1
|
Medina-Chávez NO, Viladomat-Jasso M, Zarza E, Islas-Robles A, Valdivia-Anistro J, Thalasso-Siret F, Eguiarte LE, Olmedo-Álvarez G, Souza V, De la Torre-Zavala S. A Transiently Hypersaline Microbial Mat Harbors a Diverse and Stable Archaeal Community in the Cuatro Cienegas Basin, Mexico. ASTROBIOLOGY 2023; 23:796-811. [PMID: 37279013 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial mats are biologically diverse communities that are analogs to some of the earliest ecosystems on Earth. In this study, we describe a unique transiently hypersaline microbial mat uncovered in a shallow pond within the Cuatro Cienegas Basin (CCB) in northern México. The CCB is an endemism-rich site that harbors living stromatolites that have been studied to understand the conditions of the Precambrian Earth. These microbial mats form elastic domes filled with biogenic gas, and the mats have a relatively large and stable subpopulation of archaea. For this reason, this site has been termed archaean domes (AD). The AD microbial community was analyzed by metagenomics over three seasons. The mat exhibited a highly diverse prokaryotic community dominated by bacteria. Bacterial sequences are represented in 37 phyla, mainly Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, that together comprised >50% of the sequences from the mat. Archaea represented up to 5% of the retrieved sequences, with up to 230 different archaeal species that belong to 5 phyla (Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, Korarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota). The archaeal taxa showed low variation despite fluctuations in water and nutrient availability. In addition, predicted functions highlight stress responses to extreme conditions present in the AD, including salinity, pH, and water/drought fluctuation. The observed complexity of the AD mat thriving in high pH and fluctuating water and salt conditions within the CCB provides an extant model of great value for evolutionary studies, as well as a suitable analog to the early Earth and Mars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahui-Olin Medina-Chávez
- Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | | | - Eugenia Zarza
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Mexico
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Africa Islas-Robles
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. Campus Irapuato, Irapuato, México
| | - Jorge Valdivia-Anistro
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Frédéric Thalasso-Siret
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis E Eguiarte
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Estudios del Cuaternario de Fuego-Patagonia y Antártica (CEQUA), Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Gabriela Olmedo-Álvarez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. Campus Irapuato, Irapuato, México
| | - Valeria Souza
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Estudios del Cuaternario de Fuego-Patagonia y Antártica (CEQUA), Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Susana De la Torre-Zavala
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu Q, Du Z, Wang L, Xue K, Wei Z, Zhang G, Liu K, Lin J, Lin P, Chen T, Xiao C. The Role of Thermokarst Lake Expansion in Altering the Microbial Community and Methane Cycling in Beiluhe Basin on Tibetan Plateau. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1620. [PMID: 36014037 PMCID: PMC9412574 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most significant environmental changes across the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the rapid lake expansion. The expansion of thermokarst lakes affects the global biogeochemical cycles and local climate regulation by rising levels, expanding area, and increasing water volumes. Meanwhile, microbial activity contributes greatly to the biogeochemical cycle of carbon in the thermokarst lakes, including organic matter decomposition, soil formation, and mineralization. However, the impact of lake expansion on distribution patterns of microbial communities and methane cycling, especially those of water and sediment under ice, remain unknown. This hinders our ability to assess the true impact of lake expansion on ecosystem services and our ability to accurately investigate greenhouse gas emissions and consumption in thermokarst lakes. Here, we explored the patterns of microorganisms and methane cycling by investigating sediment and water samples at an oriented direction of expansion occurred from four points under ice of a mature-developed thermokarst lake on TP. In addition, the methane concentration of each water layer was examined. Microbial diversity and network complexity were different in our shallow points (MS, SH) and deep points (CE, SH). There are differences of microbial community composition among four points, resulting in the decreased relative abundances of dominant phyla, such as Firmicutes in sediment, Proteobacteria in water, Thermoplasmatota in sediment and water, and increased relative abundance of Actinobacteriota with MS and SH points. Microbial community composition involved in methane cycling also shifted, such as increases in USCγ, Methylomonas, and Methylobacter, with higher relative abundance consistent with low dissolved methane concentration in MS and SH points. There was a strong correlation between changes in microbiota characteristics and changes in water and sediment environmental factors. Together, these results show that lake expansion has an important impact on microbial diversity and methane cycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Kai Xue
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wei
- Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Gaosen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Keshao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiahui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Penglin Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Tuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Cunde Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Espinosa-Asuar L, Monroy-Guzmán C, Madrigal-Trejo D, Navarro-Miranda M, Sánchez-Pérez J, Buenrostro Muñoz J, Villar J, Cifuentes Camargo JF, Kalambokidis M, Esquivel-Hernandez DA, Viladomat Jasso M, Escalante AE, Velez P, Figueroa M, Martinez-Cardenas A, Ramirez-Barahona S, Gasca-Pineda J, Eguiarte LE, Souza V. Diversity of an uncommon elastic hypersaline microbial mat along a small-scale transect. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13579. [PMID: 35757167 PMCID: PMC9220918 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the microbial diversity and metabolome profile of an uncommon hypersaline elastic microbial mat from Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (CCB) in the Chihuahuan Desert of Coahuila, México. We collected ten samples on a small scale transect (1.5-m) and described its microbial diversity through NGS-based ITS and 16S rDNA gene sequencing. A very low number of taxa comprised a considerable proportion of the mat and were shared across all sampling points, whereas the rare biosphere was more phylogenetically diverse (Faith's Phylogenetic Diversity (FPD) index) and phylogenetically disperse (using a null model distribution of Phylogenetic Species Clustering (nmdPSC)) than the abundant (high read count) taxa for both analyzed libraries. We also found a distinctive metabolome profile for each sample and were able to tentatively annotate several classes of compounds with relevant biological properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Espinosa-Asuar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| | - Camila Monroy-Guzmán
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| | - David Madrigal-Trejo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| | - Marisol Navarro-Miranda
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| | - Jazmin Sánchez-Pérez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| | - Jhoselinne Buenrostro Muñoz
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| | - Juan Villar
- Pontifica Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Maria Kalambokidis
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| | - Diego A. Esquivel-Hernandez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| | - Mariette Viladomat Jasso
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| | - Ana E. Escalante
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| | - Patricia Velez
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| | - Mario Figueroa
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| | | | - Santiago Ramirez-Barahona
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| | - Jaime Gasca-Pineda
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| | - Luis E. Eguiarte
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| | - Valeria Souza
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
García-Ulloa M, Souza V, Esquivel-Hernández DA, Sánchez-Pérez J, Espinosa-Asuar L, Viladomat M, Marroquín-Rodríguez M, Navarro-Miranda M, Ruiz-Padilla J, Monroy-Guzmán C, Madrigal-Trejo D, Rosas-Barrera M, Vázquez-Rosas-Landa M, Eguiarte LE. Recent Differentiation of Aquatic Bacterial Communities in a Hydrological System in the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin, After a Natural Perturbation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:825167. [PMID: 35572686 PMCID: PMC9097865 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.825167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pozas Rojas is a hydrological system comprising nine isolated shallow ponds and a deep lagoon, which were temporally merged in 2010 by increased rainfall due to a tropical cyclone. In this work, we assess which components, biotic interactions, or environment filtering effects, drive the assembly of microbial communities after a natural perturbation. Arsenic, pH, and temperature are among the most significant environmental variables between each pond, clustering the samples in two main groups, whereas microbial composition is diverse and unique to each site, with no core at the operational taxonomic unit level and only 150 core genera when studied at the genus level. Los Hundidos lagoon has the most differentiated community, which is highly similar to the epipelagic Mediterranean Sea communities. On the other hand, the shallow ponds at the Pozas Rojas system resemble more to epicontinental hydrological systems, such as some cold rivers of the world and the phreatic mantle from Iowa. Overall, despite being a sole of water body 2 years prior to the sampling, interspecific interactions, rather than environmental selection, seem to play a more important role in Pozas Rojas, bolstered by founder effects on each poza and subsequent isolation of each water body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel García-Ulloa
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valeria Souza
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Centro de Estudios del Cuaternario de Fuego-Patagonia y Antártica (CEQUA), Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Diego A Esquivel-Hernández
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jazmín Sánchez-Pérez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Laura Espinosa-Asuar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mariette Viladomat
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Montserrat Marroquín-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina, Licenciatura en Investigación Biomédica Básica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marisol Navarro-Miranda
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jair Ruiz-Padilla
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Camila Monroy-Guzmán
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - David Madrigal-Trejo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel Rosas-Barrera
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mirna Vázquez-Rosas-Landa
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis E Eguiarte
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Involvement of cyclodipeptides in the competition of bacterial communities in the oligotrophic Churince aquatic system of Cuatro Ciénegas Basin dominated by Gammaproteobacteria. Extremophiles 2017; 22:73-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-017-0978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
