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Zhang L, Liu B, Ji Z. Study on the effective measurement area of an open-ended coaxial probe for the dielectric measurement of biological tissues. Technol Health Care 2023; 31:621-633. [PMID: 36314231 DOI: 10.3233/thc-220192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dielectric properties of tissues are very important physical factors for the investigation and application of bio-electromagnetism. However, the size of the active sample tissue is usually limited in actual measurement, making it difficult to meet the requirements of the existing high-frequency measurement methods, thus influencing the measurement results. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to systematically investigate the various factors influencing the effective measurement area of the open-ended coaxial probe, including the design size of the probe and the dielectric properties of the object to be measured. METHODS The simplified material mixing model, in which several types of materials were set as the material under test (MUT) and the perfect conductor (PEC) was set as the specific material, was used in the simulation to study the effective measurement area of eight types of probes with different sizes for the dielectric measurement of different MUTs. Different concentrations of NaCl solutions and three types of coaxial probes were used in the actual measurement to verify the simulation results. RESULTS According to the simulation results, the effective measurement area, especially the effective measurement radius, was closely related to the outer conductor radius of the probe. The effective measurement area of the probe decreased when the outer conductor radius of the probe reduced. Moreover, the change in the effective measurement area of the probe was independent of the MUT when the cross-sectional size of the probe was smaller than a certain threshold value. The experimental results also confirmed this conclusion. CONCLUSION According to the research results, the independent variable dimension could be effectively reduced and the modeling difficulty was reduced when the analysis model of the effective measurement area of the probe was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Basic Medical Science Academy, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Benyuan Liu
- Military Biomedical Engineering School, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenyu Ji
- Military Biomedical Engineering School, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Wei W, Shi F, Kolb JF. Analysis of microstructural parameters of trabecular bone based on electrical impedance spectroscopy and deep neural networks. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 148:108232. [PMID: 35987060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The potential of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was demonstrated for the investigation of microstructural properties of osseous tissue. Therefore, a deep neural network (DNN) was implemented for a sensitive assessment of different structural features that were derived on the basis of dielectric parameters, especially relative permittivities, recorded over a frequency range from 40 Hz to 5 MHz. The advantages of the developed method over conventional approaches, including equivalent circuit models (ECMs), linear regression and effective medium approximation (EMA), is the comprehensive quantification of bone morphologies by several microstructural parameters simultaneously, such as bone volume fraction (BV/TV), bone surface-volume-ratio (BS/BV), structure model index (SMI), trabecular number (Tb.N) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th). The comparison of predictions of the DNN with an analysis of µCT-images confirmed a high accuracy for different microstructural parameters, which was indicated by corresponding Pearson correlation coefficients, especially for Tb.Th (r = 0.89) and BS/BV (r = 0.80). Concurrently, the approach was able to unambiguously discriminate anatomically similar bone regions (femoral head, greater trochanter and femoral neck) and therefore was capable to determine the morphological status of osseous tissue in detail. The classification was more discriminative than one based on classical linear discriminant analysis (LDA), due to the distinguishing features extracted by the DNN model. Accordingly, the method and model can serve as a potential tool for evaluating bone quality and bone status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzuo Wei
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fukun Shi
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 215163 Suzhou, China
| | - Juergen F Kolb
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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Wang L, Xie S, Zhu S, Gao C, He C. Efficacy of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Experimental Osteopenia in Rodents: A Systematic Review. Bioelectromagnetics 2021; 42:415-431. [PMID: 34004034 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis leads to increased bone fragility and risk of fractures. Different strategies have been employed to reduce bone loss, including the use of a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). Although many experimental studies have demonstrated the effect of PEMF on reduction of bone loss, the outcomes studied are varied and insufficient, and the quality of evidence is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this review was to assess the preclinical evidence on the effect of PEMF on bone loss. The existing challenges were also evaluated, and suggestions were provided to strengthen the quality of evidence in future studies. All original articles concerning the effect of PEMF on osteoporosis in animal models were included. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria, 23 of which suggested that PEMF was effective in reducing bone loss, while one study failed to demonstrate any benefit. Risk of bias analysis suggested that information on key measures to reduce bias was frequently not reported. Animal models for osteoporosis, PEMF intervention regimens, outcomes, and specific bone detection sites seemed to influence the efficacy of PEMF in osteoporosis. Our results indicate the potential benefits of PEMF selection in animal models of osteoporosis. However, due to the heterogeneity of the parameters and the quality of the included literature, comprehensive studies using standardized protocols are warranted to confirm the results. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Rehabilitation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Suhang Xie
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Rehabilitation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Siyi Zhu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Rehabilitation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Chengfei Gao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Chengqi He
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Rehabilitation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Transition Metal Complexes of Mixed Bioligands: Synthesis, Characterization, DFT Modeling, and Applications. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/3241061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Divalent transition metal complexes [MGlu-Arg (H2O)]H2O and [MGlu-Arg (H2O)]H2O, where M = Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, Glu = glutamic acid, and Arg = L-arginine, are prepared and characterized using different techniques. DFT and TD-DFT modelling validated and interpreted some experimental results. Weight loss technique reveals efficient corrosion inhibition action of these complexes towards aluminum metal at different temperatures. Our results point to corrosion inhibition through chemical adsorption on the aluminum surface. Additionally, a facile calcination of Co and Cu complexes at 550°C yields nanosized oxides of Co3O4, CoO, and CuO crystalline phases. The complexes show remarkable biological activities towards pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Moreover, in vitro anticancer activity evaluation of these complexes is achieved against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2). The results are correlated with molecular descriptors such as chemical potential and hardness obtained from the frontier orbitals.
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Milovanovic P, Stojanovic M, Antonijevic D, Cirovic A, Radenkovic M, Djuric M. "Dangerous duo": Chronic nicotine exposure intensifies diabetes mellitus-related deterioration in bone microstructure - An experimental study in rats. Life Sci 2018; 212:102-108. [PMID: 30266406 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Bony complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) are still insufficiently understood. Our aims were to analyze the individual and combined effects of chronic hyperglycemia and nicotine exposure on the femoral trabecular and cortical microarchitecture on a rat experimental model. MAIN METHODS The micro-computed tomography based bone microstructural evaluation was performed on male Wistar rats divided into four groups: control (n = 7), experimentally-induced DM (n = 8), chronically exposed to nicotine (n = 9) and the DM group exposed chronically to nicotine (n = 9). KEY FINDINGS Chronic hyperglycemia caused mild trabecular deterioration; yet, the combination of hyperglycemia and nicotine exposure showed more deleterious effects on the trabecular bone. Namely, the DM + nicotine group had significantly lower bone volume fraction, fewer and more rod-like shaped trabeculae, along with higher trabecular separation and lower connectivity than the control group (p < 0.05). Nicotine alone did not show any significant deterioration compared to the control group. DM and DM + nicotine groups had lower cortical porosity than control and nicotine groups (p < 0.05). Cortical thickness did not show any significant intergroup differences, whereas bone perimeter and the mean polar moment of inertia were reduced in DM + nicotine group. SIGNIFICANCE Mild effects of chronic hyperglycemia on bone structure were accentuated by the chronic nicotine exposure, although nicotine alone did not cause any significant bone changes. That suggests a synergistic effect of hyperglycemia and nicotine on bone deterioration and increased propensity to fracture. Indeed, better understanding of risk factors driving bone structural deterioration is a precondition to limit the complications associated with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Milovanovic
- Laboratory for Anthropology and Skeletal Biology, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4/2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Stojanovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djordje Antonijevic
- Laboratory for Anthropology and Skeletal Biology, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4/2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Cirovic
- Laboratory for Anthropology and Skeletal Biology, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4/2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Radenkovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Djuric
