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Boutillon A, Banavar SP, Campàs O. Conserved physical mechanisms of cell and tissue elongation. Development 2024; 151:dev202687. [PMID: 38767601 PMCID: PMC11190436 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Living organisms have the ability to self-shape into complex structures appropriate for their function. The genetic and molecular mechanisms that enable cells to do this have been extensively studied in several model and non-model organisms. In contrast, the physical mechanisms that shape cells and tissues have only recently started to emerge, in part thanks to new quantitative in vivo measurements of the physical quantities guiding morphogenesis. These data, combined with indirect inferences of physical characteristics, are starting to reveal similarities in the physical mechanisms underlying morphogenesis across different organisms. Here, we review how physics contributes to shape cells and tissues in a simple, yet ubiquitous, morphogenetic transformation: elongation. Drawing from observed similarities across species, we propose the existence of conserved physical mechanisms of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Boutillon
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Samhita P. Banavar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Otger Campàs
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Sundermeyer L, Folkerts JG, Lückel B, Mack C, Baumgart M, Bott M. Cellular localization of the hybrid pyruvate/2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in the actinobacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0266823. [PMID: 37754766 PMCID: PMC10581250 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02668-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For many bacterial proteins, specific localizations within the cell have been demonstrated, but enzymes involved in central metabolism are usually considered to be homogenously distributed within the cytoplasm. Here, we provide an example for a spatially defined localization of a unique enzyme complex found in actinobacteria, the hybrid pyruvate/2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (PDH-ODH). In non-actinobacterial cells, PDH and ODH form separate multienzyme complexes of megadalton size composed of three different subunits, E1, E2, and E3. The actinobacterial PDH-ODH complex is composed of four subunits, AceE (E1p), AceF (E2p), Lpd (E3), and OdhA (E1oE2o). Using fluorescence microscopy, we observed that in Corynebacterium glutamicum, all four subunits are co-localized in distinct spots at the cell poles, and in larger cells, additional spots are present at mid-cell. These results further confirm the existence of the hybrid complex. The unphosporylated OdhI protein, which binds to OdhA and inhibits ODH activity, was co-localized with OdhA at the poles, whereas phosphorylated OdhI, which does not bind OdhA, was distributed in the entire cytoplasm. Isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase, both metabolically linked to ODH, were evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. Based on the available structural data for individual PDH-ODH subunits, a novel supramolecular architecture of the hybrid complex differing from classical PDH and ODH complexes has to be postulated. Our results suggest that localization at the poles or at mid-cell is most likely caused by nucleoid exclusion and results in a spatially organized metabolism in actinobacteria, with consequences yet to be studied. IMPORTANCE Enzymes involved in the central metabolism of bacteria are usually considered to be distributed within the entire cytoplasm. Here, we provide an example for a spatially defined localization of a unique enzyme complex of actinobacteria, the hybrid pyruvate dehydrogenase/2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (PDH-ODH) complex composed of four different subunits. Using fusions with mVenus or mCherry and fluorescence microscopy, we show that all four subunits are co-localized in distinct spots at the cell poles, and in larger cells, additional spots were observed at mid-cell. These results clearly support the presence of the hybrid PDH-ODH complex and suggest a similar localization in other actinobacteria. The observation of a defined spatial localization of an enzyme complex catalyzing two key reactions of central metabolism poses questions regarding possible consequences for the availability of substrates and products within the cell and other bacterial enzyme complexes showing similar behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Sundermeyer
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan-Gerrit Folkerts
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Benita Lückel
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christina Mack
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Meike Baumgart
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Bott
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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3
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Ray D, Anand U, Jha NK, Korzeniewska E, Bontempi E, Proćków J, Dey A. The soil bacterium, Corynebacterium glutamicum, from biosynthesis of value-added products to bioremediation: A master of many trades. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113622. [PMID: 35710026 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ever since its discovery in 1957, Corynebacterium glutamicum has become a well-established industrial strain and is known for its massive capability of producing various amino acids (like L-lysine and L-glutamate) and other value-added chemicals. With the rising demand for these bio-based products, the revelation of the whole genome sequences of the wild type strains, and the astounding advancements made in the fields of metabolic engineering and systems biology, our perspective of C. glutamicum has been revolutionized and has expanded our understanding of its strain development. With these advancements, a new era for C. glutamicum supremacy in the field of industrial biotechnology began. This led to remarkable progress in the enhancement of tailor-made over-producing strains and further development of the substrate spectrum of the bacterium, to easily accessible, economical, and renewable resources. C. glutamicum has also been metabolically engineered and used in the degradation/assimilation of highly toxic and ubiquitous environmental contaminant, arsenic, present in water or soil. Here, we review the history, current knowledge, progress, achievements, and future trends relating to the versatile metabolic factory, C. glutamicum. This review paper is devoted to C. glutamicum which is one of the leading industrial microbes, and one of the most promising and versatile candidates to be developed. It can be used not only as a platform microorganism to produce different value-added chemicals and recombinant proteins, but also as a tool for bioremediation, allowing to enhance specific properties, for example in situ bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Ray
- Department of Microbiology, St. Aloysius' College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India.
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, The Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India.
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4
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Wang J, Wang X, Liang Q, Li D, Li D, Guo Q. Transcriptome analysis of L-leucine-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum under the addition of trimethylglycine. Amino Acids 2021; 54:229-240. [PMID: 34837555 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely reported that the addition of trimethylglycine (betaine) decreases osmotic pressure inhibition for cell growth, leading to increased production of amino acids. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. To determine the global metabolic differences that occur under the addition of trimethylglycine, transcriptome analysis was performed. Transcriptome analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum JL1211 revealed that 272 genes exhibited significant changes under trimethylglycine addition. We performed Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment pathway analyses on these differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Significantly upregulated genes were mainly involved in the regulation of ABC transporters, especially phosphate transporters and sulfur metabolism. The three phosphate transporter genes pstC, pstA and pstB were upregulated by 13.06-fold, 29.80-fold and 30.49-fold, respectively. Notably, the transcriptional levels of the cysD, cysN, cysH and sir genes were upregulated by 81.5-fold, 57.3-fold, 77.6-fold and 125.4-fold, respectively, consistent with assimilatory sulfate reduction under the addition of trimethylglycine. The upregulation of ilvBN and leuD genes might result in increased L-leucine formation. The data indicated changes in the transcriptome of C. glutamicum with trimethylglycine treatment, thus providing a mechanism supporting the application of trimethylglycine in the production of L-leucine and other amino acids by C. glutamicum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Xuesong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Deheng Li
- Xinjiang Fufeng Biotechnologies Co., Urumqi, China
| | - Dawei Li
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qunqun Guo
- Tianjin Dexiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
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5
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Chaudhary R, Mishra S, Kota S, Misra H. Molecular interactions and their predictive roles in cell pole determination in bacteria. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:141-161. [PMID: 33423591 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1857686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell cycle is divided into well-coordinated phases; chromosome duplication and segregation, cell elongation, septum formation, and cytokinesis. The temporal separation of these phases depends upon the growth rates and doubling time in different bacteria. The entire process of cell division starts with the assembly of divisome complex at mid-cell position followed by constriction of the cell wall and septum formation. In the mapping of mid-cell position for septum formation, the gradient of oscillating Min proteins across the poles plays a pivotal role in several bacteria genus. The cues in the cell that defines the poles and plane of cell division are not fully characterized in cocci. Recent studies have shed some lights on molecular interactions at the poles and the underlying mechanisms involved in pole determination in non-cocci. In this review, we have brought forth recent findings on these aspects together, which would suggest a model to explain the mechanisms of pole determination in rod shaped bacteria and could be extrapolated as a working model in cocci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Chaudhary
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Shruti Mishra
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Swathi Kota
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Hari Misra
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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6
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Enhancing single-cell hyaluronic acid biosynthesis by microbial morphology engineering. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:316-323. [PMID: 33024847 PMCID: PMC7530263 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial morphology engineering is a novel approach for cell factory to improve the titer of target product in bio-manufacture. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a valuable glycosaminoglycan polymerized by HA synthase (HAS), a membrane protein, is particularly selected as the model product to improve its single-cell HA-producing capacity via morphology engineering. DivIVA and FtsZ, the cell-elongation and cell division related protein, respectively, were both down/up dual regulated in C. glutamicum via weak promoter substitution or plasmid overexpression. Different from the natural short-rod shape, varied morphologies of engineered cells, i.e. small-ellipsoid-like (DivIVA-reduced), bulb-like (DivIVA-enhanced), long-rod (FtsZ-reduced) and dumbbell-like (FtsZ-enhanced), were observed. Applying these morphology-changed cells as hosts for HA production, the reduced expression of both DivIVA and FtsZ seriously inhibited normal cell growth; meanwhile, overexpression of DivIVA didn't show morphology changes, but overexpression of FtsZ surprisingly change the cell-shape into long and thick rod with remarkably enlarged single-cell surface area (more than 5.2-fold-increase). And finally, the single-cell HA-producing capacity of the FtsZ-overexpressed C. glutamicum was immensely improved by 13.5-folds. Flow cytometry analyses verified that the single-cell HAS amount on membrane was enhanced by 2.1 folds. This work is pretty valuable for high titer synthesis of diverse metabolic products with microbial cell factory.
