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Rosenberg JT, Yuan X, Helsper SN, Bagdasarian FA, Ma T, Grant SC. Effects of labeling human mesenchymal stem cells with superparamagnetic iron oxides on cellular functions and magnetic resonance contrast in hypoxic environments and long-term monitoring. Brain Circ 2018; 4:133-138. [PMID: 30450421 PMCID: PMC6187941 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_18_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia, which involves decreased blood flow to a region and a corresponding deprivation of oxygen and nutrients, can be induced as a consequence of stroke or heart attack. A prevalent disease that affects many individuals worldwide, ischemic stroke results in functional and cognitive impairments, as neural cells in the brain receive inadequate nourishment and encounter inflammation and various other detrimental toxic factors that lead to their death. Given the scarce treatments for this disease in the clinic such as the administration of tissue plasminogen activator, which is only effective in a limited time window after the occurrence of stroke, it will be necessary to develop new strategies to ameliorate or prevent stroke-induced brain damage. Cell-based therapies appear to be a promising solution for treating ischemic stroke and many other ischemia-associated and neurodegenerative maladies. Particularly, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are of interest for cell transplantation in stroke, given their multipotency, accessibility, and reparative abilities. To determine the fate and survival of hMSC, which will be imperative for successful transplantation therapies, these cells may be monitored using magnetic resonance imaging and transfected with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO), a contrast agent that facilitates the detection of these hMSCs. This review encompasses pertinent research and findings to reveal the effects of SPIO on hMSC functions in the context of transplantation in ischemic environments and over extended time periods. This paper is a review article. Referred literature in this paper has been listed in the references section. The data sets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching various databases, including PubMed. Some original points in this article come from the laboratory practice in our research center and the authors' experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens T Rosenberg
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.,The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, CIMAR, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Xuegang Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Shannon N Helsper
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.,The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, CIMAR, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - F Andrew Bagdasarian
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.,The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, CIMAR, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Samuel C Grant
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.,The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, CIMAR, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Abstract
Transplantation is often the only choice many patients have when suffering from end-stage organ failure. Although the quality of life improves after transplantation, challenges, such as organ shortages, necessary immunosuppression with associated complications, and chronic graft rejection, limit its wide clinical application. Nanotechnology has emerged in the past 2 decades as a field with the potential to satisfy clinical needs in the area of targeted and sustained drug delivery, noninvasive imaging, and tissue engineering. In this article, we provide an overview of popular nanotechnologies and a summary of the current and potential uses of nanotechnology in cell and organ transplantation.
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Meng Y, Shi C, Hu B, Gong J, Zhong X, Lin X, Zhang X, Liu J, Liu C, Xu H. External magnetic field promotes homing of magnetized stem cells following subcutaneous injection. BMC Cell Biol 2017; 18:24. [PMID: 28549413 PMCID: PMC5446710 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-017-0140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that have the ability to self-renew and migrate to sites of pathology. In vivo tracking of MSCs provides insights into both, the underlying mechanisms of MSC transformation and their potential as gene delivery vehicles. The aim of our study was to assess the ability of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs)-labeled Wharton’s Jelly of the human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) to carry the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene to cutaneous injury sites in a murine model. Methods WJ-MSCs were isolated from a fresh umbilical cord and were genetically transformed to carry the GFP gene using lentiviral vectors with magnetically labeled SPIONs. The SPIONs/GFP-positive WJ-MSCs expressed multipotent cell markers and demonstrated the potential for osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Fifteen skin-injured mice were divided into three groups. Group I was treated with WJ-MSCs, group II with SPIONs/GFP-positive WJ-MSCs, and group III with SPIONs/GFP-positive WJ-MSCs exposed to an external magnetic field (EMF). Magnetic resonance imaging and optical molecular imaging were performed, and images were acquired 1, 2, and 7 days after cell injection. Results The results showed that GFP could be intensively detected around the wound in vivo 24 h after the cells were injected. Furthermore, we observed an accumulation of WJ-MSCs at the wound site, and EMF exposure increased the speed of cell transport. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that SPIONs/GFP function as cellular probes for monitoring in vivo migration and homing of WJ-MSCs. Moreover, exposure to an EMF can increase the transportation efficiency of SPIONs-labeled WJ-MSCs in vivo. Conclusions Our findings could lead to the development of a gene carrier system for the treatment of diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12860-017-0140-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Meng
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, No. 613 Huangpu West Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Changzhen Shi