- Laboratory for Anthropology and Skeletal Biology, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4/2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Pulsed electromagnetic fields and platelet rich plasma alone and combined for the treatment of wear-mediated periprosthetic osteolysis: An in vivo study. Acta Biomater 2018; 77:106-115. [PMID: 29981946 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Wear-mediated osteolysis is a common complication occurring around implanted prosthesis, which ultimately leads to bone loss with mechanical instability and the need for surgical revision. At the moment, revision surgery is the only effective treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) and platelet rich plasma (PRP), alone and in association, in a clinically relevant in vivo model of periprosthetic osteolysis. Titanium alloy pins were implanted intramedullary in distal femurs of male inbred rats and, after osseointegration, polyethylene particles were injected intra-articularly to induce osteolysis. Animals were divided in four groups of treatment: PEMFs, PRP, PEMFs + PRP and no treatment. Microtomography was performed during the course of experiments to monitor bone stock and microarchitecture. Histology, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry and biomechanics were evaluated after treatments. Biophysical and biological stimulations significantly enhanced bone to implant contact, bone volume and bone microhardness and reduced fibrous capsule formation and the number of osteoclasts around implants. Among treatments, PEMFs alone and in association with PRP exerted better results than PRP alone. Present data suggest that biophysical stimulation, with or without the enrichment with platelet derived growth factors, might be a safe, mini-invasive and conservative therapy for counteracting osteolysis and prompting bone formation around implants. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) and platelet rich plasma (PRP) show anabolic and anti-inflammatory effects and they are already been used in clinical practice, but separately. To date, there are no preclinical in vivo studies evaluating their combined efficacy in periprosthetic osteolysis, in bone tissue microarchitecture and in biomechanics. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of PEMFs and PRP in vivo, when administered individually and in combination in the treatment of periprosthetic wear mediated ostelysis, and in restoring the osteogenetic properties of perimplant bone tissue and its biomechanical competence. The combination of PEMFs and PRP could be employed for counteracting the ostelysis process in a conservative and non surgical manner.
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Su Y, Kluess D, Mittelmeier W, van Rienen U, Bader R. An automatic approach for calibrating dielectric bone properties by combining finite-element and optimization software tools. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2016; 19:1306-13. [PMID: 26777343 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2015.1131980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The dielectric properties of human bone are one of the most essential inputs required by electromagnetic stimulation for improved bone regeneration. Measuring the electric properties of bone is a difficult task because of the complexity of the bone structure. Therefore, an automatic approach is presented to calibrate the electric properties of bone. The numerical method consists of three steps: generating input from experimental data, performing the numerical simulation, and calibrating the bone dielectric properties. As an example, the dielectric properties at 20 Hz of a rabbit distal femur were calibrated. The calibration process was considered as an optimization process with the aim of finding the optimum dielectric bone properties that match most of the numerically calculated simulation and experimentally measured data sets. The optimization was carried out automatically by the optimization software tool iSIGHT in combination with the finite-element solver COMSOL Multiphysics. As a result, the optimum conductivity and relative permittivity of the rabbit distal femur at 20 Hz were found to be 0.09615 S/m and 19522 for cortical bone and 0.14913 S/m and 1561507 for cancellous bone, respectively. The proposed method is a potential tool for the identification of realistic dielectric properties of the entire bone volume. The presented approach combining iSIGHT with COMSOL is applicable to, amongst others, designing implantable electro-stimulative devices or the optimization of electrical stimulation parameters for improved bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Su
- a Department of Orthopaedics , University Medicine Rostock , Rostock , Germany
| | - Daniel Kluess
- a Department of Orthopaedics , University Medicine Rostock , Rostock , Germany
| | - Wolfram Mittelmeier
- a Department of Orthopaedics , University Medicine Rostock , Rostock , Germany
| | - Ursula van Rienen
- b Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock , Rostock , Germany
| | - Rainer Bader
- a Department of Orthopaedics , University Medicine Rostock , Rostock , Germany
