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Abdalkader RK, Fujita T. Corneal epithelium models for safety assessment in drug development: Present and future directions. Exp Eye Res 2023; 237:109697. [PMID: 37890755 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The human corneal epithelial barrier plays a crucial role in drug testing studies, including drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), as well as toxicity testing during the preclinical stages of drug development. However, despite the valuable insights gained from animal and current in vitro models, there remains a significant discrepancy between preclinical drug predictions and actual clinical outcomes. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on adhering to the 3R principles (refine, reduce, replace) to minimize the use of animals in testing. To tackle these challenges, there is a rising demand for alternative in vitro models that closely mimic the human corneal epithelium. Recently, remarkable advancements have been made in two key areas: microphysiological systems (MPS) or organs-on-chips (OoCs), and stem cell-derived organoids. These cutting-edge platforms integrate four major disciplines: stem cells, microfluidics, bioprinting, and biosensing technologies. This integration holds great promise in developing powerful and biomimetic models of the human cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodi Kado Abdalkader
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization (R-GIRO), Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Takuya Fujita
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization (R-GIRO), Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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Fukuda K, Kishimoto T, Sumi T, Yamashiro K, Ebihara N. Biologics for allergy: therapeutic potential for ocular allergic diseases and adverse effects on the eye. Allergol Int 2022; 72:234-244. [PMID: 36333219 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologics applying antibodies against IgE, IL-5, IL-5 receptor α, IL-4 receptor α, and IL-13 have dramatically improved recent treatment outcomes in allergic diseases including asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. However, these drugs have not been approved for ocular allergic diseases such as allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Although the putative mechanisms suggest that these drugs should have beneficial effects in patients with ocular allergies and some studies have reported such beneficial effects, various adverse ocular symptoms have also been observed in clinical trials and off-label use studies. Since ocular allergic diseases have distinct pathogeneses, each biologic drug must be examined regarding specific effects on each ocular allergy. For example, IgE-mediated type 1 hypersensitivity plays a critical role in allergic conjunctivitis. By contrast, T cells and eosinophilic and non-IgE-mediated type 2 inflammation play important roles in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Allergists must fully understand the effects of each drug on the eye. This review outlines both potential therapeutic and adverse effects of various biologics on allergic diseases of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fukuda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Tatsuma Kishimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Tamaki Sumi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ebihara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Ratitong B, Marshall ME, Dragan MA, Anunciado CM, Abbondante S, Pearlman E. Differential Roles for IL-1α and IL-1β in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Corneal Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:548-558. [PMID: 35851538 PMCID: PMC9922050 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important cause of dermal, pulmonary, and ocular disease. Our studies have focused on P. aeruginosa infections of the cornea (keratitis) as a major cause of blinding microbial infections. The infection leads to an influx of innate immune cells, with neutrophils making up to 90% of recruited cells during early stages. We previously reported that the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β were elevated during infection. Compared with wild-type (WT), infected Il1b-/- mice developed more severe corneal disease that is associated with impaired bacterial killing as a result of defective neutrophil recruitment. We also reported that neutrophils are an important source of IL-1α and IL-1β, which peaked at 24 h postinfection. To examine the role of IL-1α compared with IL-1β in P. aeruginosa keratitis, we inoculated corneas of C57BL/6 (WT), Il1a-/-, Il1b-/-, and Il1a-/-Il1b-/- (double-knockout) mice with 5 × 104 ExoS-expressing P. aeruginosa. Il1b-/- and double-knockout mice have significantly higher bacterial burden that was consistent with delayed neutrophil and monocyte recruitment to the corneas. Surprisingly, Il1a-/- mice had the opposite phenotype with enhanced bacteria clearance compared with WT mice. Although there were no significant differences in neutrophil recruitment, Il1a-/- neutrophils displayed a more proinflammatory transcriptomic profile compared to WT with elevations in C1q expression that likely caused the phenotypic differences observed. To our knowledge, our findings identify a novel, non-redundant role for IL-1α in impairing bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Ratitong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Michaela E Marshall
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA; and
| | - Morgan A Dragan
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Charissa M Anunciado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Serena Abbondante
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA; and
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA; and
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Kishimoto T, Ishida W, Nakajima I, Fukuda K, Yamashiro K. Aqueous-Deficient Dry Eye Exacerbates Signs and Symptoms of Allergic Conjunctivitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094918. [PMID: 35563309 PMCID: PMC9099848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) and allergic conjunctivitis affect a large number of patients, and many patients usually have both symptoms. We investigated the interactions between DED and allergic conjunctivitis in mice. Four experimental groups were compared: control, DED, allergy, and allergy with DED. DED was induced by removing the extraorbital lacrimal glands of the mice. Allergic conjunctivitis was induced by intraperitoneal administration of ovalbumin and antigen eye drops. The early phase reaction of the allergy was evaluated using the clinical score, scratching behavior, and vascular permeability in the conjunctiva. Epithelial barrier function was assessed by an LC-biotin assay. Tear fluid volume and corneal fluorescein staining decreased in the DED and allergy with DED groups. LC-biotin penetrated the entire epithelium of both the cornea and conjunctiva in DED mice. The clinical score of the early phase reaction was higher in allergy-induced mice than in non-allergy mice. Edema of the eyelid and conjunctiva were aggravated in mice with DED. The number of scratching episodes and leakage of Evans blue into the conjunctiva were higher in allergy-induced DED mice than in control mice. The presence of aqueous-deficient dry eye caused ocular surface epithelial damage and exacerbated allergic signs and symptoms.
