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Delgado MZ, Aranda FL, Hernandez-Tenorio F, Garrido-Miranda KA, Meléndrez MF, Palacio DA. Polyelectrolytes for Environmental, Agricultural, and Medical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1434. [PMID: 38794627 PMCID: PMC11124962 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, polyelectrolytes (PELs) have attracted significant interest owing to a surge in research dedicated to the development of new technologies and applications at the biological level. Polyelectrolytes are macromolecules of which a substantial portion of the constituent units contains ionizable or ionic groups. These macromolecules demonstrate varied behaviors across different pH ranges, ionic strengths, and concentrations, making them fascinating subjects within the scientific community. The aim of this review is to present a comprehensive survey of the progress in the application studies of polyelectrolytes and their derivatives in various fields that are vital for the advancement, conservation, and technological progress of the planet, including agriculture, environmental science, and medicine. Through this bibliographic review, we seek to highlight the significance of these materials and their extensive range of applications in modern times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zuñiga Delgado
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 129, Casilla 160-C, Concepción 4070409, Chile (F.L.A.)
| | - Francisca L. Aranda
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 129, Casilla 160-C, Concepción 4070409, Chile (F.L.A.)
- Department of Materials Engineering (DIMAT), Faculty of Engineering, University of Concepcion, 270 Edmundo Larenas, Box 160-C, Concepcion 4070409, Chile
| | - Fabian Hernandez-Tenorio
- Environmental Processes Research Group, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Universidad EAFIT, Medellin 050022, Colombia;
| | - Karla A. Garrido-Miranda
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
| | - Manuel F. Meléndrez
- Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Campus Las Tres Pascuales, Lientur 1457, Concepción 4060000, Chile
| | - Daniel A. Palacio
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 129, Casilla 160-C, Concepción 4070409, Chile (F.L.A.)
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2
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Simões JCS, Sarpaki S, Papadimitroulas P, Therrien B, Loudos G. Conjugated Photosensitizers for Imaging and PDT in Cancer Research. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14119-14150. [PMID: 32990442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Early cancer detection and perfect understanding of the disease are imperative toward efficient treatments. It is straightforward that, for choosing a specific cancer treatment methodology, diagnostic agents undertake a critical role. Imaging is an extremely intriguing tool since it assumes a follow up to treatments to survey the accomplishment of the treatment and to recognize any conceivable repeating injuries. It also permits analysis of the disease, as well as to pursue treatment and monitor the possible changes that happen on the tumor. Likewise, it allows screening the adequacy of treatment and visualizing the state of the tumor. Additionally, when the treatment is finished, observing the patient is imperative to evaluate the treatment methodology and adjust the treatment if necessary. The goal of this review is to present an overview of conjugated photosensitizers for imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C S Simões
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchatel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.,BioEmission Technology Solutions, Alexandras Avenue 116, 11472 Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Sarpaki
- BioEmission Technology Solutions, Alexandras Avenue 116, 11472 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Bruno Therrien
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchatel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - George Loudos
- BioEmission Technology Solutions, Alexandras Avenue 116, 11472 Athens, Greece
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3
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Mortezazadeh T, Gholibegloo E, Khoobi M, Alam NR, Haghgoo S, Mesbahi A. In vitro and in vivo characteristics of doxorubicin-loaded cyclodextrine-based polyester modified gadolinium oxide nanoparticles: a versatile targeted theranostic system for tumour chemotherapy and molecular resonance imaging. J Drug Target 2019; 28:533-546. [PMID: 31842616 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1703188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
β-Cyclodextrine-based polyester was coated on the surface of gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and then functionalised with folic acid to produce an efficient pH-sensitive targeted theranostic system (Gd2O3@PCD-FA) for doxorubicin delivery and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Gd2O3@PCD-FA was fully characterised by FTIR, vibrating sample magnetometer, TGA, XRD, SEM and TEM analyses. The dissolution profile of DOX showed a pH sensitive release. No significant toxicity was observed for the targeted NPs (Gd2O3@PCD-FA) and DOX-loaded NPs inhibiting M109 cells viability more efficiently than free DOX. Moreover, the negligible hemolytic activity of the targeted NPs showed their appropriate hemocompatibility. The preferential uptake was observed for the developed Gd2O3@PCD-FA-DOX NPs in comparison with Dotarem using T1- and T2-weighted MRI in the presence of folate receptor-positive and folate receptor-negative cancer cells (M109 and 4T1, respectively). Furthermore, in vivo studies revealed that Gd2O3@PCD-FA-DOX not only exhibited considerably relaxivity performance as a contrast agent for MRI, but also improved in vivo anti-tumour efficacy of the system. The results suggest that Gd2O3@PCD-FA-DOX improves its therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of solid tumours and also reduces the adverse effects, so it could be proposed as a promising drug delivery system for chemotherapy and molecular imaging diagnosis in MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohid Mortezazadeh