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Takaoka K, Yamamura M, Nishioka T, Abe T, Tamaoka J, Segawa E, Shinohara M, Ueda H, Kishimoto H, Urade M. Establishment of an Animal Model of Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144355. [PMID: 26659123 PMCID: PMC4684366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated the side effects of bisphosphonate (BP) on tooth extraction socket healing in spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats, an established model of non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus, to develop an animal model of BP-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ). Materials and Methods Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and SDT rats were randomly assigned to the zoledronic acid (ZOL)-treated groups (SD/ZOL or SDT/ZOL) or to the control groups (SD/control or SDT/control). Rats in the SD/ZOL or SDT/ZOL groups received an intravenous bolus injection of ZOL (35 μg/kg) every 2 weeks. Each group consisted of 6 rats each. Twenty-one weeks after ZOL treatment began, the left maxillary molars were extracted. The rats were euthanized at 2, 4, or 8 weeks after tooth extraction, and the total maxillae were harvested for histological and histochemical studies. Results In the oral cavity, bone exposure persisted at the tooth extraction site in all rats of the SDT/ZOL group until 8 weeks after tooth extraction. In contrast, there was no bone exposure in SD/control or SDT/control groups, and only 1 of 6 rats in the SD/ZOL group showed bone exposure. Histologically, necrotic bone areas with empty lacunae, microbial colonies, and less invasion by inflammatory cells were observed. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts was lower in the SDT/ZOL group than in the SD/control group. The mineral apposition rate was significantly lower in the SDT/ZOL group compared with the SD/control group. Conclusions This study demonstrated the development of BRONJ-like lesions in rats and suggested that low bone turnover with less inflammatory cell infiltration plays an important role in the development of BRONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takaoka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Michiyo Yamamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nishioka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Abe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Joji Tamaoka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Emi Segawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masami Shinohara
- Planning and Development Section, CLEA Japan, Inc., Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyasu Ueda
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kishimoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Urade
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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Witkowska A, Alibhai A, Hughes C, Price J, Klisch K, Sturrock CJ, Rutland CS. Computed tomography analysis of guinea pig bone: architecture, bone thickness and dimensions throughout development. PeerJ 2014; 2:e615. [PMID: 25289194 PMCID: PMC4185290 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic guinea pig, Cavia aperea f. porcellus, belongs to the Caviidae family of rodents. It is an important species as a pet, a source of food and in medical research. Adult weight is achieved at 8–12 months and life expectancy is ∼5–6 years. Our aim was to map bone local thickness, structure and dimensions across developmental stages in the normal animal. Guinea pigs (n = 23) that had died of natural causes were collected and the bones manually extracted and cleaned. Institutional ethical permission was given under the UK Home Office guidelines and the Veterinary Surgeons Act. X-ray Micro Computed Tomography (microCT) was undertaken on the left and right scapula, humerus and femur from each animal to ascertain bone local thickness. Images were also used to undertake manual and automated bone measurements, volumes and surface areas, identify and describe nutrient, supratrochlear and supracondylar foramina. Statistical analysis between groups was carried out using ANOVA with post-hoc testing. Our data mapped a number of dimensions, and mean and maximum bone thickness of the scapula, humerus and femur in guinea pigs aged 0–1 month, 1–3 months, 3–6 months, 6 months–1 year and 1–4 years. Bone dimensions, growth rates and local bone thicknesses differed between ages and between the scapula, humerus and femur. The microCT and imaging software technology showed very distinct differences between the relative local bone thickness across the structure of the bones. Only one bone showed a singular nutrient foramen, every other bone had between 2 and 5, and every nutrient canal ran in an oblique direction. In contrast to other species, a supratrochlear foramen was observed in every humerus whereas the supracondylar foramen was always absent. Our data showed the bone local thickness, bone structure and measurements of guinea pig bones from birth to 4 years old. Importantly it showed that bone development continued after 1 year, the point at which most guinea pigs have reached full weight. This study is the first to show the high abundance (100% in this study) of the supratrochlear foramen within the guinea pig humerus and the complete absence of a supracondylar foramen, which is different to many other species and may also affect potential fracture points and frequencies. Understanding bone morphology and growth is essential in not only understanding the requirements of the healthy guinea pig, but also necessary in order to investigate disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Witkowska
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire , UK
| | - Aziza Alibhai
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire , UK
| | - Chloe Hughes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire , UK
| | - Jennifer Price
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire , UK
| | - Karl Klisch
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire , UK
| | - Craig J Sturrock
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire , UK
| | - Catrin S Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire , UK
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