- Department of Radiology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, No. 613 Huangpu West Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, No. 613 Huangpu West Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jian Gong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, No. 613 Huangpu West Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xing Zhong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, No. 613 Huangpu West Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xueyin Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, No. 613 Huangpu West Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xinju Zhang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Animal Breeding, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Animal Breeding, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Animal Breeding, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, No. 613 Huangpu West Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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Rosenberg JT, Yuan X, Grant S, Ma T. Tracking mesenchymal stem cells using magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Circ 2016; 2:108-113. [PMID: 30276283 PMCID: PMC6126273 DOI: 10.4103/2394-8108.192521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent translational studies in the fields of tissue regeneration and cell therapy have characterized mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a potentially effective and accessible measure for treating ischemic cerebral and neurodegenerative disorders such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Developing more efficient cell tracking techniques bear the potential to optimize MSC transplantation therapies by providing a more accurate picture of the fate and area of effect of implanted cells. Currently, determining the location of transplanted MSCs involves a histological approach, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) presents a noninvasive paradigm that permits repeat evaluations. To visualize MSCs using MRI, the implanted cells must be treated with an intracellular contrast agent. These are commonly paramagnetic compounds, many of which are based on superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. Recent research has set out characterize the effects of SPIO-uptake on the cellular activity of in vitro human MSCs and the resultant influence that respective SPIO concentration has on MRI sensitivity. As these studies reveal, SPIO-uptake has no effect on the cellular processes of proliferation and differentiation while producing high contrast MRI signals. Moreover, transplantation of SPIO-labeled MSCs in animal models encouragingly showed no loss in MRI contrast, suggesting that SPIO labeling may be an appealing regime for lasting MRI detection. This study is a review article. Referred literature in this study has been listed in the reference part. The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching the PubMed. Some original points in this article come from the laboratory practice in our research centers and the authors’ experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens T Rosenberg
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.,The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Xuegang Yuan
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Samuel Grant
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.,The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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MRI-Based Assessment of Intralesional Delivery of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Model of Equine Tendonitis. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8610964. [PMID: 27746821 PMCID: PMC5056306 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8610964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound-guided intralesional injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is held as the benchmark for cell delivery in tendonitis. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the immediate cell distribution following intralesional injection of MSCs. Unilateral superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) lesions were created in the forelimb of six horses and injected with 10 × 106 MSCs labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) under ultrasound guidance. Assays were performed to confirm that there were no significant changes in cell viability, proliferation, migration, or trilineage differentiation due to the presence of SPIOs. Limbs were imaged on a 1.5-tesla clinical MRI scanner postmortem before and after injection to determine the extent of tendonitis and detect SPIO MSCs. Clusters of labeled cells were visible as signal voids in 6/6 subjects. Coalescing regions of signal void were diffusely present in the peritendinous tissues. Although previous reports have determined that local injury retains cells within a small radius of the site of injection, our study shows greater than expected delocalization and relatively few cells retained within collagenous tendon compared to surrounding fascia. Further work is needed if this is a reality in vivo and to determine if directed intralesional delivery of MSCs is as critical as presently thought.
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A Novel Rat Model of Intramedullary Tibia Fracture Fixation Using Polyetheretherketone Threaded Rod. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2015; 3:e417. [PMID: 26180718 PMCID: PMC4494487 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: The rat fracture fixation models have been widely adopted, but current implant designs suffer from operational difficulty, massive soft-tissue dissection, and radiological intervention. The authors developed a new tibia fracture-healing model using minor invasive intramedullary fixations with polyetheretherketone (PEEK) threaded rods, which have excellent x-ray translucency and no magnetic resonance artifact. Methods: Tibia fractures of 6 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fixed with intramedullary PEEK threaded rods. X-ray examination was performed at 0, 4, and 8 weeks postoperatively. Histological analysis was conducted via hematoxylin-eosin staining of nondecalcified tissue sections. Results: Radiological fracture healing was observed at 8 weeks postoperatively. Histology demonstrated fracture gap bridging and bone ingrowth adjacent to PEEK. Conclusion: This innovative model is simple and effective, providing a new selection in future biomedical research.