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Gholibegloo
- Biomaterials Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Biomaterials Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Riyahi Alam
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical, Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Haghgoo
- Pharmaceutical Department, Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization (FDO), Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Mesbahi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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4
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Ambesh P, Angeli DG. Nanotechnology in neurology: Genesis, current status, and future prospects. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2015; 18:382-6. [PMID: 26713006 PMCID: PMC4683873 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.169535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a promising, novel field of technological development. There is great potential in research and clinical applications for neurological diseases. Here we chronicle the inception of nanotechnology, discuss its integration with neurology, and highlight the challenges in current application. Some of the problems involving practical use of neuronanotechnology are direct biological toxicity, visualization of the nanodevice, and the short life expectancy of nanomachinery. Neuron cell therapy is an upcoming field for the treatment of challenging problems in neurology. Peptide nanofibers based on amphiphilic molecules have been developed that can autoregulate their structure depending on the conditions of the surrounding milieu. Such frameworks are promising for serving as drug delivery systems or communication bridges between damaged neurons. For common disabling diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS), recent developments have seen revolutionary nanotech-based novelties, which are discussed here in detail. Bioimaging integrated with nanoneuromedicine has opened up new doors for cancer and infection therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paurush Ambesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Sierra-Martin B, Fernandez-Barbero A. Multifunctional hybrid nanogels for theranostic applications. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:8205-8216. [PMID: 26371991 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01789k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews a wide set of theranostic applications based on the special properties associated with composite nanogels. The nanogels presented here are mostly hybridized with quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, and plasmonic metal noble nanoparticles. These inorganic components confer nanogels multifunctional properties that extend their applications from drug delivery systems to diagnosis and therapy. Nanogels can also be surface functionalized with specific ligands to achieve targeted therapy and reduce toxicity. This versatility makes hybrid nanogels very promising agents for imaging, diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sierra-Martin
- Applied Physics Section, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain.
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6
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Cai W, Chu CC, Liu G, Wáng YXJ. Metal-Organic Framework-Based Nanomedicine Platforms for Drug Delivery and Molecular Imaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4806-22. [PMID: 26193176 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are a unique class of hybrid porous materials built from metal ions and organic linkers, have attracted significant research interest in recent years. Compared with conventional porous materials, MOFs exhibit a variety of advantages, including a large surface area, a tunable pore size and shape, an adjustable composition and structure, biodegradability, and versatile functionalities, which enable MOFs to perform as promising platforms for drug delivery, molecular imaging, and theranostic applications. In this article, the recent research progress related to nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) is summarized with a focus on synthesis strategies and drug delivery, molecular imaging, and theranostic applications. The future challenges and opportunities of NMOFs are also discussed in the context of translational medical research. More effort is warranted to develop clinically translatable NMOFs for various applications in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheng-Chao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yì-Xiáng J Wáng
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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Rajeeva BB, Menz R, Zheng Y. Towards rational design of multifunctional theranostic nanoparticles: what barriers do we need to overcome? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 9:1767-70. [PMID: 25325238 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Bangalore Rajeeva
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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8