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7
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Essential dynamic interdependence of FtsZ and SepF for Z-ring and septum formation in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1641. [PMID: 32242019 PMCID: PMC7118173 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of Z-ring assembly and regulation in bacteria are poorly understood, particularly in non-model organisms. Actinobacteria, a large bacterial phylum that includes the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lack the canonical FtsZ-membrane anchors and Z-ring regulators described for E. coli. Here we investigate the physiological function of Corynebacterium glutamicum SepF, the only cell division-associated protein from Actinobacteria known to interact with the conserved C-terminal tail of FtsZ. We show an essential interdependence of FtsZ and SepF for formation of a functional Z-ring in C. glutamicum. The crystal structure of the SepF–FtsZ complex reveals a hydrophobic FtsZ-binding pocket, which defines the SepF homodimer as the functional unit, and suggests a reversible oligomerization interface. FtsZ filaments and lipid membranes have opposing effects on SepF polymerization, indicating that SepF has multiple roles at the cell division site, involving FtsZ bundling, Z-ring tethering and membrane reshaping activities that are needed for proper Z-ring assembly and function. The mechanisms of Z-ring assembly and regulation in bacteria are poorly understood, particularly in non-model organisms. Here, Sogues et al. study the interaction between FtsZ and SepF in Corynebacterium glutamicum, showing an essential interdependence of these proteins for formation of a functional Z-ring.
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8
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Lee JH, Jeong H, Kim Y, Lee HS. Corynebacterium glutamicum whiA plays roles in cell division, cell envelope formation, and general cell physiology. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2019; 113:629-641. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Sequential assembly of the septal cell envelope prior to V snapping in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:221-231. [PMID: 30664686 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Corynebacterineae, including Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium, have an atypical cell envelope characterized by an additional mycomembrane outside of the peptidoglycan layer. How this multilayered cell envelope is assembled remains unclear. Here, we tracked the assembly dynamics of different envelope layers in Corynebacterium glutamicum and Mycobacterium smegmatis by using metabolic labeling and found that the septal cell envelope is assembled sequentially in both species. Additionally, we demonstrate that in C. glutamicum, the peripheral peptidoglycan layer at the septal junction remains contiguous throughout septation, forming a diffusion barrier for the fluid mycomembrane. This diffusion barrier is resolved through perforations in the peripheral peptidoglycan, thus leading to the confluency of the mycomembrane before daughter cell separation (V snapping). Furthermore, the same junctional peptidoglycan also serves as a mechanical link holding the daughter cells together and undergoes mechanical fracture during V snapping. Finally, we show that normal V snapping in C. glutamicum depends on complete assembly of the septal cell envelope.
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10
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Impaired oxidative stress and sulfur assimilation contribute to acid tolerance of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:1877-1891. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-09585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Ma W, Wang J, Li Y, Wang X. Cysteine synthase A overexpression in Corynebacterium glutamicum enhances l-isoleucine production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2018; 66:74-81. [PMID: 30311712 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine synthase A (CysK) catalyzes the last reaction of l-cysteine synthesis in bacteria, but its moonlighting functions have been revealed recently. In this study, CysK was overexpressed in Corynebacterium glutamicum IWJ001, an l-isoleucine producer. Compared with the control IWJ001/pDXW-8, IWJ001/pDXW-8-cysK cells grew fast during log phase, and produced 26.5% more l-isoleucine in flask fermentation and 23.5% more l-isoleucine in fed-batch fermentation. The key genes aspC, lysC, hom, thrB, ilvA, and ilvBN involved in l-isoleucine biosynthesis were all upregulated in IWJ001/pDXW-8-cysK, compared with IWJ001/pDXW-8. In addition, IWJ001/pDXW-8-cysK cells were longer and thicker than IWJ001/pDXW-8 cells. Compared with IWJ001/pDXW-8, the membrane permeability increased 15.8% and biofilm formation ability decreased 71.3% for IWJ001/pDXW-8-cysK cells. The results demonstrate that CysK overexpression in C. glutamicum is a good approach to enhance l-isoleucine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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12
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Rioseras B, Shliaha PV, Gorshkov V, Yagüe P, López-García MT, Gonzalez-Quiñonez N, Kovalchuk S, Rogowska-Wrzesinska A, Jensen ON, Manteca A. Quantitative Proteome and Phosphoproteome Analyses of Streptomyces coelicolor Reveal Proteins and Phosphoproteins Modulating Differentiation and Secondary Metabolism. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1591-1611. [PMID: 29784711 PMCID: PMC6072539 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomycetes are multicellular bacteria with complex developmental cycles. They are of biotechnological importance as they produce most bioactive compounds used in biomedicine, e.g. antibiotic, antitumoral and immunosupressor compounds. Streptomyces genomes encode many Ser/Thr/Tyr kinases, making this genus an outstanding model for the study of bacterial protein phosphorylation events. We used mass spectrometry based quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics to characterize bacterial differentiation and activation of secondary metabolism of Streptomyces coelicolor We identified and quantified 3461 proteins corresponding to 44.3% of the S. coelicolor proteome across three developmental stages: vegetative hypha (first mycelium); secondary metabolite producing hyphae (second mycelium); and sporulating hyphae. A total of 1350 proteins exhibited more than 2-fold expression changes during the bacterial differentiation process. These proteins include 136 regulators (transcriptional regulators, transducers, Ser/Thr/Tyr kinases, signaling proteins), as well as 542 putative proteins with no clear homology to known proteins which are likely to play a role in differentiation and secondary metabolism. Phosphoproteomics revealed 85 unique protein phosphorylation sites, 58 of them differentially phosphorylated during differentiation. Computational analysis suggested that these regulated protein phosphorylation events are implicated in important cellular processes, including cell division, differentiation, regulation of secondary metabolism, transcription, protein synthesis, protein folding and stress responses. We discovered a novel regulated phosphorylation site in the key bacterial cell division protein FtsZ (pSer319) that modulates sporulation and regulates actinorhodin antibiotic production. We conclude that manipulation of distinct protein phosphorylation events may improve secondary metabolite production in industrial streptomycetes, including the activation of cryptic pathways during the screening for new secondary metabolites from streptomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rioseras
- From the ‡Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional e IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pavel V Shliaha
- §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Gorshkov
- §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Paula Yagüe
- From the ‡Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional e IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - María T López-García
- From the ‡Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional e IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nathaly Gonzalez-Quiñonez
- From the ‡Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional e IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sergey Kovalchuk
- §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Adelina Rogowska-Wrzesinska
- §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ole N Jensen
- §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Angel Manteca
- From the ‡Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional e IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
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13
