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Mir WAY, Shrestha DB, Rana W, Yelma Reddy SR, Paudel A, Verda L. Successful Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in an Immunocompromised Patient With Ribavirin. Cureus 2021; 13:e16930. [PMID: 34513501 PMCID: PMC8418695 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a frequent cause of respiratory tract infections in children. Still, it can also cause seasonal outbreaks affecting persons of all ages, especially those with comorbidities or immunocompromised states. Ribavirin is one of the two approved therapies for the treatment of RSV respiratory tract infections. Unfortunately, its aerosolized formulation has been approved only in children, and the oral formulation is not frequently used to treat the infection. However, ribavirin has demonstrated morbidity and mortality benefit in immunocompromised patients. A 70-year-old female had started chemotherapy for a diagnosis of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). She developed an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) along with positive RSV status. We started her on oral ribavirin therapy, which had to be stopped after five days of treatment due to an acute hemolytic reaction. She was re-initiated on oral ribavirin after cessation of medication for seven days and showed improvement. Therefore, ribavirin can be used in immunocompromised patients with RSV infection under proper supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhan B Shrestha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, USA
| | - Wajahath Rana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Ayusha Paudel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alka Hospital Pvt Ltd, Kathmandu, NPL
| | - Larissa Verda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, USA
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Chan Y, Ng SW, Singh SK, Gulati M, Gupta G, Chaudhary SK, Hing GB, Collet T, MacLoughlin R, Löbenberg R, Oliver BG, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Revolutionizing polymer-based nanoparticle-linked vaccines for targeting respiratory viruses: A perspective. Life Sci 2021; 280:119744. [PMID: 34174324 PMCID: PMC8223024 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections have significantly impacted global health as well as socio-economic growth. Respiratory viruses such as the influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and the recent SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) typically infect the upper respiratory tract by entry through the respiratory mucosa before reaching the lower respiratory tract, resulting in respiratory disease. Generally, vaccination is the primary method in preventing virus pathogenicity and it has been shown to remarkably reduce the burden of various infectious diseases. Nevertheless, the efficacy of conventional vaccines may be hindered by certain limitations, prompting the need to develop novel vaccine delivery vehicles to immunize against various strains of respiratory viruses and to mitigate the risk of a pandemic. In this review, we provide an insight into how polymer-based nanoparticles can be integrated with the development of vaccines to effectively enhance immune responses for combating viral respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghan Chan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sin Wi Ng
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Chaudhary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Mussoorie-Diversion Road, Makkawala, Dehradun 248 009, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Goh Bey Hing
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Trudi Collet
- Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- Aerogen, IDA Business Park, Dangan, H91 HE94 Galway, Ireland; School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N8, Canada
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kamal Dua
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N8, Canada; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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