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Thompson M, Blaszykowski C, Sheikh S, Romaschin A. A true theranostic approach to medicine: Towards tandem sensor detection and removal of endotoxin in blood. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 67:3-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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White-Schenk D, Shi R, Leary JF. Nanomedicine strategies for treatment of secondary spinal cord injury. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:923-38. [PMID: 25673988 PMCID: PMC4321603 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s75686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological injury, such as spinal cord injury, has a secondary injury associated with it. The secondary injury results from the biological cascade after the primary injury and affects previous uninjured, healthy tissue. Therefore, the mitigation of such a cascade would benefit patients suffering a primary injury and allow the body to recover more quickly. Unfortunately, the delivery of effective therapeutics is quite limited. Due to the inefficient delivery of therapeutic drugs, nanoparticles have become a major field of exploration for medical applications. Based on their material properties, they can help treat disease by delivering drugs to specific tissues, enhancing detection methods, or a mixture of both. Incorporating nanomedicine into the treatment of neuronal injury and disease would likely push nanomedicine into a new light. This review highlights the various pathological issues involved in secondary spinal cord injury, current treatment options, and the improvements that could be made using a nanomedical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée White-Schenk
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Riyi Shi
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Lynn School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James F Leary
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Lynn School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Crawley N, Thompson M, Romaschin A. Theranostics in the Growing Field of Personalized Medicine: An Analytical Chemistry Perspective. Anal Chem 2013; 86:130-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4038812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niall Crawley
- Department
of Chemistry and
Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5 S 3H6, Canada
| | - Michael Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry and
Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5 S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alexander Romaschin
- Keenan Research Centre and
Clinical Biochemistry, St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
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11
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Conde J, Larguinho M, Cordeiro A, Raposo LR, Costa PM, Santos S, Diniz MS, Fernandes AR, Baptista PV. Gold-nanobeacons for gene therapy: evaluation of genotoxicity, cell toxicity and proteome profiling analysis. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:521-32. [PMID: 23642008 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.802821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Antisense therapy is a powerful tool for post-transcriptional gene silencing suitable for down-regulating target genes associated to disease. Gold nanoparticles have been described as effective intracellular delivery vehicles for antisense oligonucleotides providing increased protection against nucleases and targeting capability via simple surface modification. We constructed an antisense gold-nanobeacon consisting of a stem-looped oligonucleotide double-labelled with 3'-Cy3 and 5'-Thiol-C6 and tested for the effective blocking of gene expression in colorectal cancer cells. Due to the beacon conformation, gene silencing was directly detected as fluorescence increases with hybridisation to target, which can be used to assess the level of silencing. Moreover, this system was extensively evaluated for the genotoxic, cytotoxic and proteomic effects of gold-nanobeacon exposure to cancer cells. The exposure was evaluated by two-dimensional protein electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry to perform a proteomic profile and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay, glutathione-S-transferase assay, micronucleus test and comet assay to assess the genotoxicity. This integrated toxicology evaluation showed that the proposed nanotheranostics strategy does not exhibit significant toxicity, which is extremely relevant when translating into in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Conde
- CIGMH, DCV, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Caparica , Portugal
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12
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Eustaquio T, Leary JF. Nanobarcoding: detecting nanoparticles in biological samples using in situ polymerase chain reaction. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5625-39. [PMID: 23144562 PMCID: PMC3493259 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s37433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determination of the fate of nanoparticles (NPs) in a biological system, or NP biodistribution, is critical in evaluating an NP formulation for nanomedicine. Current methods to determine NP biodistribution are greatly inadequate, due to their limited detection thresholds. Herein, proof of concept of a novel method for improved NP detection based on in situ polymerase chain reaction (ISPCR), coined "nanobarcoding," is demonstrated. METHODS Nanobarcoded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NB-SPIONs) were characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and hyperspectral imaging measurements. Cellular uptake of Cy5-labeled NB-SPIONs (Cy5-NB-SPIONs) was imaged by confocal microscopy. The feasibility of the nanobarcoding method was first validated by solution-phase PCR and "pseudo"-ISPCR before implementation in the model in vitro system of HeLa human cervical adenocarcinoma cells, a cell line commonly used for ISPCR-mediated detection of human papilloma virus (HPV). RESULTS Dynamic light-scattering measurements showed that NB conjugation stabilized SPION size in different dispersion media compared to that of its precursor, carboxylated SPIONs (COOH-SPIONs), while the zeta potential became more positive after NB conjugation. Hyperspectral imaging confirmed NB conjugation and showed that the NB completely covered the SPION surface. Solution-phase PCR and pseudo-ISPCR showed that the expected amplicons were exclusively generated from the NB-SPIONs in a dose-dependent manner. Although confocal microscopy revealed minimal cellular uptake of Cy5-NB-SPIONs at 50 nM over 24 hours in individual cells, ISPCR detected definitive NB-SPION signals inside HeLa cells over large sample areas. CONCLUSION Proof of concept of the nanobarcoding method has been demonstrated in in vitro systems, but the technique needs further development before its widespread use as a standardized assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Eustaquio