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Zeng X, Kwok JSL, Yang KY, Leung KSS, Shi M, Yang Z, Yam WC, Tsui SKW. Whole genome sequencing data of 1110 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates identifies insertions and deletions associated with drug resistance. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:365. [PMID: 29769016 PMCID: PMC5956929 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is one of the major challenges in tuberculosis (TB) treatment. However, known mutations cannot explain all of the cases of resistance and little research has focused on the relationship between insertions / deletions (indels) and drug resistance. Results Here, we retrieved whole genome sequencing data of 743 drug-resistant MTB strains and 367 pan-susceptible strains from TB patients from the public domain to identify novel genomic markers of drug resistance. A total of 20 region markers containing genes and intergenic regions (IGRs) with significant statistical correlation with antibiotic resistance were revealed, four of which have been previously reported to be associated with drug resistance. In addition, 83 point markers containing frameshift (FS) mutations and IGR indels were also identified independently based on differences in their incidence rates between drug-sensitive and -resistant strains. Among the 83 point markers, eight indels were detected in known drug-associated genes or IGRs. Furthermore, the overlap between 20 region markers and 83 point markers further indicated their associations with drug resistance. The markers identified were involved in essential bacterial metabolic functions, including cell wall and transmembrane transporter functions. A strong correlation between FS mutations and mutations in DNA repair genes including I21V in alkA, R48G in mutT4 and P2R in nth was also found. Conclusions This study identified a set of novel genetic markers with FS mutations and IGR indels associated with MTB drug resistance, which greatly broadens the pool of mutations related to MTB drug resistance. This insight may be important in identifying novel mechanisms of drug resistance in MTB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4734-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zeng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jamie Sui-Lam Kwok
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kevin Yi Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenneth Siu-Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mai Shi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Cheong Yam
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephen Kwok-Wing Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Centre for Microbial Genomics and Proteomics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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14
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den Blaauwen T. Is Longitudinal Division in Rod-Shaped Bacteria a Matter of Swapping Axis? Front Microbiol 2018; 9:822. [PMID: 29867786 PMCID: PMC5952006 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphology of bacterial species shows a wealth of variation from star-shaped to spherical and rod- to spiral-shaped, to mention a few. Their mode of growth and division is also very diverse and flexible ranging from polar growth and lateral surface increase to midcell expansion and from perpendicular to longitudinal asymmetric division. Gammaproteobacterial rod-shaped species such as Escherchia coli divide perpendicularly and grow in length, whereas the genetically very similar rod-shaped symbiotic Thiosymbion divide longitudinally, and some species even divide asynchronously while growing in width. The ovococcal Streptococcus pneumoniae also lengthens and divides perpendicularly, yet it is genetically very different from E. coli. Are these differences as dramatic as is suggested by visual inspection, or can they all be achieved by subtle variation in the regulation of the same protein complexes that synthesize the cell envelope? Most bacteria rely on the cytoskeletal polymer FtsZ to organize cell division, but only a subset of species use the actin homolog MreB for length growth, although some of them are morphologically not that different. Poles are usually negative determinant for cell division. Curved cell poles can be inert or active with respect to peptidoglycan synthesis, can localize chemotaxis and other sensing proteins or other bacterial equipment, such as pili, depending on the species. But what is actually the definition of a pole? This review discusses the possible common denominators for growth and division of distinct and similar bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanneke den Blaauwen
- Bacterial Cell Biology and Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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15
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Zhang H, Li Y, Wang C, Wang X. Understanding the high L-valine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum VWB-1 using transcriptomics and proteomics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3632. [PMID: 29483542 PMCID: PMC5827029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Toward the elucidation of the advanced mechanism of l-valine production by Corynebacterium glutamicum, a highly developed industrial strain VWB-1 was analyzed, employing the combination of transcriptomics and proteomics methods. The transcriptional level of 1155 genes and expression abundance of 96 proteins were changed significantly by the transcriptome and proteome comparison of VWB-1 and ATCC 13869. It was indicated that the key genes involved in the biosynthesis of l-valine, ilvBN, ilvC, ilvD, ilvE were up-regulated in VWB-1, which together made prominent contributions in improving the carbon flow towards l-valine. The l-leucine and l-isoleucine synthesis ability were weakened according to the down-regulation of leuB and ilvA. The up-regulation of the branched chain amino acid transporter genes brnFE promoted the l-valine secretion capability of VWB-1. The NADPH and ATP generation ability of VWB-1 were strengthened through the up-regulation of the genes involved in phosphate pentose pathway and TCA pathway. Pyruvate accumulation was achieved through the weakening of the l-lactate, acetate and l-alanine pathways. The up-regulation of the genes coding for elongation factors and ribosomal proteins were beneficial for l-valine synthesis in C. glutamicum. All information acquired were useful for the genome breeding of better industrial l-valine producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chenhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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16
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Lee DS, Kim P, Kim ES, Kim Y, Lee HS. Corynebacterium glutamicum WhcD interacts with WhiA to exert a regulatory effect on cell division genes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 111:641-648. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0953-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Silva WM, Carvalho RDDO, Dorella FA, Folador EL, Souza GHMF, Pimenta AMC, Figueiredo HCP, Le Loir Y, Silva A, Azevedo V. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Changes in the Benchmark Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Biovar Equi Exoproteome after Passage in a Murine Host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:325. [PMID: 28791255 PMCID: PMC5524672 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar equi is the etiologic agent of ulcerative lymphangitis. To investigate proteins that could be related to the virulence of this pathogen, we combined an experimental passage process using a murine model and high-throughput proteomics with a mass spectrometry, data-independent acquisition (LC-MSE) approach to identify and quantify the proteins released into the supernatants of strain 258_equi. To our knowledge, this approach allowed characterization of the exoproteome of a C. pseudotuberculosis equi strain for the first time. Interestingly, the recovery of this strain from infected mouse spleens induced a change in its virulence potential, and it became more virulent in a second infection challenge. Proteomic screening performed from culture supernatant of the control and recovered conditions revealed 104 proteins that were differentially expressed between the two conditions. In this context, proteomic analysis of the recovered condition detected the induction of proteins involved in bacterial pathogenesis, mainly related to iron uptake. In addition, KEGG enrichment analysis showed that ABC transporters, bacterial secretion systems and protein export pathways were significantly altered in the recovered condition. These findings show that secretion and secreted proteins are key elements in the virulence and adaptation of C. pseudotuberculosis. Collectively, bacterial pathogenesis-related proteins were identified that contribute to the processes of adherence, intracellular growth and evasion of the immune system. Moreover, this study enhances our understanding of the factors that may influence the pathogenesis of C. pseudotuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson M Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1253 Science & Technologie du Lait & de l'Oeuf (STLO)Rennes, France.,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 Science & Technologie du Lait & de l'Oeuf (STLO)Rennes, France
| | - Rodrigo D De Oliveira Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Dorella
