1
|
Löffler MT, Wu PH, Pirmoazen AM, Joseph GB, Stewart JM, Saeed I, Liu J, Schafer AL, Schwartz AV, Link TM, Kazakia GJ. Microvascular disease not type 2 diabetes is associated with increased cortical porosity: A study of cortical bone microstructure and intracortical vessel characteristics. Bone Rep 2024; 20:101745. [PMID: 38444830 PMCID: PMC10912053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2024.101745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fracture risk is elevated in type 2 diabetes (T2D) despite normal or even high bone mineral density (BMD). Microvascular disease (MVD) is a diabetic complication, but also associated with other diseases, for example chronic kidney disease. We hypothesize that increased fracture risk in T2D could be due to increased cortical porosity (Ct.Po) driven by expansion of the vascular network in MVD. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations of T2D and MVD with cortical microstructure and intracortical vessel parameters. Methods The study group consisted of 75 participants (38 with T2D and 37 without T2D). High-resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HR-pQCT) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) of the ultra-distal tibia were performed to assess cortical bone and intracortical vessels (outcomes). MVD was defined as ≥1 manifestation including neuropathy, nephropathy, or retinopathy based on clinical exams in all participants. Adjusted means of outcomes were compared between groups with/without T2D or between participants with/without MVD in both groups using linear regression models adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and T2D as applicable. Results MVD was found in 21 (55 %) participants with T2D and in 9 (24 %) participants without T2D. In T2D, cortical pore diameter (Ct.Po.Dm) and diameter distribution (Ct.Po.Dm.SD) were significantly higher by 14.6 μm (3.6 %, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 2.70, 26.5 μm, p = 0.017) and by 8.73 μm (4.8 %, CI: 0.79, 16.7 μm, p = 0.032), respectively. In MVD, but not in T2D, cortical porosity was significantly higher by 2.25 % (relative increase = 12.9 %, CI: 0.53, 3.97 %, p = 0.011) and cortical BMD (Ct.BMD) was significantly lower by -43.6 mg/cm3 (2.6 %, CI: -77.4, -9.81 mg/cm3, p = 0.012). In T2D, vessel volume and vessel diameter were significantly higher by 0.02 mm3 (13.3 %, CI: 0.004, 0.04 mm3, p = 0.017) and 15.4 μm (2.9 %, CI: 0.42, 30.4 μm, p = 0.044), respectively. In MVD, vessel density was significantly higher by 0.11 mm-3 (17.8 %, CI: 0.01, 0.21 mm-3, p = 0.033) and vessel volume and diameter were significantly lower by -0.02 mm3 (13.7 %, CI: -0.04, -0.004 mm3, p = 0.015) and - 14.6 μm (2.8 %, CI: -29.1, -0.11 μm, p = 0.048), respectively. Conclusions The presence of MVD, rather than T2D, was associated with increased cortical porosity. Increased porosity in MVD was coupled with a larger number of smaller vessels, which could indicate upregulation of neovascularization triggered by ischemia. It is unclear why higher variability and average diameters of pores in T2D were accompanied by larger vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian T. Löffler
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Po-hung Wu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Amir M. Pirmoazen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Gabby B. Joseph
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Jay M. Stewart
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isra Saeed
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Anne L. Schafer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ann V. Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Link
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Galateia J. Kazakia
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garita B, Maligro J, Sadoughi S, Wu PH, Liebenberg E, Horvai A, Link TM, Kazakia GJ. Microstructural abnormalities are evident by histology but not HR-pQCT at the periosteal cortex of the human tibia under CVD and T2D conditions. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2021.100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
3
|
Wong AK, Chandrakumar A, Whyte R, Reitsma S, Gillick H, Pokhoy A, Papaioannou A, Adachi JD. Bone Marrow and Muscle Fat Infiltration Are Correlated among Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis: The AMBERS Cohort Study. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:516-527. [PMID: 31675452 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone and muscle have shown to interact, but little is known about fat within bone and muscle. Clinical studies have isolated fat within bone and muscle using MRI. In this cross-sectional study, we hypothesized that bone marrow adiposity and muscle adiposity are related and that this relationship is associated with osteoporosis. Postmenopausal women aged 60 to 85 years were recruited as part of the Appendicular Muscle and Bone Extension Research Study (AMBERS). Participants completed dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the hip and spine to diagnose osteoporosis. Muscle adiposity was measured with MRI at the 66% site of the leg. Fat segmentation was achieved using a semi-automated iterative threshold-optimizing algorithm (error < 5%). Peripheral quantitative computed tomography measured marrow density of the 4% distal tibia (surrogate for marrow fat) by threshold-based, edge-detection segmentations and by examining residuals from trabecular bone density regressed on trabecular tissue mineral density. Muscle adiposity from