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James F Leary
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Amiri S, Shokrollahi H. The role of cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles in medical science. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012; 33:1-8. [PMID: 25428034 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The nanotechnology industry is rapidly growing and promises that the substantial changes that will have significant economic and scientific impacts be applicable to a wide range of areas, such as aerospace engineering, nano-electronics, environmental remediation and medical healthcare. In this area, cobalt ferrite nanoparticles have been regarded as one of the competitive candidates because of their suitable physical, chemical and magnetic properties like the high anisotropy constant, high coercivity and high Curie temperature, moderate saturation magnetization and ease of synthesis. This paper introduces the magnetic properties, synthesis methods and some medical applications, including the hyperthermia, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic separation and drug delivery of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Amiri
- Electroceramics Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - H Shokrollahi
- Electroceramics Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran.
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14
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Hsu CYM, Uludağ H. Nucleic-acid based gene therapeutics: delivery challenges and modular design of nonviral gene carriers and expression cassettes to overcome intracellular barriers for sustained targeted expression. J Drug Target 2012; 20:301-28. [PMID: 22303844 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.655247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of nucleic acid molecules into cells to alter physiological functions at the genetic level is a powerful approach to treat a wide range of inherited and acquired disorders. Biocompatible materials such as cationic polymers, lipids, and peptides are being explored as safer alternatives to viral gene carriers. However, the comparatively low efficiency of nonviral carriers currently hampers their translation into clinical settings. Controlling the size and stability of carrier/nucleic acid complexes is one of the primary hurdles as the physicochemical properties of the complexes can define the uptake pathways, which dictate intracellular routing, endosomal processing, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. In addition to nuclear import, subnuclear trafficking, posttranscriptional events, and immune responses can further limit transfection efficiency. Chemical moieties, reactive linkers or signal peptide have been conjugated to carriers to prevent aggregation, induce membrane destabilization and localize to subcellular compartments. Genetic elements can be inserted into the expression cassette to facilitate nuclear targeting, delimit expression to targeted tissue, and modulate transgene expression. The modular option afforded by both gene carriers and expression cassettes provides a two-tier multicomponent delivery system that can be optimized for targeted gene delivery in a variety of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Yu Ming Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Cananda
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15
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Eustaquio T, Leary JF. Single-cell nanotoxicity assays of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 926:69-85. [PMID: 22975957 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-002-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Properly evaluating the nanotoxicity of nanoparticles involves much more than bulk-cell assays of cell death by necrosis. Cells exposed to nanoparticles may undergo repairable oxidative stress and DNA damage or be induced into apoptosis. Exposure to nanoparticles may cause the cells to alter their proliferation or differentiation or their cell-cell signaling with neighboring cells in a tissue. Nanoparticles are usually more toxic to some cell subpopulations than others, and toxicity often varies with cell cycle. All of these facts dictate that any nanotoxicity assay must be at the single-cell level and must try whenever feasible and reasonable to include many of these other factors. Focusing on one type of quantitative measure of nanotoxicity, we describe flow and scanning image cytometry approaches to measuring nanotoxicity at the single-cell level by using a commonly used assay for distinguishing between necrotic and apoptotic causes of cell death by one type of nanoparticle. Flow cytometry is fast and quantitative, provided that the cells can be prepared into a single-cell suspension for analysis. But when cells cannot be put into suspension without altering nanotoxicity results, or if morphology, attachment, and stain location are important, a scanning image cytometry approach must be used. Both methods are described with application to a particular type of nanoparticle, a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION), as an example of how these assays may be applied to the more general problem of determining the effects of nanomaterial exposure to living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Eustaquio
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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16
