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Effects of Calcium Carbonate Microcapsules and Nanohydroxyapatite on Properties of Thermosensitive Chitosan/Collagen Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020416. [PMID: 36679297 PMCID: PMC9861171 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermosensitive chitosan/collagen hydrogels are osteoconductive and injectable materials. In this study, we aimed to improve these properties by adjusting the ratio of nanohydroxyapatite particles to calcium carbonate microcapsules in a β-glycerophosphate-crosslinked chitosan/collagen hydrogel. Two hydrogel systems with 2% and 5% nanohydroxyapatite particles were studied, each of which had varying microcapsule content (i.e., 0%, 1%, 2%, and 5%). Quercetin-incorporated calcium carbonate microcapsules were prepared. Calcium carbonate microcapsules and nanohydroxyapatite particles were then added to the hydrogel according to the composition of the studied system. The properties of the hydrogels, including cytotoxicity and biocompatibility, were investigated in mice. The calcium carbonate microcapsules were 2-6 µm in size, spherical, with rough and nanoporous surfaces, and thus exhibited a burst release of impregnated quercetin. The 5% nanohydroxyapatite system is a solid particulate gel that supports homogeneous distribution of microcapsules in the three-dimensional matrix of the hydrogels. Calcium carbonate microcapsules increased the mechanical and physical strength, viscoelasticity, and physical stability of the nanohydroxyapatite hydrogels while decreasing their porosity, swelling, and degradation rates. The calcium carbonate microcapsules-nanohydroxyapatite hydrogels were noncytotoxic and biocompatible. The properties of the hydrogel can be tailored by adjusting the ratio of calcium carbonate microcapsules to the nanohydroxyapatite particles. The 1% calcium carbonate microcapsules containing 5% nanohydroxyapatite particle-chitosan/collagen hydrogel exhibited mechanical and physical strength, permeability, and prolonged release profiles of quercetin, which were superior to those of the other studied systems and were optimal for promoting bone regeneration and delivering natural flavonoids.
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Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications: A Short Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163430. [PMID: 36015686 PMCID: PMC9416295 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural bone tissue is composed of calcium-deficient carbonated hydroxyapatite as the inorganic phase and collagen type I as the main organic phase. The biomimetic approach of scaffold development for bone tissue engineering application is focused on mimicking complex bone characteristics. Calcium phosphates are used in numerous studies as bioactive phases to mimic natural bone mineral. In order to mimic the organic phase, synthetic (e.g., poly(ε-caprolactone), polylactic acid, poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid)) and natural (e.g., alginate, chitosan, collagen, gelatin, silk) biodegradable polymers are used. However, as materials obtained from natural sources are accepted better by the human organism, natural polymers have attracted increasing attention. Over the last three decades, chitosan was extensively studied as a natural polymer suitable for biomimetic scaffold development for bone tissue engineering applications. Different types of chitosan-based biomaterials (e.g., molded macroporous, fiber-based, hydrogel, microspheres and 3D-printed) with specific properties for different regenerative applications were developed due to chitosan's unique properties. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of biomaterials for bone regeneration and relevant studies on chitosan-based materials and composites.