MRI was regressed on marrow density using linear regression. Models were further examined with an interaction with osteoporosis status. Among 312 women (aged 75.4 ± 5.9 years, body mass index [BMI] 29.5 ± 5.7 kg/m2 ), a larger amount of muscle fat was associated with lower marrow density at the 66% mid-tibia (B = 84.08 [27.56], p = 0.002) and at the 4% distal tibia (B = 129.17 [55.96], p = 0.022) after accounting for age, height, weight, average daily energy expenditure, hypertension, and diabetes. Interactions of this relationship with osteoporosis status were also significant. Upon probing these interactions, the relationships were significant only in women with osteoporosis but not in those without osteoporosis. Fat from bone marrow and muscle may be related to one another through the same phenomenon, which is likely also responsible for osteoporosis, but independent of hypertension and diabetes. More research should focus on the potential abnormalities in muscle and bone fat metabolism and mesenchymal cell commitment to fat within patients with osteoporosis. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy K Wong
- CESHA, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Abinaa Chandrakumar
- CESHA, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rachel Whyte
- CESHA, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shannon Reitsma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Hana Gillick
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Anthony Pokhoy
- CESHA, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexandra Papaioannou
- Geriatric Education and Research in Aging Sciences (GERAS) Centre, St. Peter's Hospital, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Adachi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu PH, Gibbons M, Foreman SC, Carballido-Gamio J, Han M, Krug R, Liu J, Link TM, Kazakia GJ. Cortical bone vessel identification and quantification on contrast-enhanced MR images. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 9:928-941. [PMID: 31367547 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2019.05.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Cortical bone porosity is a major determinant of bone strength. Despite the biomechanical importance of cortical bone porosity, the biological drivers of cortical porosity are unknown. The content of cortical pore space can indicate pore expansion mechanisms; both of the primary components of pore space, vessels and adipocytes, have been implicated in pore expansion. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is widely used in vessel detection in cardiovascular studies, but has not been applied to visualize vessels within cortical bone. In this study, we have developed a multimodal DCE-MRI and high resolution peripheral QCT (HR-pQCT) acquisition and image processing pipeline to detect vessel-filled cortical bone pores. Methods For this in vivo human study, 19 volunteers (10 males and 9 females; mean age =63±5) were recruited. Both distal and ultra-distal regions of the non-dominant tibia were imaged by HR-pQCT (82 µm nominal resolution) for bone structure segmentation and by 3T DCE-MRI (Gadavist; 9 min scan time; temporal resolution =30 sec; voxel size 230×230×500 µm3) for vessel visualization. The DCE-MRI was registered to the HR-pQCT volume and the voxels within the MRI cortical bone region were extracted. Features of the DCE data were calculated and voxels were categorized by a 2-stage hierarchical kmeans clustering algorithm to determine which voxels represent vessels. Vessel volume fraction (volume ratio of vessels to cortical bone), vessel density (average vessel count per cortical bone volume), and average vessel volume (mean volume of vessels) were calculated to quantify the status of vessel-filled pores in cortical bone. To examine spatial resolution and perform validation, a virtual phantom with 5 channel sizes and an applied pseudo enhancement curve was processed through the proposed image processing pipeline. Overlap volume ratio and Dice coefficient was calculated to measure the similarity between the detected vessel map and ground truth. Results In the human study, mean vessel volume fraction was 2.2%±1.0%, mean vessel density was 0.68±0.27 vessel/mm3, and mean average vessel volume was 0.032±0.012 mm3/vessel. Signal intensity for detected vessel voxels increased during the scan, while signal for non-vessel voxels within pores did not enhance. In the validation phantom, channels with diameter 250 µm or greater were detected successfully, with volume ratio equal to 1 and Dice coefficient above 0.6. Both statistics decreased dramatically for channel sizes less than 250 µm. Conclusions We have a developed a multi-modal image acquisition and processing pipeline that successfully detects vessels within cortical bone pores. The performance of this technique degrades for vessel diameters below the in-plane spatial resolution of the DCE-MRI acquisition. This approach can be applied to investigate the biological systems associated with cortical pore expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hung Wu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Gibbons
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah C Foreman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Misung Han
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roland Krug
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Link
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Galateia J Kazakia