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Veiseh O, Kievit FM, Mok H, Ayesh J, Clark C, Fang C, Leung M, Arami H, Park JO, Zhang M. Cell transcytosing poly-arginine coated magnetic nanovector for safe and effective siRNA delivery. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5717-25. [PMID: 21570721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lack of safe and effective carriers for delivery of RNA therapeutics remains a barrier to its broad clinical application. We report the development of a cell tanscytosing magnetic nanovector engineered as an siRNA carrier. Iron oxide nanoparticles were modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and a cationic polymer layer. Three nanovector formulations with cationic polymer coatings of poly-arginine (pArg), polylysine (pLys), and polyethylenimine (PEI), respectively, were prepared. The three nanovector formulations where evaluated for safety and ability to promote gene silencing in three types of cancer cells C6/GFP(+), MCF7/GFP(+), and TC2/GFP(+), mimicking human cancers of the brain, breast, and prostate, respectively. Cell viability and fluorescence quantification assays revealed that pArg-coated nanovectors were most effective in promoting gene knockdown and least toxic of the three nanovector formulations tested. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging of nanovector treated cells further demonstrated that pArg-coated nanovectors enter cells through cell transcytosis, while pLys and PEI coated nanovectors enter cells endocytosis. Our findings suggest that NPs engineered to exploit the cell transcytosis intracellular trafficking pathway may offer a more safe and efficient route for siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Veiseh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, 302L Roberts Hall, Box 352120, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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17
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Colloidal polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan and dextran sulfate towards versatile nanocarriers of bioactive molecules. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 78:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Working at the nanoscale means to completely rethink how to approach engineering in the body in general and in the eye in particular. In nanomedicine, tissue engineering is the ability to influence an environment either by adding, subtracting or manipulating that environment to allow it to be more conducive for its purpose. The goal is to function at the optimum state, or to return to that optimum state. Additive tissue engineering replaces cells or tissue, or tries to get something to grow that is no longer there. Arrestive tissue engineering tries to stop aberrant growth which, if left uncontrolled, would result in a decrease in function. Nano delivery of therapeutics can perform both additive and arrestive functions influencing the environment either way, depending on the targeting. By manipulating the environment at the nanoscale, the rate and distribution of healing can be controlled. It infers that potential applications of nanomedicine in ophthalmology include procedures, such as corneal endothelial cell transplantation, single retinal ganglion cell repair, check of retinal ganglion cell viability, building of nanofibre scaffolds, such as self-assembling peptides, to create a scaffold-like tissue-bridging structure to provide a framework for axonal regeneration in the case of optic nerve reconnection or eye transplantation, and ocular drug delivery. Examples of potential arrestive therapies include gene-related treatment modalities to inhibit intraocular neovascularization and to block retinal cell apoptosis. Looking towards the future, this review focuses on how nanoscale tissue engineering can be and is being used to influence that local environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutledge Ellis-Behnke
- Department of Anatomy, State Key Lab of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Research Centre for Heart, Brain and Healthy Aging, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Leary JF. Nanotechnology: what is it and why is small so big? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2010; 45:449-56. [PMID: 20856270 DOI: 10.3129/i10-089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
SIZE matters… the size of the scalpel determines the precision of the surgery. Nanotechnology affords us the chance to construct nanotools that are on the size scale of molecules, allowing us to treat each cell of the human body as a patient. Nanomedicine will allow for eradication of disease at the single-cell level. Since nanotools are self-assembling, nanomedicine has the potential to perform parallel processing medicine on a massive scale. These nanotools can be made of biocompatible and biodegradable nanomaterials. They can be "smart" in that they can use sophisticated targeting strategies, which can perform error checking to prevent harm if even a very small fraction of them are mistargeted. Built-in molecular biosensors can provide controlled drug delivery with feedback control for individual cell dosing. If designed to repair existing cells rather than to just destroy diseased cells, these nanomedical devices can perform in-situ regenerative medicine, programming cells along less dangerous cell pathways to prevent tissues and organs from being destroyed by the treatments and thus providing an attractive alternative to allogeneic organ transplants. Nanomedical tools, while tiny in size, can have a huge impact on medicine and health care. Earlier and more sensitive diagnosis will lead to presymptomatic diagnosis and treatment of disease before permanent damage occurs to tissues and organs. This should result in the delivery of better medicine at lower costs with better outcomes. Lastly, and importantly, some of the first uses of nanotechnology and nanomedicine are occurring in the field of ophthalmology. Some of the potential benefits of nanotechnology for future treatment of retinopathies and optic nerve damage are discussed at the end of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Leary
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., USA.