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Scharf A, Holmes S, Thoresen M, Mumaw J, Stumpf A, Peroni J. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a means to track mesenchymal stem cells in a large animal model of tendon injury. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 10:388-97. [PMID: 26033748 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to establish an SPIO-based cell-tracking method in an ovine model of tendonitis and to determine if this method may be useful for further study of cellular therapies in tendonitis in vivo. Functional assays were performed on labeled and unlabeled cells to ensure that no significant changes were induced by intracellular SPIOs. Following biosafety validation, tendon lesions were mechanically (n = 4) or chemically (n = 4) induced in four sheep and scanned ex vivo at 7 and 14 days to determine the presence and distribution of intralesional cells. Ovine MSCs labeled with 50 µg SPIOs/mL remained viable, proliferate, and undergo tri-lineage differentiation (p < 0.05). Labeled ovine MSCs remained detectable in vitro in concentrated cell numbers as low as 10 000 and in volumetric distributions as low as 100 000 cells/mL. Cells remained detectable by MRI at 7 days, as confirmed by correlative histology for dually labeled SPIO+/GFP+ cells. Histological evidence at 14 days suggested that SPIO particles remained embedded in tissue, providing MRI signal, although cells were no longer present. SPIO labeling has proven to be an effective method for cell tracking for a large animal model of tendon injury for up to 7 days post-injection. The data obtained in this study justify further investigation into the effects of MSC survival and migration on overall tendon healing and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Scharf
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, H-322, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Shannon Holmes
- Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Merrilee Thoresen
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, H-322, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jennifer Mumaw
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, H-322, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Alaina Stumpf
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, H-322, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - John Peroni
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, H-322, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Esmaeili A, Jafarzadeh F. Nanocatalyst transformation and biological activities of lilial. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2015.1039099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Tiernan AR, Sambanis A. Bioluminescence tracking of alginate micro-encapsulated cell transplants. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:501-508. [PMID: 25047413 DOI: 10.1002/term.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies to treat loss-of-function hormonal disorders such as diabetes and Parkinson's disease are routinely coupled with encapsulation strategies, but an understanding of when and why grafts fail in vivo is lacking. Consequently, investigators cannot clearly define the key factors that influence graft success. Although bioluminescence is a popular method to track the survival of free cells transplanted in preclinical models, little is known of the ability to use bioluminescence for real-time tracking of microencapsulated cells. Furthermore, the impact that dynamic imaging distances may have, due to freely-floating microcapsules in vivo, on cell survival monitoring is unknown. This work addresses these questions by applying bioluminescence to a pancreatic substitute based on microencapsulated cells. Recombinant insulin-secreting cells were transduced with a luciferase lentivirus and microencapsulated in Ba2+ crosslinked alginate for in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro quantitative bioluminescence monitoring was possible and viable microencapsulated cells were followed in real time under both normoxic and anoxic conditions. Although in vivo dispersion of freely-floating microcapsules in the peritoneal cavity limited the analysis to a qualitative bioluminescence evaluation, signals consistently four orders of magnitude above background were clear indicators of temporal cell survival. Strong agreement between in vivo and in vitro cell proliferation over time was discovered by making direct bioluminescence comparisons between explanted microcapsules and parallel in vitro cultures. Broader application of this bioluminescence approach to retrievable transplants, in supplement to currently used end-point physiological tests, could improve understanding and accelerate development of cell-based therapies for critical clinical applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey R Tiernan
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Athanassios Sambanis
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Hossain MA, Chowdhury T, Bagul A. Imaging modalities for the in vivo surveillance of mesenchymal stromal cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 9:1217-24. [PMID: 24917526 DOI: 10.1002/term.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells exist as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and have the capacity to differentiate into multiple tissue types when subjected to appropriate culture conditions. This property of MSCs creates therapeutic opportunities in regenerative medicine for the treatment of damage to neural, cardiac and musculoskeletal tissues or acute kidney injury. The prerequisite for successful cell therapy is delivery of cells to the target tissue. Assessment of therapeutic outcomes utilize traditional methods to examine cell function of MSC populations involving routine biochemical or histological analysis for cell proliferation, protein synthesis and gene expression. However, these methods do not provide sufficient spatial and temporal information. In vivo surveillance of MSC migration to the site of interest can be performed through a variety of imaging modalities such as the use of radiolabelling, fluc protein expression bioluminescence imaging and paramagnetic nanoparticle magnetic resonance imaging. This review will outline the current methods of in vivo surveillance of exogenously administered MSCs in regenerative medicine while addressing potential technological developments. Furthermore, nanoparticles and microparticles for cellular labelling have shown that migration of MSCs can be spatially and temporally monitored. In vivo surveillance therefore permits time-stratified assessment in animal models without disruption of the target organ. In vivo tracking of MSCs is non-invasive, repeatable and non-toxic. Despite the excitement that nanoparticles for tracking MSCs offer, delivery methods are difficult because of the challenges with imaging three-dimensional systems. The current advances and growth in MSC research, is likely to provide a wealth of evidence overcoming these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tina Chowdhury
