1
|
Dabbagh A, Abdullah BJJ, Ramasindarum C, Abu Kasim NH. Tissue-mimicking gel phantoms for thermal therapy studies. ULTRASONIC IMAGING 2014; 36:291-316. [PMID: 24626566 DOI: 10.1177/0161734614526372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-mimicking phantoms that are currently available for routine biomedical applications may not be suitable for high-temperature experiments or calibration of thermal modalities. Therefore, design and fabrication of customized thermal phantoms with tailored properties are necessary for thermal therapy studies. A multitude of thermal phantoms have been developed in liquid, solid, and gel forms to simulate biological tissues in thermal therapy experiments. This article is an attempt to outline the various materials and techniques used to prepare thermal phantoms in the gel state. The relevant thermal, electrical, acoustic, and optical properties of these phantoms are presented in detail and the benefits and shortcomings of each type are discussed. This review could assist the researchers in the selection of appropriate phantom recipes for their in vitro study of thermal modalities and highlight the limitations of current phantom recipes that remain to be addressed in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dabbagh
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Basri Johan Jeet Abdullah
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chanthiriga Ramasindarum
- Biomaterials Technology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Dental Research Management Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim
- Biomaterials Technology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh R, Torti SV. Carbon nanotubes in hyperthermia therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:2045-60. [PMID: 23933617 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Thermal tumor ablation therapies are being developed with a variety of nanomaterials, including single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted interest due to their potential for simultaneous imaging and therapy. In this review, we highlight in vivo applications of carbon nanotube-mediated thermal therapy (CNMTT) and examine the rationale for use of this treatment in recurrent tumors or those resistant to conventional cancer therapies. Additionally, we discuss strategies to localize and enhance the cancer selectivity of this treatment and briefly examine issues relating the toxicity and long term fate of CNTs.
Collapse
|
3
|
Dabbagh A, Abdullah BJJ, Abu Kasim NH, Ramasindarum C. Reusable heat-sensitive phantom for precise estimation of thermal profile in hyperthermia application. Int J Hyperthermia 2013; 30:66-74. [PMID: 24286257 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.854930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The emergence of thermal modalities has promoted the use of heat-sensitive phantoms for calibration, measurement, and verification purposes. However, development of durable phantoms with high precision ability to represent the temperature distribution remains a challenge. This study aims to introduce a reusable phantom that provides an accurate assessment of the heated region in various thermal modalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The phantom contains a thermochromic dye that is transparent blue at room temperature and becomes colourless after exceeding a threshold temperature. In order to determine the threshold temperature of the phantom, spectrophotometry analysis was performed. The various thermal (specific heat, thermal conductivity, melting point and latent heat of melting) and acoustic (sound speed, attenuation) properties of this phantom were measured and compared with those of the reference phantom without dye. The application of this phantom for radio-frequency and magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound modalities was also examined. RESULTS The spectrophotometry analysis showed a threshold temperature of 50 ± 3 °C for this phantom. The results also demonstrated a 6 °C difference between the onset and ending temperatures of the discolouration process. Moreover, the starting temperature of colouration during cooling was found to be 4 °C lower than the ending temperature of discolouration. The sound speed, attenuation, specific heat, thermal conductivity and melting point of the heat-sensitive phantom were statistically equal to those of the reference phantom; however, the latent heat, and onset temperature of the melting of the heat-sensitive phantom were decreased by addition of the dye. CONCLUSIONS The developed phantom is applicable for accurate evaluation of temperature variations in various thermal modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dabbagh
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Whitney J, DeWitt M, Whited BM, Carswell W, Simon A, Rylander CG, Rylander MN. 3D viability imaging of tumor phantoms treated with single-walled carbon nanohorns and photothermal therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:275102. [PMID: 23780336 PMCID: PMC3786715 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/27/275102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A new image analysis method called the spatial phantom evaluation of cellular thermal response in layers (SPECTRL) is presented for assessing spatial viability response to nanoparticle enhanced photothermal therapy in tissue representative phantoms. Sodium alginate phantoms seeded with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and single-walled nanohorns were laser irradiated with an ytterbium fiber laser at a wavelength of 1064 nm and irradiance of 3.8 W cm(-2) for 10-80 s. SPECTRL quantitatively assessed and correlated 3D viability with spatiotemporal temperature. Based on this analysis, kill and transition zones increased from 3.7 mm(3) and 13 mm(3) respectively to 44.5 mm(3) and 44.3 mm(3) as duration was increased from 10 to 80 s. SPECTRL provides a quantitative tool for measuring precise spatial treatment regions, providing information necessary to tailor therapy protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Whitney
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virgina Tech., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sarkar S, Fan C, Hsiang JC, Dickson RM. Modulated fluorophore signal recovery buried within tissue mimicking phantoms. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:9501-9. [PMID: 23692258 DOI: 10.1021/jp312071n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Optically modulated fluorescence from ∼140 nM Cy5 is visualized when embedded up to 6 mm within skin tissue mimicking phantoms, even in the presence of overwhelming background fluorescence and scatter. Experimental and finite element analysis (FEA)-based computational models yield excellent agreement in signal levels and predict biocompatible temperature changes. Using synchronously amplified fluorescence image recovery (SAFIRe), dual-laser excitation (primary laser: λ = 594 nm, 0.29 kW/cm(2); secondary laser: λ = 710 nm, 5.9 kW/cm(2), intensity-modulated at 100 Hz) simultaneously excites fluorescence and dynamically optically reverses the dark state buildup of primary laser-excited Cy5 molecules. As the modulated secondary laser both directly modulates Cy5 emission and is of lower energy than the collected Cy5 fluorescence, modulated Cy5 fluorescence in phantoms is free of obscuring background emission. The modulated fluorescence emission due to the secondary laser was recovered by Fourier transformation, yielding a specific and unique signature of the introduced fluorophores, with largely background-free detection, at excitation intensities close to the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) for skin. Experimental and computational models agree to within 8%, validating the computational model. As modulated fluorescence depends on the presence of both lasers, depth information as a function of focal position is also readily obtained from recovered modulated signal strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saugata Sarkar