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Edson L Folador
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da ParaíbaJoão Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H M F Souza
- Waters Corporation, Waters Technologies Brazil, MS Applications LaboratorySão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano M C Pimenta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Yves Le Loir
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1253 Science & Technologie du Lait & de l'Oeuf (STLO)Rennes, France.,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 Science & Technologie du Lait & de l'Oeuf (STLO)Rennes, France
| | - Artur Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do ParáBelém, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
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18
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Lee DS, Kim Y, Lee HS. The whcD gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum plays roles in cell division and envelope formation. Microbiology (Reading) 2017; 163:131-143. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Seok Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong-si 339-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Younhee Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, 65 Semyung-ro, Jecheon-si, Chungbuk 390-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Shick Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong-si 339-700, Republic of Korea
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19
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Abstract
For years intermediate filaments (IF), belonging to the third class of filamentous cytoskeletal proteins alongside microtubules and actin filaments, were thought to be exclusive to metazoan cells. Structurally these eukaryote IFs are very well defined, consisting of globular head and tail domains, which flank the central rod-domain. This central domain is dominated by an α-helical secondary structure predisposed to form the characteristic coiled-coil, parallel homo-dimer. These elementary dimers can further associate, both laterally and longitudinally, generating a variety of filament-networks built from filaments in the range of 10 nm in diameter. The general role of these filaments with their characteristic mechano-elastic properties both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of eukaryote cells is to provide mechanical strength and a scaffold supporting diverse shapes and cellular functions.Since 2003, after the first bacterial IF-like protein, crescentin was identified, it has been evident that bacteria also employ filamentous networks, other than those built from bacterial tubulin or actin homologues, in order to support their cell shape, growth and, in some cases, division. Intriguingly, compared to their eukaryote counterparts, the group of bacterial IF-like proteins shows much wider structural diversity. The sizes of both the head and tail domains are markedly reduced and there is great variation in the length of the central rod-domain. Furthermore, bacterial rod-domains often lack the sub-domain organisation of eukaryote IFs that is the defining feature of the IF-family. However, the fascinating display of filamentous assemblies, including rope, striated cables and hexagonal laces together with the conditions required for their formation both in vitro and in vivo strongly resemble that of eukaryote IFs suggesting that these bacterial proteins are deservedly classified as part of the IF-family and that the current definition should be relaxed slightly to allow their inclusion. The lack of extensive head and tail domains may well make the bacterial proteins more amenable for structural characterisation, which will be essential for establishing the mechanism for their association into filaments. What is more, the well-developed tools for bacterial manipulations provide an excellent opportunity of studying the bacterial systems with the prospect of making significant progress in our understanding of the general underlying principles of intermediate filament assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella H Kelemen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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20
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Matano C, Kolkenbrock S, Hamer SN, Sgobba E, Moerschbacher BM, Wendisch VF. Corynebacterium glutamicum possesses β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:177. [PMID: 27492186 PMCID: PMC4974736 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Gram-positive Corynebacterium glutamicum and other members of the suborder Corynebacterianeae, which includes mycobacteria, cell elongation and peptidoglycan biosynthesis is mainly due to polar growth. C. glutamicum lacks an uptake system for the peptidoglycan constituent N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), but is able to catabolize GlcNAc-6-phosphate. Due to its importance in white biotechnology and in order to ensure more sustainable processes based on non-food renewables and to reduce feedstock costs, C. glutamicum strains have previously been engineered to produce amino acids from GlcNAc. GlcNAc also is a constituent of chitin, but it is unknown if C. glutamicum possesses chitinolytic enzymes. RESULTS Chitin was shown here not to be growth substrate for C. glutamicum. However, its genome encodes a putative N-acetylglucosaminidase. The nagA 2 gene product was active as β-N-acetylglucosaminidase with 0.27 mM 4-nitrophenyl N,N'-diacetyl-β-D-chitobioside as substrate supporting half-maximal activity. NagA2 was secreted into the culture medium when overproduced with TAT and Sec dependent signal peptides, while it remained cytoplasmic when overproduced without signal peptide. Heterologous expression of exochitinase gene chiB from Serratia marcescens resulted in chitinolytic activity and ChiB secretion was enhanced when a signal peptide from C. glutamicum was used. Colloidal chitin did not support growth of a strain secreting exochitinase ChiB and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase NagA2. CONCLUSIONS C. glutamicum possesses β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. In the wild type, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity was too low to be detected. However, overproduction of the enzyme fused to TAT or Sec signal peptides led to secretion of active β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. The finding that concomitant secretion of endogenous NagA2 and exochitinase ChiB from S. marcescens did not entail growth with colloidal chitin as sole or combined carbon source, may indicate the requirement for higher or additional enzyme activities such as processive chitinase or endochitinase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Matano
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.,Present Address: GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Stephan Kolkenbrock
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, WWU Münster University, 48143, Münster, Germany.,Present address: altona Diagnostics GmbH, 22767, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie N Hamer
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, WWU Münster University, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Elvira Sgobba
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, WWU Münster University, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
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21
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Staying in Shape: the Impact of Cell Shape on Bacterial Survival in Diverse Environments. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:187-203. [PMID: 26864431 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00031-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria display an abundance of cellular forms and can change shape during their life cycle. Many plausible models regarding the functional significance of cell morphology have emerged. A greater understanding of the genetic programs underpinning morphological variation in diverse bacterial groups, combined with assays of bacteria under conditions that mimic their varied natural environments, from flowing freshwater streams to diverse human body sites, provides new opportunities to probe the functional significance of cell shape. Here we explore shape diversity among bacteria, at the levels of cell geometry, size, and surface appendages (both placement and number), as it relates to survival in diverse environments. Cell shape in most bacteria is determined by the cell wall. A major challenge in this field has been deconvoluting the effects of differences in the chemical properties of the cell wall and the resulting cell shape perturbations on observed fitness changes. Still, such studies have begun to reveal the selective pressures that drive the diverse forms (or cell wall compositions) observed in mammalian pathogens and bacteria more generally, including efficient adherence to biotic and abiotic surfaces, survival under low-nutrient or stressful conditions, evasion of mammalian complement deposition, efficient dispersal through mucous barriers and tissues, and efficient nutrient acquisition.
