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Atria PJ, Castillo AB. Skeletal adaptation to mechanical cues during homeostasis and repair: the niche, cells, and molecular signaling. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1233920. [PMID: 37916223 PMCID: PMC10616261 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1233920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bones constantly change and adapt to physical stress throughout a person's life. Mechanical signals are important regulators of bone remodeling and repair by activating skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPCs) to proliferate and differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts using molecular signaling mechanisms not yet fully understood. SSPCs reside in a dynamic specialized microenvironment called the niche, where external signals integrate to influence cell maintenance, behavior and fate determination. The nature of the niche in bone, including its cellular and extracellular makeup and regulatory molecular signals, is not completely understood. The mechanisms by which the niche, with all of its components and complexity, is modulated by mechanical signals during homeostasis and repair are virtually unknown. This review summarizes the current view of the cells and signals involved in mechanical adaptation of bone during homeostasis and repair, with an emphasis on identifying novel targets for the prevention and treatment of age-related bone loss and hard-to-heal fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo J. Atria
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alesha B. Castillo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Darshna, Kumar R, Srivastava P, Chandra P. Bioengineering of bone tissues using bioreactors for modulation of mechano-sensitivity in bone. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-41. [PMID: 36596226 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2162249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the last decade, significant developments have been made in the area of bone tissue engineering associated with the emergence of novel biomaterials as well as techniques of scaffold fabrication. Despite all these developments, the translation from research findings to clinical applications is still very limited. Manufacturing the designed tissue constructs in a scalable manner remains the most challenging aspect. This bottleneck could be overcome by using bioreactors for the manufacture of these tissue constructs. In this review, a current scenario of bone injuries/defects and the cause of the translational gap between laboratory research and clinical use has been emphasized. Furthermore, various bioreactors being used in the area of bone tissue regeneration in recent studies have been highlighted along with their advantages and limitations. A vivid literature survey on the ideal attributes of bioreactors has been accounted, viz. dynamic, versatile, automated, reproducible and commercialization aspects. Additionally, the illustration of computational approaches that should be combined with bone tissue engineering experiments using bioreactors to simulate and optimize cellular growth in bone tissue constructs has also been done extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshna
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pradeep Srivastava
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
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3
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Kohli N, Theodoridis K, Hall TAG, Sanz-Pena I, Gaboriau DCA, van Arkel RJ. Bioreactor analyses of tissue ingrowth, ongrowth and remodelling around implants: An alternative to live animal testing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1054391. [PMID: 36890911 PMCID: PMC9986429 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1054391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Preclinical assessment of bone remodelling onto, into or around novel implant technologies is underpinned by a large live animal testing burden. The aim of this study was to explore whether a lab-based bioreactor model could provide similar insight. Method: Twelve ex vivo trabecular bone cylinders were extracted from porcine femora and were implanted with additively manufactured stochastic porous titanium implants. Half were cultured dynamically, in a bioreactor with continuous fluid flow and daily cyclic loading, and half in static well plates. Tissue ongrowth, ingrowth and remodelling around the implants were evaluated with imaging and mechanical testing. Results: For both culture conditions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed bone ongrowth; widefield, backscatter SEM, micro computed tomography scanning, and histology revealed mineralisation inside the implant pores; and histology revealed woven bone formation and bone resorption around the implant. The imaging evidence of this tissue ongrowth, ingrowth and remodelling around the implant was greater for the dynamically cultured samples, and the mechanical testing revealed that the dynamically cultured samples had approximately three times greater push-through fixation strength (p < 0.05). Discussion: Ex vivo bone models enable the analysis of tissue remodelling onto, into and around porous implants in the lab. While static culture conditions exhibited some characteristics of bony adaptation to implantation, simulating physiological conditions with a bioreactor led to an accelerated response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Kohli
- Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Theodoridis
- Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A G Hall
- Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Inigo Sanz-Pena
- Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C A Gaboriau
- FILM, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J van Arkel
- Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Birks S, Uzer G. At the nuclear envelope of bone mechanobiology. Bone 2021; 151:116023. [PMID: 34051417 PMCID: PMC8600447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope and nucleoskeleton are emerging as signaling centers that regulate how physical information from the extracellular matrix is biochemically transduced into the nucleus, affecting chromatin and controlling cell function. Bone is a mechanically driven tissue that relies on physical information to maintain its physiological function and structure. Disorder that present with musculoskeletal and cardiac symptoms, such as Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophies and progeria, correlate with mutations in nuclear envelope proteins including Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, Lamin A/C, and emerin. However, the role of nuclear envelope mechanobiology on bone function remains underexplored. The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) model is perhaps the most studied relationship between bone regulation and nuclear envelope function. MSCs maintain the musculoskeletal system by differentiating into multiple cell types including osteocytes and adipocytes, thus supporting the bone's ability to respond to mechanical challenge. In this review, we will focus on how MSC function is regulated by mechanical challenges both in vitro and in vivo within the context of bone function specifically focusing on integrin, β-catenin and YAP/TAZ signaling. The importance of the nuclear envelope will be explored within the context of musculoskeletal diseases related to nuclear envelope protein mutations and nuclear envelope regulation of signaling pathways relevant to bone mechanobiology in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Birks
- Boise State University, Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, United States of America
| | - Gunes Uzer
- Boise State University, Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, United States of America.