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Ressler A, Antunović M, Teruel-Biosca L, Ferrer GG, Babić S, Urlić I, Ivanković M, Ivanković H. Osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on substituted calcium phosphate/chitosan composite scaffold. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118883. [PMID: 34893286 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ionic substitutions are a promising strategy to enhance the biological performance of calcium phosphates (CaP) and composite materials for bone tissue engineering applications. However, systematic studies have not been performed on multi-substituted organic/inorganic scaffolds. In this work, highly porous composite scaffolds based on CaPs substituted with Sr2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and SeO32- ions, and chitosan have been prepared by freeze-gelation technique. The scaffolds have shown highly porous structure, with very well interconnected pores and homogeneously dispersed CaPs, and high stability during 28 days in the degradation medium. Osteogenic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells seeded on scaffolds has been determined by histological, immunohistochemical and RT-qPCR analysis of cultured cells in static and dynamic conditions. Results indicated that ionic substitutions have a beneficial effect on cells and tissues. The scaffolds with multi-substituted CaPs have shown increased expression of osteogenesis related markers and increased phosphate deposits, compared to the scaffolds with non-substituted CaPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Ressler
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Maja Antunović
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Laura Teruel-Biosca
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Gloria Gallego Ferrer
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Slaven Babić
- UHC "Sestre Milosrdnice", Department for Traumatology, Draškovićeva 19, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Inga Urlić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
| | - Marica Ivanković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Hrvoje Ivanković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Pita-López ML, Fletes-Vargas G, Espinosa-Andrews H, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R. Physically cross-linked chitosan-based hydrogels for tissue engineering applications: A state-of-the-art review. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ressler A, Ródenas-Rochina J, Ivanković M, Ivanković H, Rogina A, Gallego Ferrer G. Injectable chitosan-hydroxyapatite hydrogels promote the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 197:469-477. [PMID: 30007636 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels have emerged as promising biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of a pH-responsive chitosan-hydroxyapatite hydrogel to be used as a three-dimensional support for encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) osteogenic differentiation. In vitro enzymatic degradation of the hydrogel, during 28 days of incubation, in simulated physiological condiditons, was characterized by swelling measurements, molecular weight determination and SEM analysis of hydrogel microstructure. Osteogenic differentiation of encapsulated MSCs was confirmed by osteogenic Runx2, collagen type I and osteocalcin immunostaining and alkaline phosphatase quantification. The deposition of late osteogenic markers (calcium phosphates) detected by Alizarin red and von Kossa staining indicated an extracellular matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Ressler
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Joaquín Ródenas-Rochina
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Marica Ivanković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Hrvoje Ivanković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Anamarija Rogina
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Gloria Gallego Ferrer
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain.
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Li Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Porous Chitosan/Nano-Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffolds Incorporating Simvastatin-Loaded PLGA Microspheres for Bone Repair. Cells Tissues Organs 2018; 205:20-31. [PMID: 29393155 DOI: 10.1159/000485502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of bone tissue scaffolds with osteogenic induction factors is an effective strategy to facilitate bone healing processes. Here, chitosan (CS)/nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds containing simvastatin (SIM)-loaded PLGA microspheres were fabricated by combining a freeze-drying technique with a modified water-oil-water emulsion method. The CS/HA weight ratio of 1:2 was selected by analyzing the effect of HA content on the micro-architecture, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility of the scaffold. Drug release kinetics showed that the SIM encapsulated in the scaffold was released in a sustained manner for up to 30 days. In vitro bioactivity study in rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells showed that the SIM-loaded scaffolds had a strong ability in accelerating cell proliferation and inducing osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, an in vivo experiment using a rat calvarial defect model also documented that the SIM-loaded scaffolds had a remarkable effect on bone-promoting regeneration. The results of this study suggest that the SIM-loaded CS/HA scaffold is feasible and effective in bone repair and thus may provide a promising route for the treatment of critical-sized bone defects.