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22
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Uhía I, Williams KJ, Shahrezaei V, Robertson BD. Mycobacterial Growth. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:cshperspect.a021097. [PMID: 25957314 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we review progress made in understanding the molecular underpinnings of growth and division in mycobacteria, concentrating on work published since the last comprehensive review ( Hett and Rubin 2008). We have focused on exciting work making use of new time-lapse imaging technologies coupled with reporter-gene fusions and antimicrobial treatment to generate insights into how mycobacteria grow and divide in a heterogeneous manner. We try to reconcile the different observations reported, providing a model of how they might fit together. We also review the topic of mycobacterial spores, which has generated considerable discussion during the last few years. Resuscitation promoting factors, and regulation of growth and division, have also been actively researched, and we summarize progress in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Uhía
- Department of Medicine, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin J Williams
- Department of Medicine, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Vahid Shahrezaei
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D Robertson
- Department of Medicine, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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23
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Dusny C, Grünberger A, Probst C, Wiechert W, Kohlheyer D, Schmid A. Technical bias of microcultivation environments on single-cell physiology. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1822-1834. [PMID: 25710324 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01270d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microscale cultivation systems are important tools to elucidate cellular dynamics beyond the population average and understand the functional architecture of single cells. However, there is scant knowledge about the bias of different microcultivation technologies on cellular functions. We therefore performed a systematic cross-platform comparison of three different microscale cultivation systems commonly harnessed in single-cell analysis: microfluidic non-contact cell traps driven by negative dielectrophoresis, microfluidic monolayer growth chambers, and semi-solid agarose pads. We assessed the specific single-cell growth rates, division rates and morphological characteristics of single Corynebacterium glutamicum cells and microcolonies as a bacterial model organism with medical and biotechnological relevance under standardized growth conditions. Strikingly, the specific single-cell and microcolony growth rates, μmax, were robust and conserved for several cell generations with all three microcultivation technologies, whereas the division rates of cells grown on agarose pads deviated by up to 50% from those of cells cultivated in negative dielectrophoresis traps and monolayer growth chambers. Furthermore, morphological characteristics like cell lengths and division symmetries of individual cells were affected when the cells were grown on agarose pads. This indicated a significant impact of solid cultivation supports on cellular traits. The results demonstrate the impact of microcultivation technology on microbial physiology for the first time and show the need for a careful selection and design of the microcultivation technology in order to allow unbiased analysis of cellular behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dusny
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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24
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Abstract
The rod is a ubiquitous shape adopted by walled cells from diverse organisms ranging from bacteria to fungi to plants. Although rod-like shapes are found in cells of vastly different sizes and are constructed by diverse mechanisms, the geometric similarities among these shapes across kingdoms suggest that there are common evolutionary advantages, which may result from simple physical principles in combination with chemical and physiological constraints. Here, we review mechanisms of constructing rod-shaped cells and the bases of different biophysical models of morphogenesis, comparing and contrasting model organisms in different kingdoms. We then speculate on possible advantages of the rod shape, and suggest strategies for elucidating the relative importance of each of these advantages.
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25
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Hoffmann J, Altenbuchner J. Hyaluronic acid production with Corynebacterium glutamicum: effect of media composition on yield and molecular weight. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:663-78. [PMID: 24863652 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Corynebacterium glutamicum was tested as an alternative host for heterologous production of hyaluronic acid (HA). METHODS AND RESULTS A set of expression vectors containing hasA, encoding HA synthase from Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, alone or in combination with genes encoding enzymes for HA precursor production (hasB, hasC, glmU from Pseudomonas putida KT2440) or bacterial haemoglobin (vgb from Vitreoscilla sp.) was constructed. Recombinant Coryne. glutamicum strains were cultivated in two different minimal media, CGXII and MEK700. HA was isolated from the culture broth by ethanol precipitation or ultrafiltration. Analyses of the isolated HA revealed that overall production was higher in CGXII medium (1241 mg l(-1)) than in MEK700 medium (363 mg l(-1)), but molecular weight of the product was higher in MEK700 (>1·4 MDa) than in CGXII (<270 kDa). Coexpression of hasB, hasC or glmU had no effect on HA yield and did not improve molecular weight of the product. Coexpression of vgb lowered HA yield about 1·5-fold and did not affect molecular weight of the product. Microscopy of negative-stained cultures revealed that Coryne. glutamicum produces no distinct HA capsule. CONCLUSIONS Regulation of cell growth and gene expression level of hasA are reasonable starting points for controlling the molecular weight of HA produced by Coryne. glutamicum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Corynebacterium glutamicum has a great potential as an alternative production host for HA. The fact that Coryne. glutamicum produces no distinct HA capsule facilitates HA isolation and improves overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hoffmann
- Institute of Industrial Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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26
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Vijay S, Mukkayyan N, Ajitkumar P. Highly Deviated Asymmetric Division in Very Low Proportion of Mycobacterial Mid-log Phase Cells. Open Microbiol J 2014; 8:40-50. [PMID: 24949109 PMCID: PMC4062944 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801408010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show that about 20% of the septating Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium xenopi cells in the exponential phase populationdivideasymmetrically, with an unusually high deviation (17 ± 4%) in the division site from the median, to generate short cells and long cells, thereby generating population heterogeneity. This mode of division is very different from the symmetric division of themajority (about 80%) of the septating cells in the Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium marinum, and Mycobacterium bovis BCG exponential phase population, with 5-10% deviation in the division site from the mid-cell site, as reported by recent studies. The short cells and the long cells further grew and divided to generate a population. We speculate that the generation of the short cells and the long cells through the highly deviated asymmetric divisionin the low proportions of mycobacterial population may have a role in stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012,Karnataka,India
| | - Nagaraja Mukkayyan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012,Karnataka,India
| | - Parthasarathi Ajitkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012,Karnataka,India
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27
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins involved in mycolic acid synthesis and transport localize dynamically to the old growing pole and septum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97148. [PMID: 24817274 PMCID: PMC4016276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism that controls space-time coordination of elongation and division of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is critical for fighting the tubercle bacillus. Most of the numerous enzymes involved in the synthesis of Mycolic acid - Arabinogalactan-Peptidoglycan complex (MAPc) in the cell wall are essential in vivo. Using a dynamic approach, we localized Mtb enzymes belonging to the fatty acid synthase-II (FAS-II) complexes and involved in mycolic acid (MA) biosynthesis in a mycobacterial model of Mtb: M. smegmatis. Results also showed that the MA transporter MmpL3 was present in the mycobacterial envelope and was specifically and dynamically accumulated at the poles and septa during bacterial growth. This localization was due to its C-terminal domain. Moreover, the FAS-II enzymes were co-localized at the poles and septum with Wag31, the protein responsible for the polar localization of mycobacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis. The dynamic localization of FAS-II and of the MA transporter with Wag31, at the old-growing poles and at the septum suggests that the main components of the mycomembrane may potentially be synthesized at these precise foci. This finding highlights a major difference between mycobacteria and other rod-shaped bacteria studied to date. Based on the already known polar activities of envelope biosynthesis in mycobacteria, we propose the existence of complex polar machinery devoted to the biogenesis of the entire envelope. As a result, the mycobacterial pole would represent the Achilles' heel of the bacillus at all its growing stages.