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hosny KM, Rizg WY. Quality by design approach to optimize the formulation variables influencing the characteristics of biodegradable intramuscular in-situ gel loaded with alendronate sodium for osteoporosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197540. [PMID: 29856752 PMCID: PMC5983444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many challenges facing the use of alendronate sodium for the treatment of osteoporosis such as low bioavailability of 0.6% and oesophageal ulceration with bleeding. Due to the aforementioned limitation, the main objective of this research is to utilize a statistical experimental design in the formulation and optimization of alendronate in the form of controlled release biodegradable intramuscular in-situ gel. A Box–Behnken experimental design employing Statgraphics® software was used to develop an optimized in-situ gel formulation and to estimate the effects of Poly-DL-lactide-coglycolide as a primary polymer, the copolymer polycaprolactone, and lipid surfactant capryol 90. Every system was evaluated for gellation character, and in vitro release. As a novel technique for evaluation of the in-situ gel, in-vivo biodegradability rate was estimated in rats. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed in rabbits. The results indicated a significant effect of the copolymer and lipid surfactant on initial burst, and a significant effect of the primary and copolymer on drug percentage released. The optimum formulation showed a 5% initial burst, an in-vivo biodegradability rate estimated at 8% every seven days in rats, and the pharmacokinetic evaluation revealed that alendronate sodium mean residence time extended to 102 days in rabbits. In conclusion, the optimum biodegradable intramuscular in-situ gel formulations is a promising approach for providing higher bioavailability, extended release for more than three months, with elimination of esophageal side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Mohamed Hosny
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Waleed Yousof Rizg
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- School of Pharmacy, boots science building, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tomasetti L, Breunig M. Preventing Obstructions of Nanosized Drug Delivery Systems by the Extracellular Matrix. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29121453 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although nanosized drug delivery systems are promising tools for the treatment of severe diseases, the extracellular matrix (ECM) constitutes a major obstacle that endangers therapeutic success. Mobility of diffusing species is restricted not only by small pore size (down to as low as 3 nm) but also by electrostatic interactions with the network. This article evaluates commonly used in vitro models of ECM, analytical methods, and particle types with respect to their similarity to native conditions in the target tissue. In this cross-study evaluation, results from a wide variety of mobility studies are analyzed to discern general principles of particle-ECM interactions. For instance, cross-linked networks and a negative network charge are essential to reliably recapitulate key features of the native ECM. Commonly used ECM mimics comprised of one or two components can lead to mobility calculations which have low fidelity to in vivo results. In addition, analytical methods must be tailored to the properties of both the matrix and the diffusing species to deliver accurate results. Finally, nanoparticles must be sufficiently small to penetrate the matrix pores (ideally Rd/p < 0.5; d = particle diameter, p = pore size) and carry a neutral surface charge to avoid obstructions. Larger (Rd/p >> 1) or positively charged particles are trapped.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luise Tomasetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Regensburg; Universitaetsstrasse 31 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Miriam Breunig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Regensburg; Universitaetsstrasse 31 93040 Regensburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cooper DML, Kawalilak CE, Harrison K, Johnston BD, Johnston JD. Cortical Bone Porosity: What Is It, Why Is It Important, and How Can We Detect It? Curr Osteoporos Rep 2016; 14:187-98. [PMID: 27623679 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-016-0319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is growing recognition of the role of micro-architecture in osteoporotic bone loss and fragility. This trend has been driven by advances in imaging technology, which have enabled a transition from measures of mass to micro-architecture. Imaging trabecular bone has been a key research focus, but advances in resolution have also enabled the detection of cortical bone micro-architecture, particularly the network of vascular canals, commonly referred to as 'cortical porosity.' This review aims to provide an overview of what this level of porosity is, why it is important, and how it can be characterized by imaging. Moving beyond a 'trabeculocentric' view of bone loss holds the potential to improve diagnosis and monitoring of interventions. Furthermore, cortical porosity is intimately linked to the remodeling process, which underpins bone loss, and thus a larger potential exists to improve our fundamental understanding of bone health through imaging of both humans and animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M L Cooper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - C E Kawalilak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - K Harrison
