasaki
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kerstin M Janisch
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory and Barbara & Donald Jonas Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria B Grant
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - MaryAnn Mahajan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Stephen H Tsang
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory and Barbara & Donald Jonas Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; New York Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Raimondi C, Brash JT, Fantin A, Ruhrberg C. NRP1 function and targeting in neurovascular development and eye disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 52:64-83. [PMID: 26923176 PMCID: PMC4854174 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin 1 (NRP1) is expressed by neurons, blood vessels, immune cells and many other cell types in the mammalian body and binds a range of structurally and functionally diverse extracellular ligands to modulate organ development and function. In recent years, several types of mouse knockout models have been developed that have provided useful tools for experimental investigation of NRP1 function, and a multitude of therapeutics targeting NRP1 have been designed, mostly with the view to explore them for cancer treatment. This review provides a general overview of current knowledge of the signalling pathways that are modulated by NRP1, with particular focus on neuronal and vascular roles in the brain and retina. This review will also discuss the potential of NRP1 inhibitors for the treatment for neovascular eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Raimondi
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - James T Brash
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Alessandro Fantin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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16
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Jung SH, Kim YS, Lee YR, Kim JS. High glucose-induced changes in hyaloid-retinal vessels during early ocular development of zebrafish: a short-term animal model of diabetic retinopathy. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:15-26. [PMID: 26276677 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although a variety of animal models have been used to test drug candidates and examine the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, time-saving and inexpensive models are still needed to evaluate the increasing number of therapeutic approaches. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We developed a model for diabetic retinopathy using the early stage of transgenic zebrafish (flk:EGFP) by treating embryos with 130 mM glucose, from 3-6 days post fertilisation (high-glucose model). On day 6, lenses from zebrafish larvae were isolated and treated with 3% trypsin, and changes in hyaloid-retinal vessels were analysed using fluorescent stereomicroscopy. In addition, expression of tight junction proteins (such as zonula occludens-1), effects of hyperosmolar solutions and of hypoxia, and Vegf expression were assessed by RT -PCR. NO production was assessed with a fluorescent substrate. Effects of inhibitors of the VEGF receptor, NO synthesis and a VEGF antibody (ranibizumab) were also measured. KEY RESULTS In this high-glucose model, dilation of hyaloid-retinal vessels, on day 6, was accompanied by morphological lesions with disruption of tight junction proteins, overproduction of Vegf mRNA and increased NO production. Treatment of this high-glucose model with an inhibitor of VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase or an inhibitor of NO synthase or ranibizumab decreased dilation of hyaloid-retinal vessels. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that short-term exposure of zebrafish larvae to high-glucose conditions could be used for screening and drug discovery for diabetic retinopathy and particularly for disorders of retinal vessels related to disruption of tight junction proteins and excessive VEGF and NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Jung
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, 305-811, Korea
| | - Young Sook Kim
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, 305-811, Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Lee
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, 305-811, Korea
| | - Jin Sook Kim
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, 305-811, Korea
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17
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Ebneter A, Agca C, Dysli C, Zinkernagel MS. Investigation of retinal morphology alterations using spectral domain optical coherence tomography in a mouse model of retinal branch and central retinal vein occlusion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119046. [PMID: 25775456 PMCID: PMC4361633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal vein occlusion is a leading cause of visual impairment. Experimental models of this condition based on laser photocoagulation of retinal veins have been described and extensively exploited in mammals and larger rodents such as the rat. However, few reports exist on the use of this paradigm in the mouse. The objective of this study was to investigate a model of branch and central retinal vein occlusion in the mouse and characterize in vivo longitudinal retinal morphology alterations using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Retinal veins were experimentally occluded using laser photocoagulation after intravenous application of Rose Bengal, a photo-activator dye enhancing thrombus formation. Depending on the number of veins occluded, variable amounts of capillary dropout were seen on fluorescein angiography. Vascular endothelial growth factor levels were markedly elevated early and peaked at day one. Retinal thickness measurements with spectral domain optical coherence tomography showed significant swelling (p<0.001) compared to baseline, followed by gradual thinning plateauing two weeks after the experimental intervention (p<0.001). Histological findings at day seven correlated with spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging. The inner layers were predominantly affected by degeneration with the outer nuclear layer and the photoreceptor outer segments largely preserved. The application of this retinal vein occlusion model in the mouse carries several advantages over its use in other larger species, such as access to a vast range of genetically modified animals. Retinal changes after experimental retinal vein occlusion in this mouse model can be non-invasively quantified by spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and may be used to monitor effects of potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ebneter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cavit Agca