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Yi DK, Sun IC, Ryu JH, Koo H, Park CW, Youn IC, Choi K, Kwon IC, Kim K, Ahn CH. Matrix Metalloproteinase Sensitive Gold Nanorod for Simultaneous Bioimaging and Photothermal Therapy of Cancer. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2173-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100308p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kee Yi
- Division of Bionanotechnology, Gachon Bionano Institute, Kyungwon University, Geonggi-do 461-701, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Haweolgog-Dong, Sungbook-Gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea, Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3111-15 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States, and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1
| | - In-Cheol Sun
- Division of Bionanotechnology, Gachon Bionano Institute, Kyungwon University, Geonggi-do 461-701, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Haweolgog-Dong, Sungbook-Gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea, Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3111-15 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States, and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1
| | - Ju Hee Ryu
- Division of Bionanotechnology, Gachon Bionano Institute, Kyungwon University, Geonggi-do 461-701, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Haweolgog-Dong, Sungbook-Gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea, Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3111-15 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States, and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1
| | - Heebeom Koo
- Division of Bionanotechnology, Gachon Bionano Institute, Kyungwon University, Geonggi-do 461-701, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Haweolgog-Dong, Sungbook-Gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea, Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3111-15 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States, and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1
| | - Chul Wan Park
- Division of Bionanotechnology, Gachon Bionano Institute, Kyungwon University, Geonggi-do 461-701, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Haweolgog-Dong, Sungbook-Gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea, Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3111-15 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States, and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1
| | - In-Chan Youn
- Division of Bionanotechnology, Gachon Bionano Institute, Kyungwon University, Geonggi-do 461-701, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Haweolgog-Dong, Sungbook-Gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea, Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3111-15 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States, and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1
| | - Kuiwon Choi
- Division of Bionanotechnology, Gachon Bionano Institute, Kyungwon University, Geonggi-do 461-701, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Haweolgog-Dong, Sungbook-Gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea, Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3111-15 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States, and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Division of Bionanotechnology, Gachon Bionano Institute, Kyungwon University, Geonggi-do 461-701, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Haweolgog-Dong, Sungbook-Gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea, Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3111-15 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States, and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Division of Bionanotechnology, Gachon Bionano Institute, Kyungwon University, Geonggi-do 461-701, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Haweolgog-Dong, Sungbook-Gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea, Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3111-15 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States, and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1
| | - Cheol-Hee Ahn
- Division of Bionanotechnology, Gachon Bionano Institute, Kyungwon University, Geonggi-do 461-701, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Haweolgog-Dong, Sungbook-Gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea, Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3111-15 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States, and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1
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Janib SM, Moses AS, MacKay JA. Imaging and drug delivery using theranostic nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1052-1063. [PMID: 20709124 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 762] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle technologies are significantly impacting the development of both therapeutic and diagnostic agents. At the intersection between treatment and diagnosis, interest has grown in combining both paradigms into clinically effective formulations. This concept, recently coined as theranostics, is highly relevant to agents that target molecular biomarkers of disease and is expected to contribute to personalized medicine. Here we review state-of-the-art nanoparticles from a therapeutic and a diagnostic perspective and discuss challenges in bringing these fields together. Major classes of nanoparticles include, drug conjugates and complexes, dendrimers, vesicles, micelles, core-shell particles, microbubbles, and carbon nanotubes. Most of these formulations have been described as carriers of either drugs or contrast agents. To observe these formulations and their interactions with disease, a variety of contrast agents have been used, including optically active small molecules, metals and metal oxides, ultrasonic contrast agents, and radionuclides. The opportunity to rapidly assess and adjust treatment to the needs of the individual offers potential advantages that will spur the development of theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti M Janib
