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Poon SHL, Wong WHL, Lo ACY, Yuan H, Chen CF, Jhanji V, Chan YK, Shih KC. A systematic review on advances in diagnostics for herpes simplex keratitis. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 66:514-530. [PMID: 33186564 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is a significant cause of vision impairment worldwide. Currently, there are no set diagnostic criteria, and popular diagnostic methods, including clinical examination of the eye via slit lamp examination, could lead to false-negatives and misdiagnoses. Molecular testing with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may lack concordance with clinical findings, posing a great challenge to ophthalmologists. We evaluate recent studies on techniques for the diagnosis of HSK. We included a total of 23 studies published between 2010 and 2020 in English on diagnostic techniques, including in vivo confocal microscopy, polymerase PCR testing, protein detection in tear film with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and various other protein assays. Although PCR has been widely used as one of the current diagnostic methods for HSK, most studies evaluated its efficacy after including alterations to its normal protocol. Tear sample analysis was performed using multiple tools, although corneal scrapings demonstrated a higher positive detection rate. Diagnostic tools identified were able to detect HSK with varying accuracy. Newer diagnostic techniques like multiplex dot hybridization assay and immunochromatographic assays may be considered as the point-of-care preliminary diagnostic tools. More reliable results may be generated by developing a standardized diagnostic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hiu Ling Poon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - William Ho Lam Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Amy Cheuk Yin Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hao Yuan
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yau Kei Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kendrick Co Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.
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Shiokawa R, Lee XP, Yamada M, Fujishiro M, Sakamaki H, Hasegawa C, Ishida H, Ikeda K, Fujita KI, Iwabuchi S, Onda H, Kumazawa T, Sasaki Y, Sato K, Matsuyama T. High-throughput method to analyze tegafur and 5-fluorouracil in human tears and plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1906-1914. [PMID: 31323696 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We developed a new high-throughput method to analyze tegafur (FT) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in tear and plasma samples using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)/tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). METHODS The tear samples (10 μL) spiked with FT, 5-FU, and 5-chlorouracil (internal standard) were diluted using 40 μL of 2 M ammonium acetate and 250 μL of acetonitrile with 2% formic acid; 20 μL of plasma spiked with the two drugs and internal standard was diluted with 80 μL of 2 M ammonium acetate and 500 μL of acetonitrile with 2% formic acid. After centrifugation, the clear supernatant extract (15 μL) was directly injected into the HILIC/MS/MS instrument, and each drug was separated on a Unison UK-Amino column (50 mm × 3 mm i.d., 3 μm particle size) with a linear gradient elution system composed of 10 mM ammonium acetate (pH 6.8) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. We performed quantification by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with negative-ion atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization. RESULTS Distinct peaks were observed for the drugs on each MRM channel within 2 min. The regression equations showed good linearity within the range 0.04-4.0 μg/mL for the tear and plasma samples with detection limits at 0.02-0.04 μg/mL. Recoveries for target analytes (FT and 5-FU) for the tear and plasma samples were in the 94-128% and 94-104% ranges, respectively. The intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation for the two drugs were lower than 10.8%. The accuracies of quantitation were 97-115% for both samples. CONCLUSIONS We established a high-throughput, reproducible, and practical procedure for analyzing FT and 5-FU in human tear and plasma samples using HILIC/MS/MS analysis with an aminopropyl-bonded mixed-mode separation column. This method can be applied to the high-throughput routines used in clinical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Shiokawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Xiao-Pen Lee
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Miho Yamada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masaya Fujishiro
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Chika Hasegawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroo Ishida
- Division of Medical Oncology, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Ikeda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Fujita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Iwabuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Onda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | | | - Yasutsuna Sasaki
- Division of Medical Oncology, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Keizo Sato
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsuyama
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
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