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Sohal IS, Kasinski AL. Emerging diversity in extracellular vesicles and their roles in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1167717. [PMID: 37397375 PMCID: PMC10312242 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1167717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have undergone a paradigm shift from being considered as 'waste bags' to being central mediators of cell-to-cell signaling in homeostasis and several pathologies including cancer. Their ubiquitous nature, ability to cross biological barriers, and dynamic regulation during changes in pathophysiological state of an individual not only makes them excellent biomarkers but also critical mediators of cancer progression. This review highlights the heterogeneity in extracellular vesicles by discussing emerging subtypes, such as migrasomes, mitovesicles, and exophers, as well as evolving components of extracellular vesicles such as the surface protein corona. The review provides a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of the role of extracellular vesicles during different stages of cancer including cancer initiation, metabolic reprogramming, extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, immune modulation, therapy resistance, and metastasis, and highlights gaps in our current knowledge of extracellular vesicle biology in cancer. We further provide a perspective on extracellular vesicle-based cancer therapeutics and challenges associated with bringing them to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikjot S. Sohal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Andrea L. Kasinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Colom B, Herms A, Hall MWJ, Dentro SC, King C, Sood RK, Alcolea MP, Piedrafita G, Fernandez-Antoran D, Ong SH, Fowler JC, Mahbubani KT, Saeb-Parsy K, Gerstung M, Hall BA, Jones PH. Mutant clones in normal epithelium outcompete and eliminate emerging tumours. Nature 2021; 598:510-514. [PMID: 34646013 PMCID: PMC7612642 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human epithelial tissues accumulate cancer-driver mutations with age1-9, yet tumour formation remains rare. The positive selection of these mutations suggests that they alter the behaviour and fitness of proliferating cells10-12. Thus, normal adult tissues become a patchwork of mutant clones competing for space and survival, with the fittest clones expanding by eliminating their less competitive neighbours11-14. However, little is known about how such dynamic competition in normal epithelia influences early tumorigenesis. Here we show that the majority of newly formed oesophageal tumours are eliminated through competition with mutant clones in the adjacent normal epithelium. We followed the fate of nascent, microscopic, pre-malignant tumours in a mouse model of oesophageal carcinogenesis and found that most were rapidly lost with no indication of tumour cell death, decreased proliferation or an anti-tumour immune response. However, deep sequencing of ten-day-old and one-year-old tumours showed evidence of selection on the surviving neoplasms. Induction of highly competitive clones in transgenic mice increased early tumour removal, whereas pharmacological inhibition of clonal competition reduced tumour loss. These results support a model in which survival of early neoplasms depends on their competitive fitness relative to that of mutant clones in the surrounding normal tissue. Mutant clones in normal epithelium have an unexpected anti-tumorigenic role in purging early tumours through cell competition, thereby preserving tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Colom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - A Herms
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - M W J Hall
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - S C Dentro
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - C King
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - R K Sood
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - M P Alcolea
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Piedrafita
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - D Fernandez-Antoran
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S H Ong
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - K T Mahbubani
- Department of Surgery and Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery and Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Gerstung
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B A Hall
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - P H Jones
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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