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Scatolini AM, Pugine SMP, de Oliveira Vercik LC, de Melo MP, da Silva Rigo EC. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic effect of hydroxyapatite containing Brazilian propolis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 13:025010. [PMID: 29135460 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa9a84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to produce hydroxyapatite powder (HA) containing the dry extract of green and red propolis, and to evaluate the possible bactericidal activity of these materials over a short period of time through a fast release system. The ethanolic extracts of green and red propolis (EEP) were incorporated into the material by spray drying. After release tests, powders containing dry EEP were characterized regarding the content of total phenolics and flavonoids. Material characterization was undertaken by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by plate colony counting, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The cytotoxicity of the materials was determined by the neutral red incorporation method. The materials showed apparently spherical morphology, indicating a decrease in the degree of agglomeration with the addition of propolis. Characteristic HA and propolis functional groups were observed in the FTIR. The materials showed a higher release of phenolics and lower amounts of flavonoids when compared to the EEP, with the higher amounts of flavonoids observed for HA with red propolis. A bactericidal effect was observed for all materials within the interval of 0.5 and 1 h, showing lower inhibitory activity (MIC) and higher bactericidal activity (MBC) when compared to the EEP, with the best results attributed to HA with red propolis. The IC50 values (which is the concentration needed to inhibit cell growth by 50%) obtained from the cytotoxicity assay for HA with the green and red propolis lay between MIC and MCB. Considering these results, it is suggested that HA and propolis may be used as a possible antimicrobial agent, inhibiting the growth of S. aureus, although further in vivo biocompatibility should be investigated before using this material as a medical device with bactericidal potential.
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Rogina A, Antunović M, Pribolšan L, Caput Mihalić K, Vukasović A, Ivković A, Marijanović I, Gallego Ferrer G, Ivanković M, Ivanković H. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation Regulated by Hydroxyapatite Content within Chitosan-Based Scaffolds under Perfusion Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E387. [PMID: 30965692 PMCID: PMC6418638 DOI: 10.3390/polym9090387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive need for hard tissue substituent greatly motivates development of suitable allogeneic grafts for therapeutic recreation. Different calcium phosphate phases have been accepted as scaffold's components with positive influence on osteoinduction and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells, in terms of their higher fraction within the graft. Nevertheless, the creation of unlimited nutrients diffusion through newly formed grafts is of great importance. The media flow accomplished by perfusion forces can provide physicochemical, and also, biomechanical stimuli for three-dimensional bone-construct growth. In the present study, the influence of a different scaffold's composition on the human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) differentiation performed in a U-CUP bioreactor under perfusion conditioning was investigated. The histological and immunohistochemical analysis of cultured bony tissues, and the evaluation of osteogenic genes' expression indicate that the lower fraction of in situ formed hydroxyapatite in the range of 10⁻30% within chitosan scaffold could be preferable for bone-construct development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Rogina
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Maja Antunović
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac102a, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lidija Pribolšan
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac102a, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Andreja Vukasović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Alan Ivković
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital, Sveti Duh, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Inga Marijanović
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac102a, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Gloria Gallego Ferrer
- Centro de Biomateriales e Ingeniería Tisular, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Marica Ivanković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Hrvoje Ivanković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Rogina A, Ressler A, Matić I, Gallego Ferrer G, Marijanović I, Ivanković M, Ivanković H. Cellular hydrogels based on pH-responsive chitosan-hydroxyapatite system. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 166:173-182. [PMID: 28385221 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of bioactive injectable system as cell carrier with minimal impact on viability of encapsulated cells represents a great challenge. In the present work, we propose a new pH-responsive chitosan-hydroxyapatite-based hydrogel with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as the gelling agent. The in situ synthesis of hydroxyapatite phase has resulted in stable composite suspension and final homogeneous hydrogel. The application of sodium bicarbonate has allowed non-cytotoxic fast gelation of chitosan-hydroxyapatite within 4min, and without excess of sodium ions concentration. Rheological properties of crosslinked hydrogel have demonstrated possible behaviour as 'strong physical hydrogel'. The live dead staining has confirmed good viability and dispersion, as well as proliferation of encapsulated cells by the culture time. Presented preliminary results show good potential of chitosan-hydroxyapatite/NaHCO3 as a cell carrier, whose impact on the cell differentiation need to be confirmed by encapsulation of other cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Rogina
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, HR-10001 Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, Croatia.
| | - Antonia Ressler
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, HR-10001 Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, Croatia.
| | - Igor Matić
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10001 Zagreb, Horvatovac102a, Croatia.
| | - Gloria Gallego Ferrer
- Centro de Biomateriales e Ingeniería Tisular, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
| | - Inga Marijanović
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10001 Zagreb, Horvatovac102a, Croatia.
| | - Marica Ivanković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, HR-10001 Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, Croatia.
| | - Hrvoje Ivanković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, HR-10001 Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, Croatia.