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Role of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs/Alarmins) in Severe Ocular Allergic Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061051. [PMID: 35326502 PMCID: PMC8946931 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe ocular allergic diseases, such as atopic keratoconjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, cause severe allergic inflammation in the conjunctiva and corneal epithelial damage, resulting in visual disturbances. The involvement of damage (danger)-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs/alarmins) in the pathogenesis of these diseases has been recognized. Alarmins released from damaged corneal epithelial cells or eosinophils play a critical role in the induction of corneal lesions, vicious loop of corneal injury, and exacerbation of conjunctival allergic inflammation. Alarmins in the conjunctiva also play an essential role in the development of both allergic inflammation, based on the acquired immune system, and type 2 inflammation by innate immune responses in the ocular surface. Therefore, alarmins may be a potentially important therapeutic target in severe refractory ocular allergic diseases.
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Fukuda M, Takeda N, Ishida H, Seki Y, Shibata N, Takahashi N, Sugiyama K, Kubo E, Sasaki H. Benzalkonium Chloride-Induced Corneal Epithelial Injury in Rabbit Reduced by Rebamipide. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 38:85-91. [PMID: 34936495 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2021.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We assessed the effect of rebamipide ophthalmic solution on corneal epithelial injury due to benzalkonium chloride (BAK) by fluorescein (FL) staining and corneal resistance (CR). Methods: After determining the absence of corneal epithelial damage by FL and CR, rebamipide ophthalmic solution (50 μL) was instilled five times, each interspaced by 5 min, into one eye of mature New Zealand white rabbits, and likewise physiological saline was instilled into the contralateral eye as the control. After 30 min, eyes were similarly treated with one of the following solutions: BAK solution 0.02%, latanoprost ophthalmic solution (0.02% BAK), or latanoprost ophthalmic solution without BAK. The presence of corneal epithelial damage was quantitated at 10, 30, and 60 min by CR after the last instillation. FL staining was also performed at 60 min after the last instillation. Results: CR ratios (%) at 60 min after the last instillation in rebamipide/BAK and rebamipide/latanoprost (0.02% BAK) groups were significantly increased by 18.3% and 25.6% compared with saline/BAK and saline/latanoprost (0.02% BAK) groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Findings by FL staining were consistent with those by CR; BAK and latanoprost with BAK groups were positive, and eyes with the most severe area and density of corneal epithelial damage (A2D2) were in the saline/BAK group. Conclusion: The rebamipide ophthalmic solution reduces the severity of corneal epithelial injury caused by BAK, an ophthalmic solution preservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Fukuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Vision Research for Environmental Health, Project Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuo Takeda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Ishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Shibata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuo Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Eri Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Vision Research for Environmental Health, Project Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
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Ratitong B, Pearlman E. Pathogenic Aspergillus and Fusarium as important causes of blinding corneal infections - the role of neutrophils in fungal killing, tissue damage and cytokine production. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 63:195-203. [PMID: 34419783 PMCID: PMC10492570 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi Aspergillus and Fusarium species are major causes of visual impairment and blindness in immune competent individuals. Once conidia penetrate the corneal epithelium and enter the stroma, they undergo germination, and exposure of cell wall components induces a pronounced neutrophil-rich cellular infiltrate. In this review, we discuss Aspergillus and novel Fusarium virulence factors that are required for corneal infection, and describe the multiple functions of neutrophils in limiting hyphal growth in the cornea. This review will also discuss the role of neutrophils as an important source of cytokines in fungal keratitis, and highlight recent studies identifying unique characteristics of neutrophil secretion of IL-1α and IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Ratitong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
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Nishida T, Sugioka K, Fukuda K, Murakami J. Pivotal Role of Corneal Fibroblasts in Progression to Corneal Ulcer in Bacterial Keratitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168979. [PMID: 34445684 PMCID: PMC8396668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The shape and transparency of the cornea are essential for clear vision. However, its location at the ocular surface renders the cornea vulnerable to pathogenic microorganisms in the external environment. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are two such microorganisms and are responsible for most cases of bacterial keratitis. The development of antimicrobial agents has allowed the successful treatment of bacterial keratitis if the infection is diagnosed promptly. However, no effective medical treatment is available after progression to corneal ulcer, which is characterized by excessive degradation of collagen in the corneal stroma and can lead to corneal perforation and corneal blindness. This collagen degradation is mediated by both infecting bacteria and corneal fibroblasts themselves, with a urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)-plasmin-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) cascade playing a central role in collagen destruction by the host cells. Bacterial factors stimulate the production by corneal fibroblasts of both uPA and pro-MMPs, released uPA mediates the conversion of plasminogen in the extracellular environment to plasmin, and plasmin mediates the conversion of secreted pro-MMPs to the active form of these enzymes, which then degrade stromal collagen. Bacterial factors also stimulate expression by corneal fibroblasts of the chemokine interleukin-8 and the adhesion molecule ICAM-1, both of which contribute to recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and these cells then further stimulate corneal fibroblasts via the secretion of interleukin-1. At this stage of the disease, bacteria are no longer necessary for collagen degradation. In this review, we discuss the pivotal role of corneal fibroblasts in corneal ulcer associated with infection by P. aeruginosa or S. aureus as well as the development of potential new modes of treatment for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan;
- Division of Cornea and Ocular Surface, Ohshima Eye Hospital, Fukuoka 812-0036, Japan
| | - Koji Sugioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, Ikoma, Nara 630-0293, Japan;
| | - Ken Fukuda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Junko Murakami
- Division of Ophthalmology, Sakibana Hospital, Izumi, Osaka 594-1105, Japan;
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Chen L, Liu Y, Zheng XS, Zheng H, Liu PP, Yang XX, Liu Y. Alarmins from conjunctival fibroblasts up-regulate matrix metalloproteinases in corneal fibroblasts. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:1031-1038. [PMID: 32685388 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.07.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the effects of alarmins produced by necrotic human conjunctival fibroblasts on the release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs). METHODS A necrotic cell supernatant (NHCS) was prepared by subjecting human conjunctival fibroblasts to three cycles of freezing and thawing. The amounts of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in NHCS were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. HCFs exposed to NHCS or other agents in culture were assayed for the release of MMPs as well as for intracellular signaling by immunoblot analysis. The abundance of MMP mRNAs in HCFs was examined by reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS NHCS increased the release of MMP-1 and MMP-3 by HCFs as well as the amounts of the corresponding mRNAs in the cells. NHCS also induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) as well as elicited that of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway by promoting phosphorylation of the endogenous NF-κB inhibitor IκB-α. Inhibitors of MAPK and NF-κB signaling as well as IL-1 and TNF-α receptor antagonists attenuated the NHCS-induced release of MMP-1 and MMP-3 by HCFs. Furthermore, IL-1β and TNF-α were both detected in NHCS, and treatment of HCFs with these cytokines induced the release of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Alarmins, including IL-1β and TNF-α, produced by necrotic human conjunctival fibroblasts triggered MMP release in HCFs through activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling. IL-1β and TNF-α are therefore potential therapeutic targets for the amelioration of corneal stromal degradation in severe ocular burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Pathology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Shuo Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ping-Ping Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiu-Xia Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
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Evaluation of Chemokine mRNA Expression to Assess Allergic Inflammation of the Ocular Surface in Chronic Allergic Conjunctival Diseases. Cornea 2019; 38:706-712. [PMID: 30829721 PMCID: PMC6511449 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000001904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: We validated the use of chemokine messenger RNA (mRNA) expression analysis for the assessment of ocular surface allergic inflammation in chronic allergic conjunctival diseases (ACDs) with proliferative lesions, including giant papillae and gelatinous infiltration of the limbus. Methods: This prospective sectional study included 19 patients with chronic ACDs and 10 healthy volunteers as controls. Patients with chronic ACDs were divided into 2 subgroups according to the severity of the clinical score: active stage ACD subgroup (n = 9) and stable stage ACD subgroup (n = 10). Impression cytology using a filter paper for each upper tarsal conjunctiva of the patients with chronic ACDs and control subjects was performed, and the expression levels of IL1A, CXCL8, IL16, and CCL24 mRNAs encoding interleukin (IL)-1α, CXCL8/IL-8, IL-16, and CCL24/eotaxin-2, respectively, were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using impression cytology specimens. Results: CCL24 and IL16 mRNA levels in the active ACD subgroup were significantly higher than those in the control group (P = 0.003 and 0.004, respectively). IL1A and CXCL8 expression levels in the active ACD subgroup were significantly higher than those in the stable ACD (P = 0.008 and 0.029, respectively) and control (P = 0.008 and 0.014, respectively) subgroups. Furthermore, significant correlations were detected between IL16 and CCL24 mRNA levels (r = 0.76, P = 0.0001) and between IL1A and CXCL8 (r = 0.67, P = 0.0004). Conclusions: At least 2 kinds of inflammatory reactions, IL-1α- and CXCL8-associated inflammation and CCL24- and IL-16-associated inflammation, may be involved in the exacerbation of chronic ACDs.
