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Łuczyńska J, Łuczyński MJ, Nowosad J, Kowalska-Góralska M, Senze M. Total Mercury and Fatty Acids in Selected Fish Species on the Polish Market: A Risk to Human Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10092. [PMID: 36011721 PMCID: PMC9407883 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The muscles of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush Walbaum, 1792), crucian carp (Carassius carassius Linnaeus, 1758), flounder (Platichthys flesus Linnaeus, 1758), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758), mackerel (Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758) and tench (Tinca tinca Linnaeus, 1758) were examined. The total mercury (THg) was processed using the Milestone DMA-80 and the fatty acids were analyzed using the 7890A Agilent Technologies chromatograph. The THg content in analyzed fish ranged from 0.024 (lake trout) to 0.092 mg/kg wet weight (gilthead seabream). The muscles of fish examined had lower amounts of SFAs, and n-3 and n-6 PUFAs than MUFAs. The ratio of n-3/n-6 was higher in muscles of mackerel than other fish (p < 0.05). Due to the fact that both the THQ and HI are below 1, the tested fish are safe for the consumer from a nutritional point of view. Similarly, fatty acid indices indicate the safe consumption of selected fish species, and the daily consumption of the recommended dose of EPA + DHA (250 mg/day) and the concentration of mercury in fish calculations showed a hazard quotient for the benefit−risk ratio HQEFA below 1, suggesting that the intake of EPA + DHA poses no evident risk to human health. The ratio was calculated for a person weighing 60 kg. Therefore, it is important to monitor the fish, not only bought in the store, but also caught in various aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Łuczyńska
- Department of Commodity and Food Analysis, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Ul. Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marek Jan Łuczyński
- Department of Ichthyology, Hydrobiology and Ecology of Waters, The Stanisław Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, Ul. M. Oczapowskiego 10, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Nowosad
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Warmia and Mazury University, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- ChemProf, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Monika Kowalska-Góralska
- Department of Limnology and Fishery, Institute of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Senze
- Department of Limnology and Fishery, Institute of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury content and health risk assessment of consuming freshwater fish with elements of chemometric analysis. Food Chem 2022; 379:132167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Assessment of Fish Quality Based on the Content of Heavy Metals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042307. [PMID: 35206490 PMCID: PMC8871952 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the fish quality in terms of the Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn contents. The research material was the muscle tissue of the fish crucian carp (Carassius carassius Linnaeus, 1758), flounder (Platichthys flesus Linnaeus, 1758), Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758), mackerel (Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758), Blue grenadier (Macruronus novaezelandiae Hector, 1871), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792), tench (Tinca tinca Linnaeus, 1758), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758), Walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus Pallas, 1814) and perch (Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758.). Heavy metals were determined with the atomic absorption spectrometry method (AAS). Significantly high concentrations of zinc (19.52 mg/kg wet weight), copper (0.77 mg/kg) and iron (6.95 mg/kg) were found in the muscles of crucian carp (p < 0.05) compared to the other fish studied, whereas Walleye pollock had a higher content of manganese (0.266 mg/kg) (p < 0.05). All studied fish species do not pose a threat to humans from these four metals. This was indicated by quality indexes (THQ and HI) whose values were below one. The values of these metals also did not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations established by the FAO (1983), but monitoring both the aquatic environment and the fish living there is necessary, for example, for the time-changing abiotic and biotic factors that can cause an increase in metals in the organs of fish.