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Dysli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin S. Zinkernagel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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18
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Chen W, Wu Y, Zheng M, Gu Q, Zheng Z, Xia X. Establishing an experimental rat model of photodynamically-induced retinal vein occlusion using erythrosin B. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7:232-8. [PMID: 24790863 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.02.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a reliable, reproducible rat model of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) with a novel photosensitizer (erythrosin B) and study the cellular responses in the retina. METHODS Central and branch RVOs were created in adult male rats via photochemically-induced ischemia. Retinal changes were monitored via color fundus photography and fluorescein angiography at 1 and 3h, and 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21d after irradiation. Tissue slices were evaluated histopathologically. Retinal ganglion cell survival at different times after RVO induction was quantified by nuclear density count. Retinal thickness was also observed. RESULTS For all rats in both the central and branch RVO groups, blood flow ceased immediately after laser irradiation and retinal edema was evident at one hour. The retinal detachment rate was 100% at 3h and developed into bullous retinal detachment within 24h. Retinal hemorrhages were not observed until 24h. Clearance of the occluded veins at 7d was observed by fluorescein angiography. Disease manifestation in the central RVO eyes was more severe than in the branch RVO group. A remarkable reduction in the ganglion cell count and retinal thickness was observed in the central RVO group by 21d, whereas moderate changes occurred in the branch RVO group. CONCLUSION Rat RVO created by photochemically-induced ischemia using erythrosin B is a reproducible and reliable animal model for mimicking the key features of human RVO. However, considering the 100% rate of retinal detachment, this animal model is more suitable for studying RVO with chronic retinal detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Mi Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China ; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China
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19
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Adini I, Ghosh K, Adini A, Chi ZL, Yoshimura T, Benny O, Connor KM, Rogers MS, Bazinet L, Birsner AE, Bielenberg DR, D'Amato RJ. Melanocyte-secreted fibromodulin promotes an angiogenic microenvironment. J Clin Invest 2013; 124:425-36. [PMID: 24355922 DOI: 10.1172/jci69404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have established that pigmentation can provide strong, protective effects against certain human diseases. For example, angiogenesis-dependent diseases such as wet age-related macular degeneration and infantile hemangioma are more common in light-skinned individuals of mixed European descent than in African-Americans. Here we found that melanocytes from light-skinned humans and albino mice secrete high levels of fibromodulin (FMOD), which we determined to be a potent angiogenic factor. FMOD treatment stimulated angiogenesis in numerous in vivo systems, including laser-induced choroidal neovascularization, growth factor-induced corneal neovascularization, wound healing, and Matrigel plug assays. Additionally, FMOD enhanced vascular sprouting during normal retinal development. Deletion of Fmod in albino mice resulted in a marked reduction in the amount of neovascularization induced by retinal vein occlusion, corneal growth factor pellets, and Matrigel plugs. Our data implicate the melanocyte-secreted factor FMOD as a key regulator of angiogenesis and suggest an underlying mechanism for epidemiological differences between light-skinned individuals of mixed European descent and African-Americans. Furthermore, inhibition of FMOD in humans has potential as a therapeutic strategy for treating angiogenesis-dependent diseases.
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20
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Robinson R, Barathi VA, Chaurasia SS, Wong TY, Kern TS. Update on animal models of diabetic retinopathy: from molecular approaches to mice and higher mammals. Dis Model Mech 2013; 5:444-56. [PMID: 22730475 PMCID: PMC3380708 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.009597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes and one of the major causes of blindness worldwide. The pathogenesis of DR has been investigated using several animal models of diabetes. These models have been generated by pharmacological induction, feeding a galactose diet, and spontaneously by selective inbreeding or genetic modification. Among the available animal models, rodents have been studied most extensively owing to their short generation time and the inherited hyperglycemia and/or obesity that affect certain strains. In particular, mice have proven useful for studying DR and evaluating novel therapies because of their amenability to genetic manipulation. Mouse models suitable for replicating the early, non-proliferative stages of the retinopathy have been characterized, but no animal model has yet been found to demonstrate all of the vascular and neural complications that are associated with the advanced, proliferative stages of DR that occur in humans. In this review, we summarize commonly used animal models of DR, and briefly outline the in vivo imaging techniques used for characterization of DR in these models. Through highlighting the ocular pathological findings, clinical implications, advantages and disadvantages of these models, we provide essential information for planning experimental studies of DR that will lead to new strategies for its prevention and treatment.