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28
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Matsuda Y, Itaya H, Kitahara Y, Theresia NM, Kutukova EA, Yomantas YAV, Date M, Kikuchi Y, Wachi M. Double mutation of cell wall proteins CspB and PBP1a increases secretion of the antibody Fab fragment from Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:56. [PMID: 24731213 PMCID: PMC4021378 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among other advantages, recombinant antibody-binding fragments (Fabs) hold great clinical and commercial potential, owing to their efficient tissue penetration compared to that of full-length IgGs. Although production of recombinant Fab using microbial expression systems has been reported, yields of active Fab have not been satisfactory. We recently developed the Corynebacterium glutamicum protein expression system (CORYNEX®) and demonstrated improved yield and purity for some applications, although the system has not been applied to Fab production. Results The Fab fragment of human anti-HER2 was successfully secreted by the CORYNEX® system using the conventional C. glutamicum strain YDK010, but the productivity was very low. To improve the secretion efficiency, we investigated the effects of deleting cell wall-related genes. Fab secretion was increased 5.2 times by deletion of pbp1a, encoding one of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBP1a), mediating cell wall peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis. However, this Δpbp1a mutation did not improve Fab secretion in the wild-type ATCC13869 strain. Because YDK010 carries a mutation in the cspB gene encoding a surface (S)-layer protein, we evaluated the effect of ΔcspB mutation on Fab secretion from ATCC13869. The Δpbp1a mutation showed a positive effect on Fab secretion only in combination with the ΔcspB mutation. The ΔcspBΔpbp1a double mutant showed much greater sensitivity to lysozyme than either single mutant or the wild-type strain, suggesting that these mutations reduced cell wall resistance to protein secretion. Conclusion There are at least two crucial permeability barriers to Fab secretion in the cell surface structure of C. glutamicum, the PG layer, and the S-layer. The ΔcspBΔpbp1a double mutant allows efficient Fab production using the CORYNEX® system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Masaaki Wachi
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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Donovan C, Bramkamp M. Cell division in Corynebacterineae. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:132. [PMID: 24782835 PMCID: PMC3989709 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cells must coordinate a number of events during the cell cycle. Spatio-temporal regulation of bacterial cytokinesis is indispensable for the production of viable, genetically identical offspring. In many rod-shaped bacteria, precise midcell assembly of the division machinery relies on inhibitory systems such as Min and Noc. In rod-shaped Actinobacteria, for example Corynebacterium glutamicum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the divisome assembles in the proximity of the midcell region, however more spatial flexibility is observed compared to Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Actinobacteria represent a group of bacteria that spatially regulate cytokinesis in the absence of recognizable Min and Noc homologs. The key cell division steps in E. coli and B. subtilis have been subject to intensive study and are well-understood. In comparison, only a minimal set of positive and negative regulators of cytokinesis are known in Actinobacteria. Nonetheless, the timing of cytokinesis and the placement of the division septum is coordinated with growth as well as initiation of chromosome replication and segregation. We summarize here the current knowledge on cytokinesis and division site selection in the Actinobacteria suborder Corynebacterineae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Donovan
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marc Bramkamp
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Sieger B, Schubert K, Donovan C, Bramkamp M. The lipid II flippase RodA determines morphology and growth in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Mol Microbiol 2013; 90:966-82. [PMID: 24118443 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipid II flippases play an essential role in cell growth and the maintenance of cell shape in many rod-shaped bacteria. The putative lipid II flippase RodA is an integral membrane protein and member of the SEDS (shape, elongation, division and sporulation) protein family. In contrast to its homologues in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis little is known about the role of RodA in actinobacteria. In this study, we describe the localization and function of RodA in Corynebacterium glutamicum, a rod-shaped, apically growing actinobacterium. RodA-GFP localizes exclusively at the cell poles. Surprisingly, time-lapse microscopy revealed that apical cell growth is sustained in a rodA deletion strain. However, growth rates and antibiotic susceptibility are altered. In the absence of RodA, it appears that apical growth is driven by lateral diffusion of lipid II that is likely flipped by the septal flippase, FtsW. Furthermore, we applied a previously described synthetic in vivo system in combination with FRET to identify an interaction between C. glutamicum RodA and the polar growth organizing protein DivIVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Sieger
- Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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31
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Singh B, Nitharwal RG, Ramesh M, Pettersson BMF, Kirsebom LA, Dasgupta S. Asymmetric growth and division inMycobacteriumspp.: compensatory mechanisms for non-medial septa. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:64-76. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhupender Singh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Uppsala University Biomedical Center; Box 596; 751 24; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - Ram Gopal Nitharwal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Uppsala University Biomedical Center; Box 596; 751 24; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - Malavika Ramesh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Uppsala University Biomedical Center; Box 596; 751 24; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - B. M. Fredrik Pettersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Uppsala University Biomedical Center; Box 596; 751 24; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - Leif A. Kirsebom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Uppsala University Biomedical Center; Box 596; 751 24; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Uppsala University Biomedical Center; Box 596; 751 24; Uppsala; Sweden
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Chromosome segregation impacts on cell growth and division site selection in Corynebacterium glutamicum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55078. [PMID: 23405112 PMCID: PMC3566199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial and temporal regulation of bacterial cell division is imperative for the production of viable offspring. In many rod-shaped bacteria, regulatory systems such as the Min system and nucleoid occlusion ensure the high fidelity of midcell divisome positioning. However, regulation of division site selection in bacteria lacking recognizable Min and nucleoid occlusion remains less well understood. Here, we describe one such rod-shaped organism, Corynebacterium glutamicum, which does not always place the division septum precisely at midcell. Here we now show at single cell level that cell growth and division site selection are spatially and temporally regulated by chromosome segregation. Mutants defective in chromosome segregation have more variable cell growth and aberrant placement of the division site. In these mutants, division septa constrict over and often guillotine the nucleoid, leading to nonviable, DNA-free cells. Our results suggest that chromosome segregation or some nucleoid associated factor influences growth and division site selection in C. glutamicum. Understanding growth and regulation of C. glutamicum cells will also be of importance to develop strains for industrial production of biomolecules, such as amino acids.
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Cell envelope of corynebacteria: structure and influence on pathogenicity. ISRN MICROBIOLOGY 2013; 2013:935736. [PMID: 23724339 PMCID: PMC3658426 DOI: 10.1155/2013/935736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To date the genus Corynebacterium comprises 88 species. More than half of these are connected to human and animal infections, with the most prominent member of the pathogenic species being Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which is also the type species of the genus. Corynebacterium species are characterized by a complex cell wall architecture: the plasma membrane of these bacteria is followed by a peptidoglycan layer, which itself is covalently linked to a polymer of arabinogalactan. Bound to this, an outer layer of mycolic acids is found which is functionally equivalent to the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. As final layer, free polysaccharides, glycolipids, and proteins are found. The composition of the different substructures of the corynebacterial cell envelope and their influence on pathogenicity are discussed in this paper.