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Teunen L, Belpaire C, De Boeck G, Blust R, Bervoets L. Mercury accumulation in muscle and liver tissue and human health risk assessment of two resident freshwater fish species in Flanders (Belgium): a multilocation approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:7853-7865. [PMID: 34480314 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Detrimental effects of chemical pollution-primarily caused by human activities-on aquatic ecosystems have increasingly gained attention. Because of its hydrophobic qualities, mercury is prone to easily bioaccumulate and biomagnify through the food chain, decreasing biodiversity and eventually also affecting humans. In the present study, accumulated mercury concentrations were measured in muscle and liver tissue of perch (Perca fluviatilis) and European eel (Anguilla anguilla) collected at 26 sampling locations in Flemish (Belgian) waterbodies, allowing a comparison of these species within a variety of environmental situations. Furthermore, effects of size and weight have been assessed, expected to influence accumulation and storage of pollutants. Mercury concentrations in perch ranged up to 1.7 μg g-1 dw (median: 0.29 μg g-1 dw) in muscle and from 0.02 to 0.77 μg g-1 dw (median: 0.11 μg g-1 dw) in liver tissue. For eel, these concentrations were between 0.07 and 1.3 μg g-1 dw (median: 0.39 μg g-1 dw) and between 0.08 and 1.4 μg g-1 dw (median: 0.55 μg g-1 dw) respectively. We found a correlation of accumulated mercury with length in perch, independent of location. Furthermore, a significant difference in accumulated mercury concentrations between the targeted species was measured, with the highest mean concentrations per dry weight in eel liver and muscle tissue. In perch, higher concentrations were found in muscle compared to liver tissue, while in eel, liver tissue showed the highest concentrations. These findings were further considered with concentrations corrected for lipid content, excluding the fat compartment, which is known to a hold negligible portion of the total and methyl mercury concentrations. This confirmed our previous conclusions, except for mercury concentrations in eel. Here there was no longer a significant difference between muscle and liver concentrations. Finally, health risk analyses revealed that only frequent consumption of local eel (> 71 g day-1) could pose risks to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies Teunen
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research Group, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Claude Belpaire
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Dwersbos 28, 1630, Linkebeek, Belgium
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research Group, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research Group, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research Group, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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Jędruch A, Falkowska L, Saniewska D, Durkalec M, Nawrocka A, Kalisińska E, Kowalski A, Pacyna JM. Status and trends of mercury pollution of the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems in Poland. AMBIO 2021; 50:1698-1717. [PMID: 33755895 PMCID: PMC8285459 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to assess the current status and trends of total mercury (THg) contamination of the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems in Poland. The study shows that the reduced domestic and worldwide atmospheric emission of Hg resulted in decreased THg level in the terrestrial biotope and biosphere. Considering that Poland is one of the main Hg emitters in Europe, the THg concentrations in its abiotic environment are still elevated. However, the THg level in terrestrial organisms is relatively low, which is because a large proportion of Hg deposited on land is accumulated in organic-rich soils. Regarding the THg concentration, consumption of wildlife and livestock from Poland is safe for humans. Nevertheless, the authors indicate the need for effective environmental monitoring, based on selected bioindicators, which is crucial considering the slowing reduction of Hg emission combined with the consequences of the changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jędruch
- Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Institute of Oceanography, Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Lucyna Falkowska
- Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Institute of Oceanography, Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Dominika Saniewska
- Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Institute of Oceanography, Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Maciej Durkalec
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nawrocka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kalisińska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Artur Kowalski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Józef M. Pacyna