6
|
Arocha-Garza HF, Canales-Del Castillo R, Eguiarte LE, Souza V, De la Torre-Zavala S. High diversity and suggested endemicity of culturable Actinobacteria in an extremely oligotrophic desert oasis. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3247. [PMID: 28480140 PMCID: PMC5417069 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylum Actinobacteria constitutes one of the largest and anciently divergent phyla within the Bacteria domain. Actinobacterial diversity has been thoroughly researched in various environments due to its unique biotechnological potential. Such studies have focused mostly on soil communities, but more recently marine and extreme environments have also been explored, finding rare taxa and demonstrating dispersal limitation and biogeographic patterns for Streptomyces. To test the distribution of Actinobacteria populations on a small scale, we chose the extremely oligotrophic and biodiverse Cuatro Cienegas Basin (CCB), an endangered oasis in the Chihuahuan desert to assess the diversity and uniqueness of Actinobacteria in the Churince System with a culture-dependent approach over a period of three years, using nine selective media. The 16S rDNA of putative Actinobacteria were sequenced using both bacteria universal and phylum-specific primer pairs. Phylogenetic reconstructions were performed to analyze OTUs clustering and taxonomic identification of the isolates in an evolutionary context, using validated type species of Streptomyces from previously phylogenies as a reference. Rarefaction analysis for total Actinobacteria and for Streptomyces isolates were performed to estimate species’ richness in the intermediate lagoon (IL) in the oligotrophic Churince system. A total of 350 morphologically and nutritionally diverse isolates were successfully cultured and characterized as members of the Phylum Actinobacteria. A total of 105 from the total isolates were successfully subcultured, processed for DNA extraction and 16S-rDNA sequenced. All strains belong to the order Actinomycetales, encompassing 11 genera of Actinobacteria; the genus Streptomyces was found to be the most abundant taxa in all the media tested throughout the 3-year sampling period. Phylogenetic analysis of our isolates and another 667 reference strains of the family Streptomycetaceae shows that our isolation effort produced 38 unique OTUs in six new monophyletic clades. This high biodiversity and uniqueness of Actinobacteria in an extreme oligotrophic environment, which has previously been reported for its diversity and endemicity, is a suggestive sign of microbial biogeography of Actinobacteria and it also represents an invaluable source of biological material for future ecological and bioprospecting studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hector Fernando Arocha-Garza
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Canales-Del Castillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Biología de la Conservación, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Luis E Eguiarte
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Valeria Souza
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Susana De la Torre-Zavala
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pajares S, Souza V, Eguiarte LE. Multivariate and phylogenetic analyses assessing the response of bacterial mat communities from an ancient oligotrophic aquatic ecosystem to different scenarios of long-term environmental disturbance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119741. [PMID: 25781013 PMCID: PMC4363631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the response of bacterial communities to environmental change is extremely important in predicting the effect of biogeochemical modifications in ecosystem functioning. The Cuatro Cienegas Basin is an ancient oasis in the Mexican Chihuahuan desert that hosts a wide diversity of microbial mats and stromatolites that have survived in extremely oligotrophic pools with nearly constant conditions. However, thus far, the response of these unique microbial communities to long-term environmental disturbances remains unexplored. We therefore studied the compositional stability of these bacterial mat communities by using a replicated (3x) mesocosm experiment: a) Control; b) Fluct: fluctuating temperature; c) 40C: increase to 40 ºC; d) UVplus: artificial increase in UV radiation; and f) UVmin: UV radiation protection. In order to observe the changes in biodiversity, we obtained 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from microbial mats at the end of the experiment (eight months) and analyzed them using multivariate and phylogenetic tools. Sequences were assigned to 13 major lineages, among which Cyanobacteria (38.8%) and Alphaproteobacteria (25.5%) were the most abundant. The less extreme treatments (Control and UVmin) had a more similar composition and distribution of the phylogenetic groups with the natural pools than the most extreme treatments (Fluct, 40C, and UVplus), which showed drastic changes in the community composition and structure, indicating a different community response to each environmental disturbance. An increase in bacterial diversity was found in the UVmin treatment, suggesting that protected environments promote the establishment of complex bacterial communities, while stressful environments reduce diversity and increase the dominance of a few Cyanobacterial OTUs (mainly Leptolyngbya sp) through environmental filtering. Mesocosm experiments using complex bacterial communities, along with multivariate and phylogenetic analyses of molecular data, can assist in addressing questions about bacterial responses to long-term environmental stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pajares
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Valeria Souza
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | - Luis E. Eguiarte
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|