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5
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Drapal V, Gamble JM, Robinson JL, Tamerler C, Arnold PM, Friis EA. Integration of clinical perspective into biomimetic bioreactor design for orthopedics. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:321-337. [PMID: 34510706 PMCID: PMC9292211 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The challenges to accommodate multiple tissue formation metrics in conventional bioreactors have resulted in an increased interest to explore novel bioreactor designs. Bioreactors allow researchers to isolate variables in controlled environments to quantify cell response. While current bioreactor designs can effectively provide either mechanical, electrical, or chemical stimuli to the controlled environment, these systems lack the ability to combine all these stimuli simultaneously to better recapitulate the physiological environment. Introducing a dynamic and systematic combination of biomimetic stimuli bioreactor systems could tremendously enhance its clinical relevance in research. Thus, cues from different tissue responses should be studied collectively and included in the design of a biomimetic bioreactor platform. This review begins by providing a summary on the progression of bioreactors from simple to complex designs, focusing on the major advances in bioreactor technology and the approaches employed to better simulate in vivo conditions. The current state of bioreactors in terms of their clinical relevance is also analyzed. Finally, this review provides a comprehensive overview of individual biophysical stimuli and their role in establishing a biomimetic microenvironment for tissue engineering. To date, the most advanced bioreactor designs only incorporate one or two stimuli. Thus, the cell response measured is likely unrelated to the actual clinical performance. Integrating clinically relevant stimuli in bioreactor designs to study cell response can further advance the understanding of physical phenomenon naturally occurring in the body. In the future, the clinically informed biomimetic bioreactor could yield more efficiently translatable results for improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Drapal
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Jordan M Gamble
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Jennifer L Robinson
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Candan Tamerler
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.,Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Paul M Arnold
- Carle School of Medicine, University of Illinois-Champaign Urbana, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Friis
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.,Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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6
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Pant A, Paul E, Niebur GL, Vahdati A. Integration of mechanics and biology in computer simulation of bone remodeling. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 164:33-45. [PMID: 33965425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a complex physiological process that spans across multiple spatial and temporal scales and is regulated by both mechanical and hormonal cues. An imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation in the process of bone remodeling may lead to various bone pathologies. One powerful and non-invasive approach to gain new insights into mechano-adaptive bone remodeling is computer modeling and simulation. Recent findings in bone physiology and advances in computer modeling have provided a unique opportunity to study the integration of mechanics and biology in bone remodeling. Our objective in this review is to critically appraise recent advances and developments and discuss future research opportunities in computational bone remodeling approaches that enable integration of mechanics and cellular and molecular pathways. Based on the critical appraisal of the relevant recent published literature, we conclude that multiscale in silico integration of personalized bone mechanics and mechanobiology combined with data science and analytics techniques offer the potential to deepen our knowledge of bone remodeling and provide ample opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Pant
- Multi-disciplinary Mechanics and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Elliot Paul
- Multi-disciplinary Mechanics and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Glen L Niebur
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ali Vahdati
- Multi-disciplinary Mechanics and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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7
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Curtis KJ, Mai C, Martin H, Oberman AG, Alderfer L, Romero-Moreno R, Walsh M, Mitros SF, Thomas SG, Dynako JA, Zimmer DI, McNamara LM, Littlepage LE, Niebur GL. The effect of marrow secretome and culture environment on the rate of metastatic breast cancer cell migration in two and three dimensions. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1009-1019. [PMID: 33689396 PMCID: PMC8101488 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-12-0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is responsible for over 90% of cancer-related deaths, and bone is the most common site for breast cancer metastasis. Metastatic breast cancer cells home to trabecular bone, which contains hematopoietic and stromal lineage cells in the marrow. As such, it is crucial to understand whether bone or marrow cells enhance breast cancer cell migration toward the tissue. To this end, we quantified the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells toward human bone in two- and three-dimensional (3D) environments. First, we found that the cancer cells cultured on tissue culture plastic migrated toward intact trabecular bone explants at a higher rate than toward marrow-deficient bone or devitalized bone. Leptin was more abundant in conditioned media from the cocultures with intact explants, while higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα were detected in cultures with both intact bone and cancer cells. We further verified that the cancer cells migrated into bone marrow using a bioreactor culture system. Finally, we studied migration toward bone in 3D gelatin. Migration speed did not depend on stiffness of this homogeneous gel, but many more dendritic-shaped cancer cells oriented and migrated toward bone in stiffer gels than softer gels, suggesting a coupling between matrix mechanics and chemotactic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J. Curtis
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Christine Mai
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Hannah Martin
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Alyssa G. Oberman
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Laura Alderfer
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Ricardo Romero-Moreno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Mark Walsh
- Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend Campus, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Beacon Medical Group, Trauma and Surgical Services, South Bend, IN, 46601
| | - Stephen F. Mitros
- Beacon Medical Group, Trauma and Surgical Services, South Bend, IN, 46601
| | - Scott G. Thomas
- Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend Campus, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Joseph A. Dynako
- Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend Campus, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - David I. Zimmer
- Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend Campus, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Laoise M. McNamara
- Mechanobiology and Medical Devices Research Group, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland H91 CF50
| | - Laurie E. Littlepage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Glen L. Niebur
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
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8
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Ye X, Gu Y, Bai Y, Xia S, Zhang Y, Lou Y, Zhu Y, Dai Y, Tsoi JKH, Wang S. Does Low-Magnitude High-Frequency Vibration (LMHFV) Worth for Clinical Trial on Dental Implant? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Animal Studies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:626892. [PMID: 33987172 PMCID: PMC8111077 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.626892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Being as a non-pharmacological medical intervention, low-magnitude high-frequency vibration (LMHFV) has shown a positive effect on bone induction and remodeling for various muscle diseases in animal studies, among which dental implants osteointegration were reported to be improved as well. However, whether LMHFV can be clinically used in dental implant is still unknown. In this study, efficacy, parameters and side effects of LMHFV were analyzed via data before 15th July 2020, collecting from MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Ovid and Cochrane Library databases. In the screened 1,742 abstracts and 45 articles, 15 animal studies involving 972 implants were included. SYRCLE's tool was performed to assess the possible risk of bias for each study. The GRADE approach was applied to evaluate the quality of evidence. Random effects meta-analysis detected statistically significant in total BIC (P < 0.0001) and BV/TV (P = 0.001) upon loading LMHFV on implants. To conclude, LMHFV played an active role on BIC and BV/TV data according to the GRADE analysis results (medium and low quality of evidence). This might illustrate LMHFV to be a worthy way in improving osseointegration clinically, especially for osteoporosis. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier: NCT02612389
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Ye
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yijing Bai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Xia
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Lou
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuchi Zhu
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Dai
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - James Kit-Hon Tsoi
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Shuhua Wang
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Novel therapies for damaged and diseased bone are being developed in a preclinical testing process consisting of in vitro cell experiments followed by in vivo animal studies. The in vitro results are often not representative of the results observed in vivo. This could be caused by the complexity of the natural bone environment that is missing in vitro. Ex vivo bone explant cultures provide a model in which cells are preserved in their native three-dimensional environment. Herein, it is aimed to review the current status of bone explant culture models in relation to their potential in complementing the preclinical evaluation process with specific attention paid to the incorporation of mechanical loading within ex vivo culture systems. RECENT FINDINGS Bone explant cultures are often performed with physiologically less relevant bone, immature bone, and explants derived from rodents, which complicates translatability into clinical practice. Mature bone explants encounter difficulties with maintaining viability, especially in static culture. The integration of mechanical stimuli was able to extend the lifespan of explants and to induce new bone formation. Bone explant cultures provide unique platforms for bone research and mechanical loading was demonstrated to be an important component in achieving osteogenesis ex vivo. However, more research is needed to establish a representative, reliable, and reproducible bone explant culture system that includes both components of bone remodeling, i.e., formation and resorption, in order to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo research in preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E A Cramer