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Whitney JR, Rodgers A, Harvie E, Carswell WF, Torti S, Puretzky AA, Rouleau CM, Geohegan DB, Rylander CG, Rylander MN. Spatial and temporal measurements of temperature and cell viability in response to nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1729-42. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Nanoparticle-enhanced photothermal therapy is a promising alternative to tumor resection. However, quantitative measurements of cellular response to these treatments are limited. This article introduces a Bimodal Enhanced Analysis of Spatiotemporal Temperature (BEAST) algorithm to rapidly determine the viability of cancer cells in vitro following photothermal therapy alone or in combination with nanoparticles. Materials & methods: To illustrate the capability of the BEAST viability algorithm, single wall carbon nanohorns were added to renal cancer (RENCA) cells in vitro and time-dependent spatial temperature maps measured with an infrared camera during laser therapy were correlated with post-treatment cell viability distribution maps obtained by cell-staining fluorescent microscopy. Conclusion: The BEAST viability algorithm accurately and rapidly determined the cell viability as a function of time, space and temperature. Original submitted 13 July 2011; Revised submitted 12 March 2012; Published online 20 July 2012
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon R Whitney
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virginia Tech, VA 24061, USA; ICTAS 410 ICTAS, Stanger Street (MC 0193) Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Amanda Rodgers
- Department of Industrial Systems & Engineering, Virginia Tech, VA 24061, USA
| | - Erica Harvie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virginia Tech, VA 24061, USA; ICTAS 410 ICTAS, Stanger Street (MC 0193) Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - William F Carswell
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, VA 24061, USA
| | - Suzy Torti
- Molecular Microbial & Structural Biology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Alex A Puretzky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6488 USA
| | - Christopher M Rouleau
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6488 USA
| | - David B Geohegan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6488 USA
| | - Christopher G Rylander
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virginia Tech, VA 24061, USA; ICTAS 410 ICTAS, Stanger Street (MC 0193) Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Marissa N Rylander
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virginia Tech, VA 24061, USA; ICTAS 410 ICTAS, Stanger Street (MC 0193) Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Photothermic regulation of gene expression triggered by laser-induced carbon nanohorns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7523-8. [PMID: 22529368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204391109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of optical methods to control cellular functions is important for various biological applications. In particular, heat shock promoter-mediated gene expression systems by laser light are attractive targets for controlling cellular functions. However, previous approaches have considerable technical limitations related to their use of UV, short-wavelength visible (vis), and infrared (IR) laser light, which have poor penetration into biological tissue. Biological tissue is relatively transparent to light inside the diagnostic window at wavelengths of 650-1,100 nm. Here we present a unique optical biotechnological method using carbon nanohorn (CNH) that transforms energy from diagnostic window laser light to heat to control the expression of various genes. We report that with this method, laser irradiation within the diagnostic window resulted in effective heat generation and thus caused heat shock promoter-mediated gene expression. This study provides an important step forward in the development of light-manipulated gene expression technologies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rylander MN, Stafford RJ, Hazle J, Whitney J, Diller KR. Heat shock protein expression and temperature distribution in prostate tumours treated with laser irradiation and nanoshells. Int J Hyperthermia 2011; 27:791-801. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2011.607485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
9
|
Sarkar S, Gurjarpadhye AA, Rylander CG, Nichole Rylander M. Optical properties of breast tumor phantoms containing carbon nanotubes and nanohorns. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:051304. [PMID: 21639564 PMCID: PMC3122110 DOI: 10.1117/1.3574762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The degree by which optical properties of tumors are altered following introduction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of varying concentration and type is poorly understood, making it difficult to predict the impact of CNT inclusion on the photothermal response to laser therapies. Optical properties were measured of phantoms representative of breast tumor tissue incorporated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), and single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) of varying concentration (0.01-0.1 mg/ml). Tissue phantoms were made from sodium alginate (3 g/ml) incorporated with polystyrene microbeads (3 μm diam and 1 mg/ml) and talc-France powder (40 mg/ml). Absorption (μ(a)) and reduced scattering (μ's) coefficients of phantoms containing CNTs were determined by the inverse adding-doubling algorithm for the wavelength range of 400-1300 nm. Optical properties of phantoms without CNTs were in the range of μ(a) = 1.04-0.06 mm(-1) and μ's' = 0.05-0.07 mm(-1) at a wavelength of 900 nm, which corresponds with published data for human breast tumor tissue. Incorporating MWNTs, SWNTs, and SWNHs in phantoms with a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml increased (μ(a)) by 20- to 30-fold, 5- to 6-fold, and 9- to 14-fold, respectively, for the wavelength range of 800-1100 nm with minimal change in μ's (1.2- to 1.3-fold). Introduction of CNTs into tissue phantoms increased absorption, providing a means to enhance photothermal therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saugata Sarkar
- Virginia Tech, Department of Mechanical Engineering, ICTAS Building, Stanger Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|