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B D Johnston
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - J D Johnston
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Edwards MH, Ward KA, Ntani G, Parsons C, Thompson J, Sayer AA, Dennison EM, Cooper C. Lean mass and fat mass have differing associations with bone microarchitecture assessed by high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography in men and women from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Bone 2015; 81:145-151. [PMID: 26187195 PMCID: PMC4641321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of muscle and fat on bone is increasingly important in the optimisation of bone health. We explored relationships between bone microarchitecture and body composition in older men and women from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. 175 men and 167 women aged 72-81 years were studied. High resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT) images (voxel size 82 μm) were acquired from the non-dominant distal radius and tibia with a Scanco XtremeCT scanner. Standard morphological analysis was performed for assessment of macrostructure, densitometry, cortical porosity and trabecular microarchitecture. Body composition was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Lunar Prodigy Advanced). Lean mass index (LMI) was calculated as lean mass divided by height squared and fat mass index (FMI) as fat mass divided by height squared. The mean (standard deviation) age in men and women was 76 (3) years. In univariate analyses, tibial cortical area (p<0.01), cortical thickness (p<0.05) and trabecular number (p<0.01) were positively associated with LMI and FMI in both men and women. After mutual adjustment, relationships between cortical area and thickness were only maintained with LMI [tibial cortical area, β (95% confidence interval (CI)): men 6.99 (3.97,10.01), women 3.59 (1.81,5.38)] whereas trabecular number and density were associated with FMI. Interactions by sex were found, including for the relationships of LMI with cortical area and FMI with trabecular area in both the radius and tibia (p<0.05). In conclusion, LMI and FMI appeared to show independent relationships with bone microarchitecture. Further studies are required to confirm the direction of causality and explore the mechanisms underlying these tissue-specific associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Edwards
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Kate A Ward
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK.
| | - Georgia Ntani
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Camille Parsons
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Jennifer Thompson
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK.
| | - Avan A Sayer
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Elaine M Dennison
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 5UG, UK; NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rajapakse CS, Bashoor-Zadeh M, Li C, Sun W, Wright AC, Wehrli FW. Volumetric Cortical Bone Porosity Assessment with MR Imaging: Validation and Clinical Feasibility. Radiology 2015. [PMID: 26203710 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.15141850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a method to assess volumetric cortical bone porosity in clinically practical acquisition times by measuring the signal decay at only two echo times (TEs) as part of a single three-dimensional ultrashort TE (UTE) magnetic resonance (MR) examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was approved by the institutional review board and complied with HIPAA guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. A marker of cortical bone porosity called porosity index was defined as the ratio of UTE image intensities at a long and short TE, and the results were compared with biexponential analysis. Porosity index of midtibia cortical bone samples obtained from 16 donors was compared with ground-truth porosity by using micro-computed tomographic (CT) imaging and bone mineral density by peripheral quantitative CT scanner. Reproducibility of porosity index were tested in volunteers, and clinical feasibility was evaluated in postmenopausal women. Interparameter associations were assessed by using Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS Bone specimen porosity index was correlated with micro-CT imaging porosity (R(2) = 0.79) and pore size (R(2) = 0.81); age (R(2) = 0.64); peripheral quantitative CT scanner density (R(2) = 0.49, negatively); and pore water fraction (R(2) = 0.62) and T2* (R(2) = 0.64) by biexponential analysis. The reproducibility study yielded a coefficient of variation of 2.2% and intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.97. The study that involved postmenopausal women showed a wide range of porosity index (15%-38%). CONCLUSION A two-point MR imaging method to assess cortical bone porosity in humans was conceived and validated. This approach has the potential for clinical use to assess changes in cortical bone porosity that result from disease or in response to therapy. (©) RSNA, 2015 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chamith S Rajapakse
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Mahdieh Bashoor-Zadeh
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Cheng Li
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wenli Sun
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alexander C Wright
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Felix W Wehrli