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Atul Bagul
- Department of Renal Transplantation, St Georges Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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11
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Martinez C, Henao A, Rodriguez JE, Padgett KR, Ramaswamy S. Monitoring Steady Flow Effects on Cell Distribution in Engineered Valve Tissues by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Mol Imaging 2013. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2013.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Martinez
- From the Tissue Engineering Mechanics, Imaging and Materials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Radiation Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Angela Henao
- From the Tissue Engineering Mechanics, Imaging and Materials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Radiation Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Jose E. Rodriguez
- From the Tissue Engineering Mechanics, Imaging and Materials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Radiation Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Kyle R. Padgett
- From the Tissue Engineering Mechanics, Imaging and Materials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Radiation Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Sharan Ramaswamy
- From the Tissue Engineering Mechanics, Imaging and Materials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Radiation Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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Rosenberg JT, Sellgren KL, Sachi-Kocher A, Calixto Bejarano F, Baird MA, Davidson MW, Ma T, Grant SC. Magnetic resonance contrast and biological effects of intracellular superparamagnetic iron oxides on human mesenchymal stem cells with long-term culture and hypoxic exposure. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:307-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Owens EA, Hyun H, Kim SH, Lee JH, Park G, Ashitate Y, Choi J, Hong GH, Alyabyev S, Lee SJ, Khang G, Henary M, Choi HS. Highly charged cyanine fluorophores for trafficking scaffold degradation. Biomed Mater 2013; 8:014109. [PMID: 23353870 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/8/1/014109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable scaffolds have been extensively used in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, noninvasive monitoring of in vivo scaffold degradation is still lacking. In order to develop a real-time trafficking technique, a series of meso-brominated near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores were synthesized and conjugated to biodegradable gelatin scaffolds. Since the pentamethine cyanine core is highly lipophilic, the side chain of each fluorophore was modified with either quaternary ammonium salts or sulfonate groups. The physicochemical properties such as lipophilicity and net charge of fluorophores played a key role in the fate of NIR-conjugated scaffolds in vivo after biodegradation. The positively charged fluorophore-conjugated scaffold fragments were found in salivary glands, lymph nodes, and most of the hepatobiliary excretion route. However, halogenated fluorophores intensively accumulated into lymph nodes and the liver. Interestingly, balanced-charged gelatin scaffolds were degraded into urine in a short period of time. These results demonstrate that the noninvasive optical imaging using NIR fluorophores can be useful for the translation of biodegradable scaffolds into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Owens
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Qi Y, Feng G, Huang Z, Yan W. The application of super paramagnetic iron oxide-labeled mesenchymal stem cells in cell-based therapy. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:2733-40. [PMID: 23269616 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy has great potential for tissue regeneration. However, being able to monitor the in vivo behavior of implanted MSCs and understand the fate of these cells is necessary for further development of successful therapies and requires an effective, non-invasive and non-toxic technique for cell tracking. Super paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) is an idea label and tracer of MSCs. MRI can be used to follow SPIO-labeled MSCs and has been proposed as a gold standard for monitoring the in vivo biodistribution and migration of implanted SPIO-labeled MSCs. This review discusses the biological effects of SPIO labeling on MSCs and the therapeutic applications of local or systemic delivery of these labeled cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Qi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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Nejadnik H, Henning TD, Do T, Sutton EJ, Baehner F, Horvai A, Sennino B, McDonald D, Meier R, Misselwitz B, Link TM, Daldrup-Link HE. MR imaging features of gadofluorine-labeled matrix-associated stem cell implants in cartilage defects. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49971. [PMID: 23251354 PMCID: PMC3520977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of our study was to assess the chondrogenic potential and the MR signal effects of GadofluorineM-Cy labeled matrix associated stem cell implants (MASI) in pig knee specimen. Materials and Methods Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were labeled with the micelle-based contrast agent GadofluorineM-Cy. Ferucarbotran-labeled hMSCs, non-labeled hMSCs and scaffold only served as controls. Chondrogenic differentiation was induced and gene expression and histologic evaluation were performed. The proportions of spindle-shaped vs. round cells of chondrogenic pellets were compared between experimental groups using the Fisher's exact test. Labeled and unlabeled hMSCs and chondrocytes in scaffolds were implanted into cartilage defects of porcine femoral condyles and underwent MR imaging with T1- and T2-weighted SE and GE sequences. Contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) between implants and adjacent cartilage were determined and analyzed for significant differences between different experimental groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Significance was assigned for p<0.017, considering a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Results Collagen type II gene expression levels were not significantly different between different groups (p>0.017). However, hMSC differentiation into chondrocytes was superior for unlabeled and GadofluorineM-Cy-labeled cells compared with Ferucarbotran-labeled cells, as evidenced by a significantly higher proportion of spindle cells in chondrogenic pellets (p<0.05). GadofluorineM-Cy-labeled hMSCs and chondrocytes showed a positive signal effect on T1-weighted images and a negative signal effect on T2-weighted images while Ferucarbotran-labeled cells provided a negative signal effect on all sequences. CNR data for both GadofluorineM-Cy-labeled and Ferucarbotran-labeled hMSCs were significantly different compared to unlabeled control cells on T1-weighted SE and T2*-weighted MR images (p<0.017). Conclusion hMSCs can be labeled by simple incubation with GadofluorineM-Cy. The labeled cells provide significant MR signal effects and less impaired chondrogenesis compared to Ferucarbotran-labeled hMSCs. Thus, GadoflurineM-Cy might represent an alternative MR cell marker to Ferucarbotran, which is not distributed any more in Europe or North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Nejadnik
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
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Henning TD, Gawande R, Khurana A, Tavri S, Mandrussow L, Golovko D, Horvai A, Sennino B, McDonald D, Meier R, Wendland M, Derugin N, Link TM, Daldrup-Link HE. Magnetic resonance imaging of ferumoxide-labeled mesenchymal stem cells in cartilage defects: in vitro and in vivo investigations. Mol Imaging 2012; 11:197-209. [PMID: 22554484 PMCID: PMC3727234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to (1) compare three different techniques for ferumoxide labeling of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), (2) evaluate if ferumoxide labeling allows in vivo tracking of matrix-associated stem cell implants (MASIs) in an animal model, and (3) compare the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of ferumoxide-labeled viable and apoptotic MSCs. MSCs labeled with ferumoxide by simple incubation, protamine transfection, or Lipofectin transfection were evaluated with MRI and histopathology. Ferumoxide-labeled and unlabeled viable and apoptotic MSCs in osteochondral defects of rat knee joints were evaluated over 12 weeks with MRI. Signal to noise ratios (SNRs) of viable and apoptotic labeled MASIs were tested for significant differences using t-tests. A simple incubation labeling protocol demonstrated the best compromise between significant magnetic resonance signal effects and preserved cell viability and potential for immediate clinical translation. Labeled viable and apoptotic MASIs did not show significant differences in SNR. Labeled viable but not apoptotic MSCs demonstrated an increasing area of T2 signal loss over time, which correlated to stem cell proliferation at the transplantation site. Histopathology confirmed successful engraftment of viable MSCs. The engraftment of iron oxide-labeled MASIs by simple incubation can be monitored over several weeks with MRI. Viable and apoptotic MASIs can be distinguished via imaging signs of cell proliferation at the transplantation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias D Henning
- Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Henning TD, Gawande R, Khurana A, Tavri S, Mandrussow L, Golovko D, Horvai A, Sennino B, McDonald D, Meier R, Wendland M, Derugin N, Link TM, Daldrup-Link HE. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Ferumoxide-Labeled Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cartilage Defects: In Vitro and in Vivo Investigations. Mol Imaging 2012. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2011.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias D. Henning
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rakhee Gawande
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Aman Khurana
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sidhartha Tavri
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lydia Mandrussow
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Daniel Golovko
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrew Horvai
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Barbara Sennino
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Donald McDonald
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Reinhard Meier
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Michael Wendland
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nikita Derugin
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Thomas M. Link
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Heike E. Daldrup-Link
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Rosen JE, Chan L, Shieh DB, Gu FX. Iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted cancer imaging and diagnostics. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 8:275-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Torio-Padron N, Paul D, von Elverfeldt D, Stark G, Huotari A. Resorption rate assessment of adipose tissue-engineered constructs by intravital magnetic resonance imaging. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 64:117-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Zhang Z, Hancock B, Leen S, Ramaswamy S, Sollott SJ, Boheler KR, Juhaszova M, Lakatta EG, Spencer RG, Fishbein KW. Compatibility of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle labeling for ¹H MRI cell tracking with ³¹P MRS for bioenergetic measurements. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2010; 23:1166-72. [PMID: 20853523 PMCID: PMC3161830 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Labeling of cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles permits cell tracking by (1)H MRI while (31)P MRS allows non-invasive evaluation of cellular bioenergetics. We evaluated the compatibility of these two techniques by obtaining (31)P NMR spectra of iron-labeled and unlabeled immobilized C2C12 myoblast cells in vitro. Broadened but usable (31)P spectra were obtained and peak area ratios of resonances corresponding to intracellular metabolites showed no significant differences between labeled and unlabeled cell populations. We conclude that (31)P NMR spectra can be obtained from cells labeled with sufficient iron to permit visualization by (1)H imaging protocols and that these spectra have sufficient quality to be used to assess metabolic status. This result introduces the possibility of using localized (31)P MRS to evaluate the viability of iron-labeled therapeutic cells as well as surrounding host tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoli Zhang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Brynne Hancock
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stephanie Leen
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sharan Ramaswamy
