Colwellia meonggei sp. nov., a novel gammaproteobacterium isolated from sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi

Colwellia ponticola sp. nov., isolated from seawater

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated OISW-25^T, was isolated from seawater in Republic of Korea. Strain OISW-25^T grew optimally at 25 °C and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain OISW-25^T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Colwellia species. Strain OISW-25^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.5, 97.2 and 97.1 % to the type strains of C. piezophila, C. maris and C. psychrerythraea, respectively, and of 93.6-96.6 % to the type strains of the other Colwellia species. The average nucleotide identity values between strain OISW-25^T and C. piezophila ATCC BAA-637^T and two non-type strains of C. psychrerythraea were 78.16-79.35 % and DNA-DNA relatedness value of strain OISW-25^T with the type strain of C. maris was 17 %. The DNA G+C content of strain OISW-25^T was 39.2 mol% (HPLC) or 38.7 mol% (genome data). Strain OISW-25^T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1  ω7c and/or C_16 : 1  ω6c) and C_16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain OISW-25^T were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Distinguished phenotypic properties, along with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain OISW-25^T is distinct from Colwellia species. On the basis of the data presented, strain OISW-25^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia ponticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is OISW-25^T (=KCTC 62426^T=NBRC 113187^T).

Exopolysaccharides from Marine and Marine Extremophilic Bacteria: Structures, Properties, Ecological Roles and Applications

The marine environment is the largest aquatic ecosystem on Earth and it harbours microorganisms responsible for more than 50% of total biomass of prokaryotes in the world. All these microorganisms produce extracellular polymers that constitute a substantial part of the dissolved organic carbon, often in the form of exopolysaccharides (EPS). In addition, the production of these polymers is often correlated to the establishment of the biofilm growth mode, during which they are important matrix components. Their functions include adhesion and colonization of surfaces, protection of the bacterial cells and support for biochemical interactions between the bacteria and the surrounding environment. The aim of this review is to present a summary of the status of the research about the structures of exopolysaccharides from marine bacteria, including capsular, medium released and biofilm embedded polysaccharides. Moreover, ecological roles of these polymers, especially for those isolated from extreme ecological niches (deep-sea hydrothermal vents, polar regions, hypersaline ponds, etc.), are reported. Finally, relationships between the structure and the function of the exopolysaccharides are discussed.

Colwellia echini sp. nov., an agar- and carrageenan-solubilizing bacterium isolated from sea urchin

A novel bacterial strain, A3^T, was isolated from the intestines of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis collected in Øresund, Denmark. The strain was Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped and facultatively anaerobic, and displayed growth at 5-25 °C (optimum 20 °C), pH 7-9 (optimum at pH 7) and 1-6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 3 %). Furthermore, strain A3^T grew on agar, agarose, κ-carrageenan, alginate and laminarin as sole carbon source. Complete liquefaction of agar and κ-carrageenan was observed on solid plate media as a result of enzymatic activities. Major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The respiratory quinones were determined to be ubiquinones Q-8 (92 %) and Q-7 (8 %), and polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content was 36.9 mol%. Phylogenetical analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that the bacterium was affiliated with the genus Colwellia within the Alteromonadaceae of the Gammaproteobacteria. The level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain A3^T and its closest relatives in the genus Colwellia (C. psychrerythraea ATCC 27364^T and C. asteriadis KMD 002^T) was 97.5 %. The average nucleotide identity between strain A3^T and other members of Colwellia was 78.6-80.5 %, and DNA-DNA hybridization prediction revealed values of less than 23 % relatedness between strain A3^T and other Colwellia species. The phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic analyses support the hypothesis that strain A3^T represents a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia echini sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A3^T (=LMG 30125^T=NCIMB 15095^T).

Colwellia mytili sp. nov., isolated from mussel Mytilus edulis

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated RA2-7T, was isolated from a mussel (Mytilus edulis) collected from the South Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Strain RA2-7T grew optimally at 20 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RA2-7T belonged to the genus Colwellia. Strain RA2-7T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.3, 98.0 and 97.5 % to the type strains of Colwellia sediminilitoris, Colwellia aestuarii and Colwellia polaris, respectively, and of 94.5-96.5 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Colwellia. Strain RA2-7T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain RA2-7T were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of strain RA2-7T was 39.0±0.04 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of C. sediminilitoris, C. aestuarii and C. polaris were 14-19 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain RA2-7T is separated from recognized species of the genus Colwellia. On the basis of the data presented, strain RA2-7T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia mytili sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RA2-7T (=KCTC 52417T=NBRC 112381T).