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Neumeyer A, Hübschmann T, Müller S, Frunzke J. Monitoring of population dynamics of Corynebacterium glutamicum by multiparameter flow cytometry. Microb Biotechnol 2012; 6:157-67. [PMID: 23279937 PMCID: PMC3917458 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic variation of microbial populations is a well-known phenomenon and may have significant impact on the success of industrial bioprocesses. Flow cytometry (FC) and the large repertoire of fluorescent dyes bring the high-throughput analysis of multiple parameters in single bacterial cells into reach. In this study, we evaluated a set of different fluorescent dyes for suitability in FC single cell analysis of the biotechnological platform organism Corynebacterium glutamicum. Already simple scattering properties of C. glutamicum cells in the flow cytometer were shown to provide valuable information on the growth activity of analysed cells. Furthermore, we used DAPI staining for a FC-based determination of the DNA content of C. glutamicum cells grown on standard minimal or complex media. Characteristic DNA patterns were observed mirroring the typical uncoupled DNA synthesis in the logarithmic (log) growth phase and are in agreement with a symmetric type of cell division of C. glutamicum. Application of the fluorescent dyes Syto 9, propidium iodide, and DiOC2(3) allowed the identification of subpopulations with reduced viability and membrane potential within early log and stationary phase populations. The presented data highlight the potential of FC-based analyses for online monitoring of C. glutamicum bioprocesses and provide a first reference for future applications and protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Neumeyer
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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36
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Joyce G, Williams KJ, Robb M, Noens E, Tizzano B, Shahrezaei V, Robertson BD. Cell division site placement and asymmetric growth in mycobacteria. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44582. [PMID: 22970255 PMCID: PMC3438161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria are members of the actinomycetes that grow by tip extension and lack apparent homologues of the known cell division regulators found in other rod-shaped bacteria. Previous work using static microscopy on dividing mycobacteria led to the hypothesis that these cells can grow and divide asymmetrically, and at a wide range of sizes, in contrast to the cell growth and division patterns observed in the model rod-shaped organisms. In this study, we test this hypothesis using live-cell time-lapse imaging of dividing Mycobacterium smegmatis labelled with fluorescent PBP1a, to probe peptidoglycan synthesis and label the cell septum. We demonstrate that the new septum is placed accurately at mid-cell, and that the asymmetric division observed is a result of differential growth from the cell tips, with a more than 2-fold difference in growth rate between fast and slow growing poles. We also show that the division site is not selected at a characteristic cell length, suggesting this is not an important cue during the mycobacterial cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Joyce
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin J. Williams
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Robb
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elke Noens
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Vahid Shahrezaei
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D. Robertson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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37
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Francis I, De Keyser A, De Backer P, Simón-Mateo C, Kalkus J, Pertry I, Ardiles-Diaz W, De Rycke R, Vandeputte OM, El Jaziri M, Holsters M, Vereecke D. pFiD188, the linear virulence plasmid of Rhodococcus fascians D188. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:637-47. [PMID: 22482837 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-11-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rhodococcus fascians is currently the only phytopathogen of which the virulence genes occur on a linear plasmid. To get insight into the origin of this replicon and into the virulence strategy of this broad-spectrum phytopathogen, the sequence of the linear plasmid of strain D188, pFiD188, was determined. Analysis of the 198,917 bp revealed four syntenic regions with linear plasmids of R. erythropolis, R. jostii, and R. opacus, suggesting a common origin of these replicons. Mutational analysis of pFi_086 and pFi_102, similar to cutinases and type IV peptidases, respectively, showed that conserved region R2 was involved in plasmid dispersal and pointed toward a novel function for actinobacterial cutinases in conjugation. Additionally, pFiD188 had three regions that were unique for R. fascians. Functional analysis of the stk and nrp loci of regions U2 and U3, respectively, indicated that their role in symptom development was limited compared with that of the previously identified fas, att, and hyp virulence loci situated in region U1. Thus, pFiD188 is a typical rhodococcal linear plasmid with a composite structure that encodes core functions involved in plasmid maintenance and accessory functions, some possibly acquired through horizontal gene transfer, implicated in virulence and the interaction with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isolde Francis
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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38
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Cytoskeletal proteins of actinobacteria. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:905832. [PMID: 22481946 PMCID: PMC3296230 DOI: 10.1155/2012/905832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bacteria are considered the simplest life forms, we are now slowly unraveling their cellular complexity. Surprisingly, not only do bacterial cells have a cytoskeleton but also the building blocks are not very different from the cytoskeleton that our own cells use to grow and divide. Nonetheless, despite important advances in our understanding of the basic physiology of certain bacterial models, little is known about Actinobacteria, an ancient group of Eubacteria. Here we review current knowledge on the cytoskeletal elements required for bacterial cell growth and cell division, focusing on actinobacterial genera such as Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, and Streptomyces. These include some of the deadliest pathogens on earth but also some of the most prolific producers of antibiotics and antitumorals.
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39
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White CL, Gober JW. MreB: pilot or passenger of cell wall synthesis? Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:74-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Jiang H, Si F, Margolin W, Sun SX. Mechanical control of bacterial cell shape. Biophys J 2011; 101:327-35. [PMID: 21767484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, cytoskeletal filament bundles such as MreB control the cell morphology and determine whether the cell takes on a spherical or a rod-like shape. Here we use a theoretical model to describe the interplay of cell wall growth, mechanics, and cytoskeletal filaments in shaping the bacterial cell. We predict that growing cells without MreB exhibit an instability that favors rounded cells. MreB can mechanically reinforce the cell wall and prevent the onset of instability. We propose that the overall bacterial shape is determined by a dynamic turnover of cell wall material that is controlled by mechanical stresses in the wall. The model affirms that morphological transformations with and without MreB are reversible, and quantitatively describes the growth of irregular shapes and cells undergoing division. The theory also suggests a unique coupling between mechanics and chemistry that can control organismal shapes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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41
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Mierzejewska J, Jagura-Burdzy G. Prokaryotic ParA-ParB-parS system links bacterial chromosome segregation with the cell cycle. Plasmid 2011; 67:1-14. [PMID: 21924286 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While the essential role of episomal par loci in plasmid DNA partitioning has long been appreciated, the function of chromosomally encoded par loci is less clear. The chromosomal parA-parB genes are conserved throughout the bacterial kingdom and encode proteins homologous to those of the plasmidic Type I active partitioning systems. The third conserved element, the centromere-like sequence called parS, occurs in several copies in the chromosome. Recent studies show that the ParA-ParB-parS system is a key player of a mitosis-like process ensuring proper intracellular localization of certain chromosomal regions such as oriC domain and their active and directed segregation. Moreover, the chromosomal par systems link chromosome segregation with initiation of DNA replication and the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Mierzejewska
- The Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5A, Poland
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42
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Joyce G, Robertson BD, Williams KJ. A modified agar pad method for mycobacterial live-cell imaging. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:73. [PMID: 21418641 PMCID: PMC3073907 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two general approaches to prokaryotic live-cell imaging have been employed to date, growing bacteria on thin agar pads or growing bacteria in micro-channels. The methods using agar pads 'sandwich' the cells between the agar pad on the bottom and a glass cover slip on top, before sealing the cover slip. The advantages of this technique are that it is simple and relatively inexpensive to set up. However, once the cover slip is sealed, the environmental conditions cannot be manipulated. Furthermore, desiccation of the agar pad, and the growth of cells in a sealed environment where the oxygen concentration will be in gradual decline, may not permit longer term studies such as those required for the slower growing mycobacteria. Findings We report here a modified agar pad method where the cells are sandwiched between a cover slip on the bottom and an agar pad on top of the cover slip (rather than the reverse) and the cells viewed from below using an inverted microscope. This critical modification overcomes some of the current limitations with agar pad methods and was used to produce time-lapse images and movies of cell growth for Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Conclusions This method offers improvement on the current agar pad methods in that long term live cell imaging studies can be performed and modification of the media during the experiment is permitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Joyce