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven J. Sollott
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kenneth R. Boheler
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Magdalena Juhaszova
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Edward G. Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard G. Spencer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kenneth W. Fishbein
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
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21
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Kim HS, Oh SY, Joo HJ, Son KR, Song IC, Moon WK. The effects of clinically used MRI contrast agents on the biological properties of human mesenchymal stem cells. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2010; 23:514-522. [PMID: 20175151 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to compare the labeling efficiencies of three iron-oxide based MRI contrast agents [Feridex, Resovist and monocrystalline iron oxide (MION)] and to evaluate their effects on the biological properties of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The hMSCs were cultivated for 1 and 7 days after 24-h labeling with iron oxide nanoparticles (12.5 microg Fe/mL) in the presence of poly-L-lysine (0.75 microg/mL). The hMSCs were labeled more efficiently with use of Feridex, Resovist as compared to MION. No significant differences were observed in terms of viability and proliferation of labeled hMSCs. The level of Oct-4 mRNA increased in labeled hMSCs at day 1 and the cellular phenotype changed from CD45-/CD44+/CD29+ to CD45low/CD44+/CD29+ at day 7, which closely resembles the phenotype of fresh bone marrow-derived hMSCs. Our study has demonstrated that the Feridex or Resovist is the preferred labeling agent for hMSCs. There was a change in Oct-4 and CD45 expression after labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoe Suk Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Poirier-Quinot M, Frasca G, Wilhelm C, Luciani N, Ginefri JC, Darrasse L, Letourneur D, Le Visage C, Gazeau F. High-Resolution 1.5-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Tissue-Engineered Constructs: A Noninvasive Tool to Assess Three-Dimensional Scaffold Architecture and Cell Seeding. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:185-200. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Poirier-Quinot
- Unité de Recherche en Résonance Magnétique Médicale, (U2R2M) UMR 8081 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Frasca
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Paris–Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Paris–Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Luciani
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Paris–Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Ginefri
- Unité de Recherche en Résonance Magnétique Médicale, (U2R2M) UMR 8081 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Luc Darrasse
- Unité de Recherche en Résonance Magnétique Médicale, (U2R2M) UMR 8081 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- Inserm U698, Bio-ingénierie Cardiovasculaire, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Paris–Diderot, Paris, France
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23
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Ramaswamy S, Greco JB, Uluer MC, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Fishbein KW, Spencer RG. Magnetic resonance imaging of chondrocytes labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in tissue-engineered cartilage. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 15:3899-910. [PMID: 19788362 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of cells within tissue-engineered constructs is difficult to study through nondestructive means, such as would be required after implantation. However, cell labeling with iron-containing particles may prove to be a useful approach to this problem, because regions containing such labeled cells have been shown to be readily detectable using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we used the Food and Drug Administration-approved superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) contrast agent Feridex in combination with transfection agents to label chondrocytes and visualize them with MRI in two different tissue-engineered cartilage constructs. Correspondence between labeled cell spatial location as determined using MRI and histology was established. The SPIO-labeling process was found not to affect the phenotype or viability of the chondrocytes or the production of major cartilage matrix constituents. We believe that this method of visualizing and tracking chondrocytes may be useful in the further development of tissue engineered cartilage therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharan Ramaswamy
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Section, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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24
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Jones KS. Assays on the influence of biomaterials on allogeneic rejection in tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2009; 14:407-17. [PMID: 18826337 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, innate responses to biomaterial scaffolds will affect rejection of allogeneic cells. Biomaterials directly influence innate and adaptive immune cell adhesion, reactive oxygen intermediate production, cytokine secretion, nuclear factor-kappa B nuclear translocation, gene expression, and cell surface markers, all of which are likely to affect allogeneic rejection responses. A major goal in tissue engineering is to induce transplant tolerance, potentially by manipulating the biomaterial component. This review describes methods of measuring responses of macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells stimulated in vitro and in vivo and addresses key factors in assay development. Such tests include mixed leukocyte reactions, enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays, trans-vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity assays, and measurement of dendritic cell subsets and anti-donor antibodies; we propose extending these studies to tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Jones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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25