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - K Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - S Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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10
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Mulder B, Stock JT, Saers JPP, Inskip SA, Cessford C, Robb JE. Intrapopulation variation in lower limb trabecular architecture. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:112-129. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Mulder
- University of Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Cambridge UK
| | - Jay T. Stock
- University of Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Cambridge UK
- Department of Anthropology University of Western Ontario London Canada
- Department of Archaeology Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Jena Germany
| | - Jaap P. P. Saers
- University of Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Cambridge UK
| | - Sarah A. Inskip
- University of Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Cambridge UK
| | - Craig Cessford
- University of Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Cambridge UK
| | - John E. Robb
- University of Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Cambridge UK
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11
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Curtis KJ, Oberman AG, Niebur GL. Effects of mechanobiological signaling in bone marrow on skeletal health. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1460:11-24. [PMID: 31508828 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow is a cellular tissue that forms within the pore space and hollow diaphysis of bones. As a tissue, its primary function is to support the hematopoietic progenitor cells that maintain the populations of both erythroid and myeloid lineage cells in the bone marrow, making it an essential element of normal mammalian physiology. However, bone's primary function is load bearing, and deformations induced by external forces are transmitted to the encapsulated marrow. Understanding the effects of these mechanical inputs on marrow function and adaptation requires knowledge of the material behavior of the marrow at multiple scales, the loads that are applied, and the mechanobiology of the cells. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge of each of these factors. Characterization of the marrow mechanical environment and its role in skeletal health and other marrow functions remains incomplete, but research on the topic is increasing, driven by interest in skeletal adaptation and the mechanobiology of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Curtis
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.,Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Alyssa G Oberman
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Glen L Niebur
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
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12
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Shear Stress in Bone Marrow has a Dose Dependent Effect on cFos Gene Expression in In Situ Culture. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019; 12:559-568. [PMID: 33281987 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mechanical stimulation of bone is necessary to maintain its mass and architecture. Osteocytes within the mineralized matrix are sensors of mechanical deformation of the hard tissue, and communicate with cells in the marrow to regulate bone remodeling. However, marrow cells are also subjected to mechanical stress during whole bone loading, and may contribute to mechanically regulated bone physiology. Previous results from our laboratory suggest that mechanotransduction in marrow cells is sufficient to cause bone formation in the absence of osteocyte signaling. In this study, we investigated whether bone formation and altered marrow cell gene expression response to stimulation was dependent on the shear stress imparted on the marrow by our loading regime. Methods Porcine trabecular bone explants were cultured in an in situ bioreactor for 5 or 28 days with stimulation twice daily. Gene expression and bone formation were quantified and compared to unstimulated controls. Correlation was used to assess the dependence on shear stress imparted by the loading regime calculated using computational fluid dynamics models. Results Vibratory stimulation resulted in a higher trabecular bone formation rate (p = 0.01) and a greater increase in bone volume fraction (p = 0.02) in comparison to control explants. Marrow cell expression of cFos increased with the calculated marrow shear stress in a dose-dependent manner (p = 0.002). Conclusions The results suggest that the shear stress due to interactions between marrow cells induces a mechanobiological response. Identification of marrow cell mechanotransduction pathways is essential to understand healthy and pathological bone adaptation and remodeling.