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tong XY, Malo M, Tamminen IS, Isaksson H, Jurvelin JS, Kröger H. Development of new criteria for cortical bone histomorphometry in femoral neck: intra- and inter-observer reproducibility. J Bone Miner Metab 2015; 33:109-18. [PMID: 24570270 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-014-0562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Histomorphometry is commonly applied to study bone remodeling. Histological definitions of cortical bone boundaries have not been consistent. In this study, new criteria for specific definition of the transitional zone between the cortical and cancellous bone in the femoral neck were developed. The intra- and inter-observer reproducibility of this method was determined by quantitative histomorphometry and areal overlapping analysis. The undecalcified histological sections of femoral neck specimens (n = 6; from men aged 17-59 years) were processed and scanned to acquire histological images of complete bone sections. Specific criteria were applied to define histological boundaries. "Absolute cortex area" consisted of pure cortical bone tissue only, and was defined mainly based on the size of composite canals and their distance to an additional "guide" boundary (so-called "preliminary cortex boundary," the clear demarcation line of density between compact cortex and sparse trabeculae). Endocortical bone area was defined by recognizing characteristic endocortical structures adjacent to the preliminary cortical boundary. The present results suggested moderate to high reproducibility for low-magnification parameters (e.g., cortical bone area). The coefficient of variation (CV %) ranged from 0.02 to 5.61 in the intra-observer study and from 0.09 to 16.41 in the inter-observer study. However, the intra-observer reproducibility of some high-magnification parameters (e.g., osteoid perimeter/endocortical perimeter) was lower (CV %, 0.33-87.9). The overlapping of three histological areas in repeated analyses revealed highest intra- and inter-observer reproducibility for the absolute cortex area. This study provides specific criteria for the definition of histological boundaries for femoral neck bone specimens, which may aid more precise cortical bone histomorphometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Tong
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit (BCRU), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pathophysiology of osteoporosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
12
|
|
13
|
Zebaze R, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Mbala A, Seeman E. A new method of segmentation of compact-appearing, transitional and trabecular compartments and quantification of cortical porosity from high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomographic images. Bone 2013; 54:8-20. [PMID: 23334082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A transitional or cortico-trabecular junctional zone exists at any location composed of both cortical and trabecular bones such as the metaphyses of tubular bones and short bones like the femoral neck. The transitional zone comprises the inner cortex adjacent to the medullary canal and trabeculae abutting against the cortex contiguous with the endocortical surface. This is a site of vigorous remodeling. Intracortical remodeling cavitates the inner cortex expanding this transitional zone at the price of compact-appearing cortex so that it contains porosity, cortical fragments that resemble trabeculae, and trabeculae abutting the eroding cortex. The porosity of the transitional zone is an important source of bone loss. It reduces bone strength exponentially and is a quantifiable `fingerprint' of structural deterioration. A new automated method of segmentation of bone from background and bone into its compact-appearing cortex, transitional zone, and trabecular compartment is described, with a new approach to quantification of cortical porosity. Segmentation is achieved by automatically selecting attenuation profile curves perpendicular to the periosteal surface. Local bone edges are identified as the beginning and the end of the rising and falling S-shaped portions of the curve enabling the delineation of the compartments. Analyzing ~3600 consecutive overlapping profiles around the perimeter of each cross-sectional slice segments the compartments. Porosity is quantified as the average void volume fraction of all voxels within each compartment. To assess accuracy at the distal radius and tibia, μCT images of cadaveric specimens imaged at 19 μm voxel size served as the gold standard. To assess accuracy at the proximal femur, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of specimens collected at 2.5 μm resolution served as the gold standard. Agreement between HRpQCT and the gold standards for segmentation and quantification of porosity at the distal radius and tibia ranged from R(2)=0.87 to 0.99, and for the proximal femur ranged from 0.93 to 0.99. The precision error in vivo for segmentation and quantification of porosity in HRpQCT images at the distal radius, given by the root mean square error of the coefficient of variation, ranged from 0.54% for porosity of the transitional zone to 3.98% for area of the compact-appearing cortex. Segmentation of the transitional zone minimizes errors in apportioning cortical fragments and cortical porosity to the medullary compartment and so is likely to allow accurate assessment of fracture risk and the morphological effects of growth, aging, diseases and therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Zebaze