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Farag ES, Vinters HV, Bronstein J. Pathologic findings in retinal pigment epithelial cell implantation for Parkinson disease. Neurology 2009; 73:1095-102. [PMID: 19726750 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181bbff1c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attempts at cell-based dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson disease (PD) have included surgical implantation of adrenal medullary, fetal mesencephalic, and cultured human mesencephalic tissue grafts. Trials involving putamenal implantation of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in PD have also been performed. Neuropathologic findings in humans undergoing RPE cell implantation have not heretofore been reported. We describe the brain autopsy findings from a subject enrolled in a clinical trial of RPE cells in gelatin microcarriers for treatment of PD, and suggest factors which may have impacted cell survival. METHODS A 68-year-old man underwent bilateral surgical implantation of 325,000 RPE cells in gelatin microcarriers (Spheramine) but died 6 months after surgery. The left cerebral hemisphere was examined. Routine postmortem formalin fixation was performed and standard, as well as immunohistochemical methods used to highlight senile plaque and Lewy body pathologic changes, iron deposition, cellular inflammation, and reactive astrocytosis in implant regions. Manual cell counts were done of RPE cells. RESULTS Hematoxylin-eosin and alpha-synuclein immunostains confirmed the diagnosis of PD. Needle tracts with matrix material and RPE cells were observed in the context of local inflammatory and astrocytic reactive change. A total of 118 cells were counted (estimated 0.036% survival). CONCLUSIONS Retinal pigment epithelial cells are seen in human brain 6 months postimplantation, but overall survival of implanted cells appeared poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad S Farag
- Movement Disorders Program, UCLA Department of Neurology, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza Ste. B200, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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26
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Preparation and quality test of superparamagnetic iron oxide labeled antisense oligodeoxynucleotide probe: a preliminary study. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 37:1240-50. [PMID: 19337837 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging of tumor antisense gene techniques have been applied to the study of magnetic resonance (MR) gene imaging associated with malignant tumors. In this study, we designed, synthesized, and tested a novel molecular probe, in which the antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ASODN) was labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO), and its efficiency was examined by in vitro MR imaging after SK-Br-3 mammary carcinoma cell lines (oncocytes) transfection. The SPIO-labeled ASODN probe was prepared through SPIO conjugated to ASODN using a chemical cross linking method. Its morphology and size were detected by atomic force microscope, size distribution were detected by laser granulometer, the conjugating rate and biological activity were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and the stability was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After that, the probes were transfected into the SK-Br-3 oncocytes, cellular iron uptake was analyzed qualitatively at light and electron microscopy and was quantified at atomic absorption spectrometry, and the signal change of the transfected cells was observed and measured using MR imaging. The morphology of the SPIO-labeled ASODN probe was mostly spherical with well-distributed scattering, and the diameters were between 25 and 40 nm (95%) by atomic force microscope and laser granulometer, the conjugating rate of the probe was 99%. Moreover, this probe kept its activity under physiological conditions and could conjugate with antisense oligodeoxynucleotide. In addition, light microscopy revealed an intracellular uptake of iron oxides in the cytosol and electron microscopic studies revealed a lysosomal deposition of iron oxides in the transfected SK-Br-3 oncocytes by antisense probes, some of them gathered stacks, and the iron content of the group of transfected SK-Br-3 oncocytes by antisense probe is significantly higher (18.37 +/- 0.42 pg) than other contrast groups, the MR imaging showed that transfected SK-Br-3 oncocytes by antisense probe had the lowest signal of all. The SPIO-labeled ASODN probe shows unique features including well-distributed spherical morphology, high conjugating rate and loading efficiency, and the signal intensity of SPIO-labeled ASODN-transfected SK-Br-3 oncocytes is reduced in MR imaging. These results indicate that the SPIO-labeled ASODN probe is potentially useful as a MR targeting contrast enhancing agent to specifically diagnose tumors which had over-expression of the c-erbB2 oncogene at an early stage.
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Bible E, Chau DYS, Alexander MR, Price J, Shakesheff KM, Modo M. The support of neural stem cells transplanted into stroke-induced brain cavities by PLGA particles. Biomaterials 2009. [PMID: 19278723 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke causes extensive cellular loss that leads to a disintegration of the afflicted brain tissue. Although transplanted neural stem cells can recover some of the function lost after stroke, recovery is incomplete and restoration of lost tissue is minimal. The challenge therefore is to provide transplanted cells with matrix support in order to optimise their ability to engraft the damaged tissue. We here demonstrate that plasma polymerised allylamine (ppAAm)-treated poly(D,L-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold particles can act as a structural support for neural stem cells injected directly through a needle into the lesion cavity using magnetic resonance imaging-derived co-ordinates. Upon implantation, the neuro-scaffolds integrate efficiently within host tissue forming a primitive neural tissue. These neuro-scaffolds could therefore be a more advanced method to enhance brain repair. This study provides a substantial step in the technology development required for the translation of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Bible
- Kings College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, London SE5 9NU, UK
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28