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Li M, Ke QF, Tao SC, Guo SC, Rui BY, Guo YP. Fabrication of hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite hydrogels loaded with exosomes derived from miR-126-3p overexpressed synovial mesenchymal stem cells for diabetic chronic wound healing. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:6830-6841. [PMID: 32263577 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01560c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The exploration of an effective diabetic chronic wound healing process still remains a great challenge. Herein, we used gene overexpression technology to obtain synovial mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) and the miR-126-3p highly expressed SMSCs (SMSCs-126). The exosomes derived from miR-126-3p overexpressed SMSCs (SMSCs-126-Exos) with a particle size of 85 nm were encapsulated in hydroxyapatite/chitosan (HAP-CS) composite hydrogels (HAP-CS-SMSCs-126-Exos) as wound dressings. The SMSCs-126-Exos, CS and low-crystallinity HAP nanorods with a length of 200 nm and a diameter of 50 nm are uniformly dispersed within the whole composite hydrogel. The HAP-CS-SMSCs-126-Exos possess the controlled release property of SMSCs-126-Exos for at least 6 days. The released SMSCs-126-Exos nanoparticles stimulate the proliferation and migration of human dermal fibroblasts and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). At the same time, the migration and capillary-network formation of HMEC-1 are promoted through the activation of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT. In vivo tests demonstrate that the HAP-CS-SMSCs-126-Exos successfully promote wound surface re-epithelialization, accelerate angiogenesis, and expedite collagen maturity due to the presence of HAP, CS and SMSCs-126-Exos. Therefore, the HAP-CS-SMSCs-126-Exos possess great potential application for diabetic chronic wound healing, and especially provide the possibility of using exosomes derived from modified cells as a new approach to bring wonderful functionality and controllability in future chronic wound therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
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Oryan A, Alidadi S, Bigham-Sadegh A, Moshiri A. Comparative study on the role of gelatin, chitosan and their combination as tissue engineered scaffolds on healing and regeneration of critical sized bone defects: an in vivo study. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:155. [PMID: 27590825 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5766-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin and chitosan are natural polymers that have extensively been used in tissue engineering applications. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of chitosan and gelatin or combination of the two biopolymers (chitosan-gelatin) as bone scaffold on bone regeneration process in an experimentally induced critical sized radial bone defect model in rats. Fifty radial bone defects were bilaterally created in 25 Wistar rats. The defects were randomly filled with chitosan, gelatin and chitosan-gelatin and autograft or left empty without any treatment (n = 10 in each group). The animals were examined by radiology and clinical evaluation before euthanasia. After 8 weeks, the rats were euthanized and their harvested healing bone samples were evaluated by radiology, CT-scan, biomechanical testing, gross pathology, histopathology, histomorphometry and scanning electron microscopy. Gelatin was biocompatible and biodegradable in vivo and showed superior biodegradation and biocompatibility when compared with chitosan and chitosan-gelatin scaffolds. Implantation of both the gelatin and chitosan-gelatin scaffolds in bone defects significantly increased new bone formation and mechanical properties compared with the untreated defects (P < 0.05). Combination of the gelatin and chitosan considerably increased structural and functional properties of the healing bones when compared to chitosan scaffold (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between the gelatin and gelatin-chitosan groups in these regards (P > 0.05). In conclusion, application of the gelatin alone or its combination with chitosan had beneficial effects on bone regeneration and could be considered as good options for bone tissue engineering strategies. However, chitosan alone was not able to promote considerable new bone formation in the experimentally induced critical-size radial bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Soodeh Alidadi
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Bigham-Sadegh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ali Moshiri
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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