Colwellia sediminilitoris sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated YSM-23T, was isolated from a tidal flat on the South Sea in South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain YSM-23T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 1.0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YSM-23T represented a member of the genus Colwellia. Strain YSM-23T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.0, 97.4 and 97.3 % to the type strains of Colwellia aestuarii, Colwellia polaris and Colwellia chukchiensis, respectively, and of 94.5-96.8 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Colwellia. Strain YSM-23T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain YSM-23T were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of strain YSM-23T was 43.8±0.08 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strain of C. aestuarii, C. polaris and C. chukchiensis were 10±3.5-22±4.9 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain YSM-23T is separated from species of the genus Colwelliawith validly published names. On the basis of the data presented, strain YSM-23T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia sediminilitoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YSM-23T (=KCTC 52213T=NBRC 111994T).

Colwellia aquaemaris sp. nov., isolated from the Cynoglossus semilaevis culture tank in a recirculating mariculture system

A Gram-staining-negative, heterotrophic, facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated S1T, was isolated from the Cynoglossus semilaevis culture pond in a recirculating mariculture system in Tianjin, China. The taxonomy of strain S1T was studied by using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain S1T were non-spore-forming, curved rods, 0.4–0.6 µm wide and 1.2–2.0 µm long, and motile by means of a single polar flagellum. The strain was positive for oxidase and catalase activities. Strain S1T was able to grow at 4–30 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 5.5–10.0 (optimum, pH 6.5–7.5) and in the presence of 1–5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2 %). Strain S1T contained Q-8 as the sole respiratory quinone and C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c and C16 : 0 as the predominant cellular fatty acids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 40.1 mol% (T m). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed strain S1T in the genus Colwellia , and it formed a distinct lineage in the phylogenetic tree together with Colwellia meonggei MA1-3T, Colwellia aestuarii SMK-10T, Colwellia polaris 537T and Colwellia chukchiensis BCw111T, with 97.7, 96.1, 95.9 and 95.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to these strains, respectively. DNA–DNA relatedness of strain S1T to Colwellia meonggei MA1-3T was 23.5±3.6 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, strain S1T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Colwellia , for which the name Colwellia aquaemaris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S1T ( = CGMCC 1.12165T = JCM 18479T).

Ascidiaceihabitans donghaensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the golden sea squirt Halocynthia aurantium

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated RSS1-M3T, was isolated from a golden sea squirt (Halocynthia aurantium) collected from the East Sea, South Korea. Strain RSS1-M3T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain RSS1-M3T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (96.55 %) to the type strain of Pelagicola litoralis . Neighbour-joining and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain RSS1-M3T clustered with the type strains, or proposed type strains, of Planktotalea frisia , Pacificibacter maritimus , Roseovarius marinus and Halocynthiibacter namhaensis , showing sequence similarity of 94.88–96.32 %. Strain RSS1-M3T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The polar lipid profile of strain RSS1-M3T, containing phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid as major components, could be distinguished from those of the phylogenetically related genera. The DNA G+C content of strain RSS1-M3T was 55.8 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic properties, strain RSS1-M3T is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus within the class Alphaproteobacteria , for which the name Ascidiaceihabitans donghaensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RSS1-M3T ( = KCTC 42118T = CECT 8599T).

List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published

The purpose of this announcement is to effect the valid publication of the following effectively published new names and new combinations under the procedure described in the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision). Authors and other individuals wishing to have new names and/or combinations included in future lists should send a covering letter, a copy of, or a link to the published paper and electronic copies of certificates of deposit from at least two culture collections in different countries to the IJSEM Editorial Office (ijsem@sgm.ac.uk) for confirmation that all of the other requirements for valid publication have been met. It is also a requirement of IJSEM and the ICSP that authors of new species, new subspecies and new combinations provide evidence that types are deposited in two recognized culture collections in two different countries. It should be noted that the date of valid publication of these new names and combinations is the date of publication of this list, not the date of the original publication of the names and combinations. The authors of the new names and combinations are as given below. Inclusion of a name on these lists validates the publication of the name and thereby makes it available in the nomenclature of prokaryotes. The inclusion of a name on this list is not to be construed as taxonomic acceptance of the taxon to which the name is applied. Indeed, some of these names may, in time, be shown to be synonyms, or the organisms may be transferred to another genus, thus necessitating the creation of a new combination.