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Xu H, Othman SF, Magin RL. Monitoring tissue engineering using magnetic resonance imaging. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 106:515-27. [PMID: 19134545 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.106.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of tissue regeneration is essential to optimize the stages of tissue engineering (cell proliferation, tissue development and implantation). Optical and X-ray imaging have been used in tissue engineering to provide useful information, but each has limitations: for example, poor depth penetration and radiation damage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) largely overcomes these restrictions, exhibits high resolution (approximately 100 microm) and can be applied both in vitro and in vivo. Recently, MRI has been used in tissue engineering to generate spatial maps of tissue relaxation times (T(1), T(2)), water diffusion coefficients, and the stiffness (shear moduli) of developing engineered tissues. In addition, through the use of paramagnetic and superparamagnetic contrast agents, MRI can quantify cell death, assess inflammation, and visualize cell trafficking and gene expression. After tissue implantation MRI can be used to observe the integration of a tissue implant with the surrounding tissues, and to check for early signs of immune rejection. In this review, we describe and evaluate the growing role of MRI in the assessment of tissue engineered constructs. First, we briefly describe the underlying principles of MRI and the expected changes in relaxation times (T(1), T(2)) and the water diffusion coefficient that are the basis for MR contrast in developing tissues. Next, we describe how MRI can be applied to evaluate the tissue engineering of mesenchymal tissues (bone, cartilage, and fat). Finally, we outline how MRI can be used to monitor tissue structure, composition, and function to improve the entire tissue engineering process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Xu
- Department of Applied Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, 5500 Wabash Avenue, Terre Haute, IN 47803, USA
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29
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Nelson GN, Roh JD, Mirensky TL, Wang Y, Yi T, Tellides G, Pober JS, Shkarin P, Shapiro EM, Saltzman WM, Papademetris X, Fahmy TM, Breuer CK. Initial evaluation of the use of USPIO cell labeling and noninvasive MR monitoring of human tissue-engineered vascular grafts in vivo. FASEB J 2008; 22:3888-95. [PMID: 18711027 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-107367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study examines noninvasive MR monitoring of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) in vivo using cells labeled with iron oxide nanoparticles. Human aortic smooth muscle cells (hASMCs) were labeled with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles. The labeled hASMCs, along with human aortic endothelial cells, were incorporated into eight TEVGs and were then surgically implanted as aortic interposition grafts in a C.B-17 SCID/bg mouse host. USPIO-labeled hASMCs persisted in the grafts throughout a 3 wk observation period and allowed noninvasive MR imaging of the human TEVGs for real-time, serial monitoring of hASMC retention. This study demonstrates the feasibility of applying noninvasive imaging techniques for evaluation of in vivo TEVG performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Nelson
- Yale University School of Medicine, Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Amistad Research Bldg., 10 Amistad St., Rm. 301B, P.O. Box 208089, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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30
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Abstract
Hematopoietic, stromal and organ-specific stem cells are under evaluation for therapeutic efficacy in cell-based therapies of cardiac, neurological and other disorders. It is critically important to track the location of directly transplanted or infused cells that can serve as gene carrier/delivery vehicles for the treatment of disease processes and be able to noninvasively monitor the temporal and spatial homing of these cells to target tissues. Moreover, it is also necessary to determine their engraftment efficiency and functional capability following transplantation. There are various in vivo imaging modalities used to track the movement and incorporation of administered cells. Tagging stem cells with different contrast agents can make these cells probes for different imaging modalities. Recent reports have shown that stem cells labeled with iron oxides can be used as cellular MRI probes demonstrating the cell trafficking to target tissues. In this review, we will discuss the status and future prospect of stem cell tracking by cellular MRI for cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Arbab
- Henry Ford Hospital, Cellular & Molecular Imaging Laboratory,Department of Radiology, 1 Ford Place, 2F Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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31
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Kraitchman DL, Gilson WD, Lorenz CH. Stem cell therapy: MRI guidance and monitoring. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 27:299-310. [PMID: 18219684 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent advances in magnetic resonance (MR) labeling of cellular therapeutics, it is natural that interventional MRI techniques for targeting would be developed. This review provides an overview of the current methods of stem cell labeling and the challenges that are created with respect to interventional MRI administration. In particular, stem cell therapies will require specialized, MR-compatible devices as well as integration of graphical user interfaces with pulse sequences designed for interactive, real-time delivery in many organs. Specific applications that are being developed will be reviewed as well as strategies for future translation to the clinical realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara L Kraitchman
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Abstract
Proteomics has evolved, in recent years, into effective tools for basic and applied stem cell research, and has been extensively used to facilitate the identification of changes in signal transduction components, especially with regard to plasticity, proliferation, and differentiation. Several recent reports have also employed proteomic strategies to characterize human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) and their differentiated derivatives. Although these approaches have yielded valuable data, the results highlight the fact that only the limited numbers of proteins are characterized at the protein level in these cells, thus necessitating expandable MSC proteome dataset. This review presents, for the first time, an expandable list of MSC proteins, which will function as a starting point for the generation of a comprehensive reference map of their proteome. Also, the better way to bridge current gap between genomics and proteomics study such as integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analyses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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