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21
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Bharadwaj AS, Appukuttan B, Wilmarth PA, Pan Y, Stempel AJ, Chipps TJ, Benedetti EE, Zamora DO, Choi D, David LL, Smith JR. Role of the retinal vascular endothelial cell in ocular disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 32:102-80. [PMID: 22982179 PMCID: PMC3679193 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Retinal endothelial cells line the arborizing microvasculature that supplies and drains the neural retina. The anatomical and physiological characteristics of these endothelial cells are consistent with nutritional requirements and protection of a tissue critical to vision. On the one hand, the endothelium must ensure the supply of oxygen and other nutrients to the metabolically active retina, and allow access to circulating cells that maintain the vasculature or survey the retina for the presence of potential pathogens. On the other hand, the endothelium contributes to the blood-retinal barrier that protects the retina by excluding circulating molecular toxins, microorganisms, and pro-inflammatory leukocytes. Features required to fulfill these functions may also predispose to disease processes, such as retinal vascular leakage and neovascularization, and trafficking of microbes and inflammatory cells. Thus, the retinal endothelial cell is a key participant in retinal ischemic vasculopathies that include diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity, and retinal inflammation or infection, as occurs in posterior uveitis. Using gene expression and proteomic profiling, it has been possible to explore the molecular phenotype of the human retinal endothelial cell and contribute to understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases. In addition to providing support for the involvement of well-characterized endothelial molecules, profiling has the power to identify new players in retinal pathologies. Findings may have implications for the design of new biological therapies. Additional progress in this field is anticipated as other technologies, including epigenetic profiling methods, whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing, and metabolomics, are used to study the human retinal endothelial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phillip A. Wilmarth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Yuzhen Pan
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | | | | | | | | | - Dongseok Choi
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Larry L. David
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Justine R. Smith
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University
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Lai AKW, Lo ACY. Animal models of diabetic retinopathy: summary and comparison. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:106594. [PMID: 24286086 PMCID: PMC3826427 DOI: 10.1155/2013/106594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication associated with chronic exposure to hyperglycemia and is a major cause of blindness worldwide. Although clinical assessment and retinal autopsy of diabetic patients provide information on the features and progression of DR, its underlying pathophysiological mechanism cannot be deduced. In order to have a better understanding of the development of DR at the molecular and cellular levels, a variety of animal models have been developed. They include pharmacological induction of hyperglycemia and spontaneous diabetic rodents as well as models of angiogenesis without diabetes (to compensate for the absence of proliferative DR symptoms). In this review, we summarize the existing protocols to induce diabetes using STZ. We also describe and compare the pathological presentations, in both morphological and functional aspects, of the currently available DR animal models. The advantages and disadvantages of using different animals, ranging from zebrafish, rodents to other higher-order mammals, are also discussed. Until now, there is no single model that displays all the clinical features of DR as seen in human. Yet, with the understanding of the pathological findings in these animal models, researchers can select the most suitable models for mechanistic studies or drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ka Wai Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Amy C. Y. Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- *Amy C. Y. Lo:
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23
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Zhang Y, Fortune B, Atchaneeyasakul LO, McFarland T, Mose K, Wallace P, Main J, Wilson D, Appukuttan B, Stout JT. Natural history and histology in a rat model of laser-induced photothrombotic retinal vein occlusion. Curr Eye Res 2008; 33:365-76. [PMID: 18398711 DOI: 10.1080/02713680801939318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To observe temporal changes in retinal physiology and histology in a rat model of laser-induced retinal vein occlusion (RVO). METHODS Ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, and fluorescein angiography (FA) were performed following laser-induced central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) immediately after laser treatment and at 3 and 6 hr and 2, 4, 7, 14, and 21 days. Retinal histology was examined at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days. Full-field electroretinogram was recorded from both eyes simultaneously at day 4. RESULTS For CRVO and BRVO, reperfusion of occluded branch veins was observed 1 to 2 days after treatment. Despite complete reperfusion of branch veins, retinal edema and hemorrhages peaked on day 4, and by day 14, treated retinas appeared pale and edematous upon ophthalmoscopy. In BRVO animals, retinal hemorrhages were limited to the vein-occluded region, although edema was more widespread and, to a limited extent, involved the untreated hemi-retina. Significant GCL cell loss was observed in both CRVO and BRVO groups after day 14. Regional analysis showed that relative GCL loss was greatest in the peripheral retina in BRVO group. Electroretinography disclosed moderate to severe functional deficits in photoreceptors, bipolar, and amacrine and ganglion cells. CONCLUSION Laser-induced RVO in rats results in targeted vascular occlusion that persisted for 1 to 2 days. Functional deficits were evident and significant GCL cell loss was seen, notably within peripheral retina of the BRVO model. This reproducible model provides a valuable tool for the study of the molecular events associated with retinal ischemia and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-4197, USA
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