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, ul. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Łuczyńska J, Paszczyk B. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals and Lipid Quality Indexes in Freshwater Fish from Lakes of Warmia and Mazury Region, Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3780. [PMID: 31597353 PMCID: PMC6801511 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of study were to determine heavy metals content (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and Hg) and fatty acids in selected organs of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.); bream, Abramis brama (L.); pike, Esox lucius (L.); Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis (L.) collected from reservoirs of Warmia and Mazury region (northeastern Poland). Heavy metals were determined with atomic absorption spectrometry AAS. The fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography. In a few cases, differences in the content of heavy metals and fatty acids were not significant between species. The muscles of fish characterized significantly higher values of mercury than other organs (p ≤ 0.05), except for bream. The reverse regularity was observed in the case of content of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe. Fatty acids having a desirable dietary effect in humans (DFA-Hypocholesterolaemic fatty acids) (74.00-74.84) were more than OFA (hypercholesterolaemic fatty acids), i.e., those undesirable (24.03-24.79). The lipid quality indexes AI (index of atherogenicity) (0.40-0.44) and TI (index of thrombogenicity) (0.18-0.24) in muscles of fish were low, which means that the meat of the fish may be recommended for human health. THQ (target hazard quotient) and HI (hazard index) as individual foodstuff were below 1, whereas HI for a specific receptor/pathway combination exceeded 1. This may suggest that eating meat from a given species is safe from a health point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Łuczyńska
- Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Plac Cieszyński 1, 10726 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Beata Paszczyk
- Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Plac Cieszyński 1, 10726 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Liao W, Wang G, Li K, Zhao W, Wu Y. Effect of Cooking on Speciation and In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Hg and As from Rice, Using Ordinary and Pressure Cookers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 187:329-339. [PMID: 29725934 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rice is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, and owing to environmental pollution, it is a major source of human exposure to mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As). We evaluated the impact of cooking on the speciation and bioaccessibility of Hg and As from rice in this study. Results show that the dominant Hg and As species in rice from Guangzhou market in China were their inorganic forms (iHg and iAs), respectively. The cooking process modified the levels of Hg and As. Average Hg and As bioaccessibility in raw rice was 69.74 and 80.32%, respectively. Hg bioaccessibility decreased to 46.22 and 42.37% for pressure- and ordinary-cooked rice, respectively. In contrast, As bioaccessibility remained unchanged except after cooking with a large amount of water. Protein denaturation and the amount of soluble and volatile forms determine the bioaccessibility of Hg and As in cooked rice by being released into the cooking water or into the air. From the bioaccessibility data, the average established daily intake (EDI) values of Hg and As from pressure-cooked rice for children and adults were 0.034 and 0.025 μg kg-1 day-1 (Hg), and 0.735 and 0.559 μg kg-1 day-1 (As), respectively. This study provides novel insights into Hg and As exposure due to rice cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liao
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- National Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Kaiming Li
- National Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Ye Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Guangzhou, 510655, China
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Łuczyńska J, Paszczyk B, Nowosad J, Łuczyński MJ. Mercury, Fatty Acids Content and Lipid Quality Indexes in Muscles of Freshwater and Marine Fish on the Polish Market. Risk Assessment of Fish Consumption. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E1120. [PMID: 28946712 PMCID: PMC5664621 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mercury content and fatty acids in muscles of Perca fluviatilis L. (European perch), Leuciscus idus L. (ide), Cyprinus carpio L. (European or common carp), Oncorhynchus mykiss Walb. (rainbow trout), Platichthys flesus L. (European flounder). and Clupea harengus L. (bream) from the Polish market were investigated. The total mercury was processed with AAS. The fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. The concentration of mercury in muscles varied from 0.006 to 0.138 mg/kg and decreased as follows: perch ≈ ide > flounder > herring ≈ bream ≈ rainbow trout > carp (p ≤ 0.05). There were only significant positive correlations between body weight and mercury content in muscle tissue of carp (r = 0.878), flounder (r = 0.925) and herring (r = 0.982) (p ≤ 0.05). The atherogenic index (AI), thrombogenicity index (TI) and flesh-lipid quality index (FLQ) were calculated as follows 0.33-0.70 (IA), 0.16-0.31 (IT) and 13.01-33.22 (FLQ). Hypocholesterolemic (OFA) and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (DFA) in muscles of fish ranged from 18.26 to 23.01 and from 73.91 to 78.46, respectively. In most cases, there were not significant correlations between size (body weight and total length) and fatty acids in the muscles of the examined fish (p > 0.05). The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values were below 1, which shows that there is no non-carcinogenic health risk to the consumer by consuming the examined fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Łuczyńska
- Chair of Commodity and Food Analysis, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Beata Paszczyk
- Chair of Commodity and Food Analysis, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Joanna Nowosad
- Department of Lake and River Fisheries, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Marek Jan Łuczyński
- Department of Ichthyology, The Stanisław Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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