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13
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Mestres G, Perez RA, D’Elía NL, Barbe L. Advantages of microfluidic systems for studying cell-biomaterial interactions—focus on bone regeneration applications. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Sohail A, Younas M, Bhatti Y, Li Z, Tunç S, Abid M. Analysis of Trabecular Bone Mechanics Using Machine Learning. Evol Bioinform Online 2019; 15:1176934318825084. [PMID: 30936677 PMCID: PMC6434438 DOI: 10.1177/1176934318825084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
"Bone remodeling" is a dynamic process, and mutliphase analysis incorporated with the forecasting algorithm can help the biologists and orthopedics to interpret the laboratory generated results and to apply them in improving applications in the fields of "drug design, treatment, and therapy" of diseased bones. The metastasized bone microenvironment has always remained a challenging puzzle for the researchers. A multiphase computational model is interfaced with the artificial intelligence algorithm in a hybrid manner during this research. Trabecular surface remodeling is presented in this article, with the aid of video graphic footage, and the associated parametric thresholds are derived from artificial intelligence and clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Sohail
- Department of Mathematics, Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Younas
- Department of Mathematics, Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yousaf Bhatti
- Department of Mathematics, Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zhiwu Li
- Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau.,School of Electro-Mechanical Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sümeyye Tunç
- Physiotherapy, IMU Vocational School, Istanbul Medipol University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Cantonment, Pakistan
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15
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Breuer EK, Fukushiro-Lopes D, Dalheim A, Burnette M, Zartman J, Kaja S, Wells C, Campo L, Curtis KJ, Romero-Moreno R, Littlepage LE, Niebur GL, Hoskins K, Nishimura MI, Gentile S. Potassium channel activity controls breast cancer metastasis by affecting β-catenin signaling. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:180. [PMID: 30792401 PMCID: PMC6385342 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Potassium ion channels are critical in the regulation of cell motility. The acquisition of cell motility is an essential parameter of cancer metastasis. However, the role of K+ channels in cancer metastasis has been poorly studied. High expression of the hG1 gene, which encodes for Kv11.1 channel associates with good prognosis in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer (BC). We evaluated the efficacy of the Kv11.1 activator NS1643 in arresting metastasis in a triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) mouse model. NS1643 significantly reduces the metastatic spread of breast tumors in vivo by inhibiting cell motility, reprogramming epithelial–mesenchymal transition via attenuation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and suppressing cancer cell stemness. Our findings provide important information regarding the clinical relevance of potassium ion channel expression in breast tumors and the mechanisms by which potassium channel activity can modulate tumor biology. Findings suggest that Kv11.1 activators may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of metastatic estrogen receptor-negative BC. Ion channels are critical factor for cell motility but little is known about their role in metastasis. Stimulation of the Kv11.1 channel suppress the metastatic phenotype in TNBC. This work could represent a paradigm-shifting approach to reducing mortality by targeting a pathway that is central to the development of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyoung Breuer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Daniela Fukushiro-Lopes
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Annika Dalheim
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Miranda Burnette
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Jeremiah Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Simon Kaja
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA.,Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Claire Wells
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Rm. 2.34 A New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1 UL, UK
| | - Loredana Campo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Kimberly J Curtis
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Ricardo Romero-Moreno
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Laurie E Littlepage
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Glen L Niebur
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kent Hoskins
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Michael I Nishimura
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Saverio Gentile
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA. .,Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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16