- Dept Endocrinology and Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kazakia GJ, Kuo D, Schooler J, Siddiqui S, Shanbhag S, Bernstein G, Horvai A, Majumdar S, Ries M, Li X. Bone and cartilage demonstrate changes localized to bone marrow edema-like lesions within osteoarthritic knees. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:94-101. [PMID: 23025926 PMCID: PMC3538951 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective is to understand the biological and mechanical pathways linking cartilage, bone, and marrow changes in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of the present study was to evaluate bone structure and composition within bone marrow edema-like lesion (BMEL) regions associated with knee OA. METHODS Tibial plateau specimens (n = 18) were collected from 10 subjects with knee OA during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to identify BMEL and quantify metrics of cartilage composition. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) and high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) were used to quantify density and microstructure of the subchondral trabecular bone. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to quantify tissue composition. RESULTS Trabecular bone within BMEL was higher in volume fraction, with more and thicker trabeculae that were more plate-like in structure compared to unaffected regions. BMEL trabecular tissue composition had decreased phosphate and carbonate content. Marrow infiltration by a fibrous collagen network and evidence of increased bone remodeling were present. Structural and compositional changes were specifically localized to regions underlying cartilage degradation. CONCLUSION These results support the paradigm of focal interactions among bone, marrow, and cartilage in the progression of knee OA. Quantitative evaluation of tissue changes and interactions may aid in the understanding of disease pathophysiology and provide imaging markers for disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Kazakia
- Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research Group, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Computational Modelling of the Mechanics of Trabecular Bone and Marrow Using Fluid Structure Interaction Techniques. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 41:814-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
16
|
Patsch JM, Burghardt AJ, Kazakia G, Majumdar S. Noninvasive imaging of bone microarchitecture. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1240:77-87. [PMID: 22172043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The noninvasive quantification of peripheral compartment-specific bone microarchitecture is feasible with high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI). In addition to classic morphometric indices, both techniques provide a suitable basis for virtual biomechanical testing using finite element (FE) analyses. Methodical limitations, morphometric parameter definition, and motion artifacts have to be considered to achieve optimal data interpretation from imaging studies. With increasing availability of in vivo high-resolution bone imaging techniques, special emphasis should be put on quality control including multicenter, cross-site validations. Importantly, conclusions from interventional studies investigating the effects of antiosteoporotic drugs on bone microarchitecture should be drawn with care, ideally involving imaging scientists, translational researchers, and clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina M Patsch
- Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Patsch JM, Deutschmann J, Pietschmann P. Gender aspects of osteoporosis and bone strength. Wien Med Wochenschr 2011; 161:117-23. [PMID: 21461801 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-011-0891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Although postmenopausal and elderly women are more frequently affected by osteoporosis, men are not protected from the disease. Age-related osteoporosis involves several gender-specific clinical aspects such as disease onset time and different dynamics of bone loss. Men benefit from larger bones and a time-delay of age-related changes in bone density and quality. Moreover, secondary osteoporosis is more common in males than in females. High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI) represent novel research tools for a noninvasive quantification of bone microstructure which is of interest for musculoskeletal gender studies. For optimal design of such studies, researchers should be aware of technical pitfalls and site-specificity of bone microstructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina M Patsch