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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43
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Pérez-Núñez D, Briandet R, David B, Gautier C, Renault P, Hallet B, Hols P, Carballido-López R, Guédon E. A new morphogenesis pathway in bacteria: unbalanced activity of cell wall synthesis machineries leads to coccus-to-rod transition and filamentation in ovococci. Mol Microbiol 2010; 79:759-71. [PMID: 21255117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria display a variety of shapes, which have biological relevance. In most eubacteria, cell shape is maintained by the tough peptidoglycan (PG) layer of the cell wall, the sacculus. The organization of PG synthesis machineries, orchestrated by different cytoskeletal elements, determines the specific shapes of sacculi. In rod-shaped bacteria, the actin-like (MreB) and the tubuline-like (FtsZ) cytoskeletons control synthesis of the sidewall (elongation) and the crosswall (septation) respectively. Much less is known concerning cell morphogenesis in cocci, which lack MreB proteins. While spherical cocci exclusively display septal growth, ovococci additionally display peripheral growth, which is responsible of the slight longitudinal expansion that generates their ovoid shape. Here, we report that the ovococcus Lactococcus lactis has the ability to become rod-shaped. L. lactis IL1403 wild-type cells form long aseptate filaments during both biofilm and planktonic growth in a synthetic medium. Nascent PG insertion and the division protein FtsK localize in multiple peripheral rings regularly spaced along the filaments. We show that filamentation results from septation inhibition, and that penicillin-binding proteins PBP2x and PBP2b play a direct role in this process. We propose a model for filament formation in L. lactis, and discuss the possible biological role of such morphological differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Singh B, Ghosh J, Islam NM, Dasgupta S, Kirsebom LA. Growth, cell division and sporulation in mycobacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 98:165-77. [PMID: 20437098 PMCID: PMC2906719 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria have the ability to adapt to different growth conditions and to survive in various environments. They have also the capacity to enter into dormant states and some bacteria form spores when exposed to stresses such as starvation and oxygen deprivation. Sporulation has been demonstrated in a number of different bacteria but Mycobacterium spp. have been considered to be non-sporulating bacteria. We recently provided evidence that Mycobacterium marinum and likely also Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin can form spores. Mycobacterial spores were detected in old cultures and our findings suggest that sporulation might be an adaptation of lifestyle for mycobacteria under stress. Here we will discuss our current understanding of growth, cell division, and sporulation in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupender Singh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 596, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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45
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Subcellular localization and characterization of the ParAB system from Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:3441-51. [PMID: 20435732 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00214-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful segregation of chromosomes and plasmids is a vital prerequisite to produce viable and genetically identical progeny. Bacteria use a specialized segregation system composed of the partitioning proteins ParA and ParB to segregate certain plasmids. Strikingly, homologues of ParA and ParB are found to be encoded in many chromosomes. Although mutations in the chromosomal Par system have effects on segregation efficiency, the exact mechanism by which the chromosomes are segregated into the daughter cells is not fully understood. We describe the polar localization of the ParB origin nucleoprotein complex in the actinomycete Corynebacterium glutamicum. ParB and the origin of replication were found to be stably localized to the cell poles. After replication, the origins move toward the opposite pole. Purified ParB was able to bind to the parS consensus sequence in vitro. C. glutamicum possesses two ParA-like partitioning ATPase proteins. Both proteins interact with ParB but show a slightly different subcellular localization and phenotype. While ParA might be part of a conventional partitioning system, PldP seems to play a role in division site selection.
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46
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Cell division is dispensable but not irrelevant in Streptomyces. Curr Opin Microbiol 2009; 12:689-98. [PMID: 19889570 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In part, members of the genus Streptomyces have been studied because they produce many important secondary metabolites with antibiotic activity and for the interest in their relatively elaborate life cycle. These sporulating filamentous bacteria are remarkably synchronous for division and genome segregation in specialized aerial hyphae. Streptomycetes share some, but not all, of the division genes identified in the historic model rod-shaped organisms. Curiously, normally essential cell division genes are dispensable for growth and viability of Streptomyces coelicolor. Mainly, cell division plays a more important role in the developmental phase of life than during vegetative growth. Dispensability provides an advantageous genetic system to probe the mechanisms of division proteins, especially those with functions that are poorly understood.
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47
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Fiuza M, Canova MJ, Patin D, Letek M, Zanella-Cléon I, Becchi M, Mateos LM, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Molle V, Gil JA. The MurC ligase essential for peptidoglycan biosynthesis is regulated by the serine/threonine protein kinase PknA in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:36553-63. [PMID: 18974047 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807175200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mur ligases play an essential role in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan and thus represent attractive targets for the design of novel antibacterials. These enzymes catalyze the stepwise formation of the peptide moiety of the peptidoglycan disaccharide peptide monomer unit. MurC is responsible of the addition of the first residue (L-alanine) onto the nucleotide precursor UDP-MurNAc. Phosphorylation of proteins by Ser/Thr protein kinases has recently emerged as a major physiological mechanism of regulation in prokaryotes. Herein, the hypothesis of a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism of regulation of the MurC activity was investigated in Corynebacterium glutamicum. We showed that MurC was phosphorylated in vitro by the PknA protein kinase. An analysis of the phosphoamino acid content indicated that phosphorylation exclusively occurred on threonine residues. Six phosphoacceptor residues were identified by mass spectrometry analysis, and we confirmed that mutagenesis to alanine residues totally abolished PknA-dependent phosphorylation of MurC. In vitro and in vivo ligase activity assays showed that the catalytic activity of MurC was impaired following mutation of these threonine residues. Further in vitro assays revealed that the activity of the MurC-phosphorylated isoform was severely decreased compared with the non-phosphorylated protein. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a MurC ligase phosphorylation in vitro. The finding that phosphorylation is correlated with a decrease in MurC enzymatic activity could have significant consequences in the regulation of peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fiuza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Area de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de León, León 24071, Spain
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Deletion of cgR_1596 and cgR_2070, encoding NlpC/P60 proteins, causes a defect in cell separation in Corynebacterium glutamicum R. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:8204-14. [PMID: 18931118 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00752-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous work, random genome deletion mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum R were generated using the insertion sequence (IS) element IS31831 and the Cre/loxP excision system. One of these mutants, C. glutamicum strain RD41, resulting from the deletion of a 10.1-kb genomic region (DeltacgR_1595 through cgR_1604) from the WT strain, showed cell elongation, and several lines appeared on the cell surface (bamboo shape). The morphological changes were suppressed by overexpression of cgR_1596. Single disruption of cgR_1596 in WT C. glutamicum R resulted in morphological changes similar to those observed in the RD41 strain. CgR_1596 has a predicted secretion signal peptide in the amino-terminal region and a predicted NlpC/P60 domain, which is conserved in cell wall hydrolases, in the carboxyl-terminal region. In C. glutamicum R, CgR_0802, CgR_1596, CgR_2069, and CgR_2070 have the NlpC/P60 domain; however, only simultaneous disruption of cgR_1596 and cgR_2070, and not cgR_2070 single disruption, resulted in cell growth delay and more severe morphological changes than disruption of cgR_1596. Transmission electron microscopy revealed multiple septa within individual cells of cgR_1596 single and cgR_1596-cgR_2070 double disruptants. Taken together, these results suggest that cgR_1596 and cgR_2070 are involved in cell separation and cell growth in C. glutamicum.
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