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Zhang X, Tiainen H, Haugen HJ. Comparison of titanium dioxide scaffold with commercial bone graft materials through micro-finite element modelling in flow perfusion. Med Biol Eng Comput 2018; 57:311-324. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-018-1884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Del Amo C, Olivares V, Cóndor M, Blanco A, Santolaria J, Asín J, Borau C, García-Aznar JM. Matrix architecture plays a pivotal role in 3D osteoblast migration: The effect of interstitial fluid flow. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 83:52-62. [PMID: 29677555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblast migration is a crucial process in bone regeneration, which is strongly regulated by interstitial fluid flow. However, the exact role that such flow exerts on osteoblast migration is still unclear. To deepen the understanding of this phenomenon, we cultured human osteoblasts on 3D microfluidic devices under different fluid flow regimes. Our results show that a slow fluid flow rate by itself is not able to alter the 3D migratory patterns of osteoblasts in collagen-based gels but that at higher fluid flow rates (increased flow velocity) may indirectly influence cell movement by altering the collagen microstructure. In fact, we observed that high fluid flow rates (1 µl/min) are able to alter the collagen matrix architecture and to indirectly modulate the migration pattern. However, when these collagen scaffolds were crosslinked with a chemical crosslinker, specifically, transglutaminase II, we did not find significant alterations in the scaffold architecture or in osteoblast movement. Therefore, our data suggest that high interstitial fluid flow rates can regulate osteoblast migration by means of modifying the orientation of collagen fibers. Together, these results highlight the crucial role of the matrix architecture in 3D osteoblast migration. In addition, we show that interstitial fluid flow in conjunction with the matrix architecture regulates the osteoblast morphology in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Del Amo
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Vanesa Olivares
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mar Cóndor
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro Blanco
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jorge Santolaria
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Asín
- Department of Statistical Methods, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos Borau
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Aznar
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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18
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Curtis KJ, Coughlin TR, Mason DE, Boerckel JD, Niebur GL. Bone marrow mechanotransduction in porcine explants alters kinase activation and enhances trabecular bone formation in the absence of osteocyte signaling. Bone 2018; 107:78-87. [PMID: 29154967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue that can adapt its architecture in response to mechanical signals under the control of osteocytes, which sense mechanical deformation of the mineralized bone. However, cells in the marrow are also mechanosensitive and may contribute to load-induced bone adaptation, as marrow is subjected to mechanical stress during bone deformation. We investigated the contribution of mechanotransduction in marrow cells to trabecular bone formation by applying low magnitude mechanical stimulation (LMMS) to porcine vertebral trabecular bone explants in an in situ bioreactor. The bone formation rate was higher in stimulated explants compared to unloaded controls which represent a disuse condition (CNT). However, sclerostin protein expression in osteocytes was not different between groups, nor was expression of osteocytic mechanoregulatory genes SOST, IGF-1, CTGF, and Cyr61, suggesting the mechanoregulatory program of osteocytes was unaffected by the loading regime. In contrast, c-Fos, a gene indicative of mechanical stimulation, was upregulated in the marrow cells of mechanically stimulated explants, while the level of activated c-Jun decreased by 25%. The activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor is a heterodimer of c-Fos and c-Jun, which led us to investigate the expression of the downstream target gene cyclin-D1, a gene associated with cell cycle progression and osteogenesis. Cyclin-D1 gene expression in the stimulated marrow was approximately double that of the controls. The level of phosphorylated PYK2, a purported inhibitor of osteoblast differentiation, also decreased in marrow cells from stimulated explants. Taken together, mechanotransduction in marrow cells induced trabecular bone formation independent of osteocyte signaling. Identifying the specific cells and signaling pathways involved, and verifying them with inhibition of specific signaling molecules, could lead to potential therapeutic targets for diseases characterized by bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Curtis
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Thomas R Coughlin
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Devon E Mason
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Joel D Boerckel
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Glen L Niebur
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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19
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Tissue Engineering Platforms to Replicate the Tumor Microenvironment of Multiple Myeloma. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1513:171-191. [PMID: 27807837 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6539-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
We described here the manufacturing and implementation of two prototype perfusion culture devices designed primarily for the cultivation of difficult-to-preserve primary patient-derived multiple myeloma cells (MMC). The first device consists of an osteoblast (OSB)-derived 3D tissue scaffold constructed in a perfused microfluidic environment. The second platform is a 96-well plate-modified perfusion culture device that can be utilized to reconstruct several tissue and tumor microenvironments utilizing both primary human and murine cells. This culture device was designed and fabricated specifically to: (1) enable the preservation of primary MMC for downstream use in biological studies and chemosensitivity analyses and, (2) provide a high-throughput format that is compatible with plate readers specifically seeing that this system is built on an industry standard 96-well tissue culture plate.