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Folkesson J, Goldenstein J, Carballido-Gamio J, Kazakia G, Burghardt AJ, Rodriguez A, Krug R, de Papp AE, Link TM, Majumdar S. Longitudinal evaluation of the effects of alendronate on MRI bone microarchitecture in postmenopausal osteopenic women. Bone 2011; 48:611-21. [PMID: 21059422 PMCID: PMC4461063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.10.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated longitudinal effects of alendronate on MRI-based trabecular bone structure parameters derived from dual thresholding and fuzzy clustering (BE-FCM) trabecular bone segmentation. Treatment effects were observed in the distal tibia after 24 months. The BE-FCM method increased correlations to HR-pQCT-based parameters. INTRODUCTION High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for non-invasive bone microarchitecture analysis. The goal of this study was to examine the potential of MRI-based trabecular bone structure parameters to monitor effects of alendronate in humans in vivo, and to compare the results to HR-pQCT and DXA measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS Postmenopausal osteopenic women were divided into alendronate treatment and control groups, and imaged at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months (n = 52 at baseline) using 3T MRI, HR-pQCT, and DXA. Image acquisition sites included distal tibia (MRI and HR-pQCT), distal radius (MRI, DXA, and HR-pQCT), and the proximal femur (MRI and DXA). Two different regions of interest were evaluated. One contained the trabecular bone region within the entire MRI acquisition, and the second contained a subregion matched to the region contained in the HR-pQCT acquisition. The trabecular bone was segmented using two different methods; dual thresholding and BE-FCM. Trabecular bone structure parameters included bone volume fraction (BV/TV), number (Tb.N), spacing (Tb.Sp), and thickness (Tb.Th), along with seven geodesic topological analysis (GTA) parameters. Longitudinal changes and correlations to HR-pQCT and DXA measurements were evaluated. RESULTS Apparent Tb.N and four GTA parameters showed treatment effects (p < 0.05) in the distal tibia after 24 months in the entire MRI region using BE-FCM, as well as Tb.N using dual thresholding. No treatment effects after 24 months were observed in the HR-pQCT or in MRI analysis for the HR-pQCT-matched regions. Apparent BV/TV and Tb.N from BE-FCM had significantly higher correlations to HR-pQCT values compared to those derived from thresholding. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the influence of computational methods and region of interest definitions on measurements of trabecular bone structure, and the feasibility of MRI-based quantification of longitudinal changes in bone microarchitecture due to bisphosphonate therapy. The results suggest that there may be a need to reevaluate the current standard HR-pQCT region definition for increased treatment sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Folkesson
- Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research Group (MQIR), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guglielmi G, Nasuto M, La Porta M. Radiological diagnostic progress in skeletal diseases. CLINICAL CASES IN MINERAL AND BONE METABOLISM : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ITALIAN SOCIETY OF OSTEOPOROSIS, MINERAL METABOLISM, AND SKELETAL DISEASES 2011; 8:13-16. [PMID: 22461797 PMCID: PMC3230917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution bone imaging has made tremendous progress in the recent past. Both imaging modalities, computed tomography as well as MR imaging, have improved image quality. New developments such as HR-pQCT now make it possible to acquire in vivo images at peripheral sites with isotropic voxel size in a very short time. Further enhancements in the MR field have made it possible to image more central body sites such as the proximal femur with very high spatial resolution. New analysis methods can obtain direct estimates of biomechanical properties and important information related to bone's topology, as well as parameters of scale and orientation. These accomplishments will be essential in the noninvasive assessment of osteoporosis and fracture risk, will provide insight into the mechanisms behind bone loss, and will increasingly play a role as a tool for assessing treatment efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Guglielmi
- Department of Radiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- Department of Radiology, Scientific Institute “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Nasuto
- Department of Radiology, Scientific Institute “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele La Porta
- Department of Radiology, “T. Masselli-Mascia” Hospital, San Severo, Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Krug R, Burghardt AJ, Majumdar S, Link TM. High-resolution imaging techniques for the assessment of osteoporosis. Radiol Clin North Am 2010; 48:601-21. [PMID: 20609895 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of assessing the bone's microarchitectural make-up in addition to its mineral density in the context of osteoporosis has been emphasized in several publications. The high spatial resolution required to resolve the bone's microstructure in a clinically feasible scan time is challenging. At present, the best suited modalities meeting these requirements in vivo are high-resolution peripheral quantitative imaging (HR-pQCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Whereas HR-pQCT is limited to peripheral skeleton regions like the wrist and ankle, MRI can also image other sites like the proximal femur but usually with lower spatial resolution. In addition, multidetector computed tomography has been used for high-resolution imaging of trabecular bone structure; however, the radiation dose is a limiting factor. This article provides an overview of the different modalities, technical requirements, and recent developments in this emerging field. Details regarding imaging protocols as well as image postprocessing methods for bone structure quantification are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Krug
- MQIR, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California-San Francisco, UCSF China Basin Landing, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|