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Lema C, Reins RY, Redfern RL. High-Mobility Group Box 1 in Dry Eye Inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:1741-1750. [PMID: 29610858 PMCID: PMC5886030 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) expression during experimental dry eye (EDE) and dry eye-like culture conditions and elucidate its role in corneal dry eye-related inflammation. Methods EDE was induced in 8- to 12-week-old C57BL/6 mice. Corneal tissue sections and lysates from EDE and untreated mice were evaluated for HMGB1 expression by immunostaining and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). For in vitro studies, human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) were treated with hyperosmolar media, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, or proinflammatory cytokines to determine HMGB1 expression. HCEC were also treated with human recombinant HMGB1 (hrHMGB1) alone or in combination with inflammatory stimuli, and TNFα, IL-6, and IL-8 expression evaluated by qPCR and ELISA. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 nuclear translocation was determined by immunostaining. Results EDE mice had higher corneal HMGB1 RNA and protein expression compared to untreated animals. In HCEC, hyperosmolar stress and TNFα treatment stimulated HMGB1 production and secretion into culture supernatants. However, in vitro stimulation with hrHMGB1 did not induce secretion of TNFα, IL-6, or IL-8 or NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. In addition, the inflammatory response elicited by TLR agonists fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide-1 and lipopolysaccharide was not enhanced by hrHMGB1 treatment. Conclusions HMGB1 expression was enhanced by dry eye conditions in vivo as well as in vitro, during hyperosmolar stress and cytokine exposure, suggesting an important role for HMGB1 in dry eye disease. However, no direct inflammatory effect was observed with HMGB1 treatment. Therefore, under these conditions, HMGB1 does not contribute directly to dry eye-induced inflammation and its function at the ocular surface needs to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lema
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Rose Y Reins
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Rachel L Redfern
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, Texas, United States
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Endogenous DAMPs, Category I: Constitutively Expressed, Native Molecules (Cat. I DAMPs). DAMAGE-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS IN HUMAN DISEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122936 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78655-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides the reader with a collection of endogenous DAMPs in terms of constitutively expressed native molecules. The first class of this category refers to DAMPs, which are passively released from necrotic cells, and includes the most prominent subclasses of high mobility group box I and heat shock proteins. Further subclasses of DAMPs that are passively released from necrotic cells include S100 proteins, nucleic acids, histones, pro-forms of interleukin-1-family members, mitochondria-derived N-formylated peptides, F-actin, and heme. A particular subclass of these passively released DAMPs are molecules, which indirectly activate the inflammasome, including adenosine-5′-triphosphate, monosodium urate crystals, cholesterol crystals, some lipolytic species, and beta-amyloid. All these passively released DAMPs are characterized by their capability to promote necroinflammatory responses. The second class of this Category I refers to molecules, which are exposed on the surface of stressed cells. They include the subclass of phagocytosis-facilitating molecules such as calreticulin, as well as the subclass of MHC-I-related molecules such as MHC-I-related molecule A and B. These DAMPs are capable of inducing the activation of innate lymphoid cells and unconventional T cells. One of these DAMPs, the major histocompatibility complex I-related molecule A, is shown to act as a bona fide transplantation antigen. In sum, the endogenous constitutively expressed native molecules represent an impressive category of DAMPs with extraordinary properties, which play a critical role in the pathogenesis of many human diseases.
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