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20
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Kreipke TC, Niebur GL. Anisotropic Permeability of Trabecular Bone and its Relationship to Fabric and Architecture: A Computational Study. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45:1543-1554. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-017-1805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Coughlin TR, Romero-Moreno R, Mason DE, Nystrom L, Boerckel JD, Niebur GL, Littlepage LE. Bone: A Fertile Soil for Cancer Metastasis. Curr Drug Targets 2017; 18:1281-1295. [PMID: 28025941 PMCID: PMC7932754 DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666161226121650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most common and most dangerous sites for metastatic growth across cancer types, and bone metastasis remains incurable. Unfortunately, the processes by which cancers preferentially metastasize to bone are still not well understood. In this review, we summarize the morphological features, physical properties, and cell signaling events that make bone a unique site for metastasis and bone remodeling. The signaling crosstalk between the tumor cells and bone cells begins a vicious cycle - a self-sustaining feedback loop between the tumor cells and the bone microenvironment composed of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, other bone marrow cells, bone matrix, and vasculature to support both tumor growth and bone destruction. Through this crosstalk, bone provides a fertile microenvironment that can harbor dormant tumor cells, sometimes for long periods, and support their growth by releasing cytokines as the bone matrix is destroyed, similar to providing nutrients for a seed to germinate in soil. However, few models exist to study the late stages of bone colonization by metastatic tumor cells. We describe some of the current methodologies used to study bone metastasis, highlighting the limitations of these methods and alternative future strategies to be used to study bone metastasis. While <i>in vivo</i> animal and patient studies may provide the gold standard for studying metastasis, <i>ex vivo</i> models can be used as an alternative to enable more controlled experiments designed to study the late stages of bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Coughlin
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Ricardo Romero-Moreno
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Devon E. Mason
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Lukas Nystrom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL
| | - Joel D. Boerckel
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Glen L. Niebur
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Laurie E. Littlepage
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
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22
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Altered architecture and cell populations affect bone marrow mechanobiology in the osteoporotic human femur. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:841-850. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Metzger TA, Niebur GL. Comparison of solid and fluid constitutive models of bone marrow during trabecular bone compression. J Biomech 2016; 49:3596-3601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Mechanical loading is a potent anabolic regulator of bone mass, and the first line of defense for bone loss is weight-bearing exercise. Likewise, protected weight bearing is the first prescribed physical therapy following orthopedic reconstructive surgery. In both cases, enhancement of new bone formation is the goal. Our understanding of the physical cues, mechanisms of force sensation, and the subsequent cellular response will help identify novel physical and therapeutic treatments for age- and disuse-related bone loss, delayed- and nonunion fractures, and significant bony defects. This review highlights important new insights into the principles and mechanisms governing mechanical adaptation of the skeleton during homeostasis and repair and ends with a summary of clinical implications stemming from our current understanding of how bone adapts to biophysical force.
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25
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Metzger TA, Schwaner SA, LaNeve AJ, Kreipke TC, Niebur GL. Pressure and shear stress in trabecular bone marrow during whole bone loading. J Biomech 2015; 48:3035-43. [PMID: 26283413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal adaptation to mechanical loading is controlled by mechanobiological signaling. Osteocytes are highly responsive to applied strains, and are the key mechanosensory cells in bone. However, many cells residing in the marrow also respond to mechanical cues such as hydrostatic pressure and shear stress, and hence could play a role in skeletal adaptation. Trabecular bone encapsulates marrow, forming a poroelastic solid. According to the mechanical theory, deformation of the pores induces motion in the fluid-like marrow, resulting in pressure and velocity gradients. The latter results in shear stress acting between the components of the marrow. To characterize the mechanical environment of trabecular bone marrow in situ, pore pressure within the trabecular compartment of whole porcine femurs was measured with miniature pressure transducers during stress-relaxation and cyclic loading. Pressure gradients ranging from 0.013 to 0.46 kPa/mm were measured during loading. This range was consistent with calculated pressure gradients from continuum scale poroelastic models with the same permeability. Micro-scale computational fluid dynamics models created from computed tomography images were used to calculate the micromechanical stress in the marrow using the measured pressure differentials as boundary conditions. The volume averaged shear stress in the marrow ranged from 1.67 to 24.55 Pa during cyclic loading, which exceeds the mechanostimulatory threshold for mesenchymal lineage cells. Thus, the loading of bone through activities of daily living may be an essential component of bone marrow health and mechanobiology. Additional studies of cell-level interactions during loading in healthy and disease conditions will provide further incite into marrow mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Metzger
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, United States
| | - Stephen A Schwaner
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, United States
| | - Anthony J LaNeve
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, United States
| | - Tyler C Kreipke
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, United States
| | - Glen L Niebur
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, United States.
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26
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Boerckel JD, Mason DE, McDermott AM, Alsberg E. Microcomputed tomography: approaches and applications in bioengineering. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:144. [PMID: 25689288 PMCID: PMC4290379 DOI: 10.1186/scrt534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcomputed tomography (microCT) has become a standard and essential tool for quantifying structure-function relationships, disease progression, and regeneration in preclinical models and has facilitated numerous scientific and bioengineering advancements over the past 30 years. In this article, we recount the early events that led to the initial development of microCT and review microCT approaches for quantitative evaluation of bone, cartilage, and cardiovascular structures, with applications in fundamental structure-function analysis, disease, tissue engineering, and numerical modeling. Finally, we address several next-generation approaches under active investigation to improve spatial resolution, acquisition time, tissue contrast, radiation dose, and functional and molecular information.
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