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9121, USA
| | - Ara S Moses
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9121, USA
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9121, USA
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Zarbin MA, Montemagno C, Leary JF, Ritch R. Nanomedicine in ophthalmology: the new frontier. Am J Ophthalmol 2010; 150:144-162.e2. [PMID: 20670739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the fields of nanotechnology and nanomedicine as they relate to the development of treatments for vision-threatening disorders. DESIGN Perspective following literature review. METHODS Analysis of relevant publications in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. RESULTS Nanotechnology involves the creation and use of materials and devices at the size scale of intracellular structures and molecules and involves systems and constructs on the order of <100 nm. The aim of nanomedicine is the comprehensive monitoring, control, construction, repair, defense, and improvement of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures, operating massively in parallel at the single cell level, ultimately to achieve medical benefit. The earliest impact of nanomedicine is likely to involve the areas of biopharmaceuticals (eg, drug delivery, drug discovery), implantable materials (eg, tissue regeneration scaffolds, bioresorbable materials), implantable devices (eg, intraocular pressure monitors, glaucoma drainage valves), and diagnostic tools (eg, genetic testing, imaging, intraocular pressure monitoring). Nanotechnology will bring about the development of regenerative medicine (ie, replacement and improvement of cells, tissues, and organs), ultrahigh-resolution in vivo imaging, microsensors and feedback devices, and artificial vision. "Regenerative nanomedicine," a new subfield of nanomedicine, uses nanoparticles containing gene transcription factors and other modulating molecules that allow for the reprogramming of cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Nanotechnology already has been applied to the measurement and treatment of different disease states in ophthalmology (including early- and late-stage disease), and many additional innovations will occur during the next century.
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Colombo M, Corsi F, Foschi D, Mazzantini E, Mazzucchelli S, Morasso C, Occhipinti E, Polito L, Prosperi D, Ronchi S, Verderio P. HER2 targeting as a two-sided strategy for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment: Outlook and recent implications in nanomedical approaches. Pharmacol Res 2010; 62:150-65. [PMID: 20117211 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
At present, mammary carcinoma is the second most common type of malignant tumor in adult women after lung cancer, as more than one million women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, which have resulted in a decrease in mortality in recent decades, breast cancer remains a major public health problem. One of the most significant unresolved clinical and scientific problems is the occurrence of resistance to clinical treatments and their toxicity (and how to predict, prevent and overcome them). However, the heterogeneity of human breast cancer in terms of genetic features, molecular profiles and clinical behavior represents a constraint obstructing the discovery of a solution to the disease. It is currently considered that the chances of success of therapy may increase if the tumor cells are selectively removed before they can evolve to their mature stages up to metastases production. Therefore, novel and more sensitive diagnostic tools are being developed, with the aim of improving the early and noninvasive detection of rising malignancies and the accuracy of tumor tissue localization. Meanwhile, there is an emerging use of targeted therapies in oncology, depending on the expression of specific proteins or genes present in tumor cells. Among the molecular targets considered for the treatment of breast cancer cells so far, we chose to focus on examples involving overexpression and/or gene amplification of "Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2" (HER2) protein. In current studies, various types of nanoparticles conjugated with the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody, the so-called "trastuzumab", are investigated extensively due to promising results in biological and preclinical applications aimed at improving the treatment of breast cancer. In this paper, we present a critical review of the preparation and use of different kinds of trastuzumab-functionalized nanoparticles, with an emphasis on the therapeutic and diagnostic (theranostic) potential of this generation of hybrid nanoparticles, exploiting the multifaceted mechanisms of action of trastuzumab against malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Colombo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
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