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Ambaye TG, Hassani A, Vaccari M, Franzetti A, Prasad S, Formicola F, Rosatelli A, Rehman MZU, Mohanakrishna G, Ganachari SV, Aminabhavi TM, Rtimi S. Emerging technologies for the removal of pesticides from contaminated soils and their reuse in agriculture. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142433. [PMID: 38815812 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides are becoming more prevalent in agriculture to protect crops and increase crop yields. However, nearly all pesticides used for this purpose reach non-target crops and remain as residues for extended periods. Contamination of soil by widespread pesticide use, as well as its toxicity to humans and other living organisms, is a global concern. This has prompted us to find solutions and develop alternative remediation technologies for sustainable management. This article reviews recent technological developments for remediating pesticides from contaminated soil, focusing on the following major points: (1) The application of various pesticide types and their properties, the sources of pesticides related to soil pollution, their transport and distribution, their fate, the impact on soil and human health, and the extrinsic and intrinsic factors that affect the remediation process are the main points of focus. (2) Sustainable pesticide degradation mechanisms and various emerging nano- and bioelectrochemical soil remediation technologies. (3) The feasible and long-term sustainable research and development approaches that are required for on-site pesticide removal from soils, as well as prospects for applying them directly in agricultural fields. In this critical analysis, we found that bioremediation technology has the potential for up to 90% pesticide removal from the soil. The complete removal of pesticides through a single biological treatment approach is still a challenging task; however, the combination of electrochemical oxidation and bioelectrochemical system approaches can achieve the complete removal of pesticides from soil. Further research is required to remove pesticides directly from soils in agricultural fields on a large-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teklit Gebregiorgis Ambaye
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, Brescia, 25123, Italy; Department of Environment and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aydin Hassani
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey; Research Center for Science, Technology and Engineering (BILTEM), Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Mentore Vaccari
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Andrea Franzetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences-DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 1 Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Shiv Prasad
- Division of Environment Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Francesca Formicola
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences-DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 1 Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Asia Rosatelli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences-DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 1 Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Muhammad Zia Ur Rehman
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Gunda Mohanakrishna
- Center for Energy and Environment (CEE), School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, 580 031, India
| | - Sharanabasava V Ganachari
- Center for Energy and Environment (CEE), School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, 580 031, India
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Center for Energy and Environment (CEE), School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, 580 031, India; Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sami Rtimi
- Global Institute for Water Environment and Health, 1210 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Li P, Liang X, Shi R, Wang Y, Han S, Zhang Y. Unraveling the functional instability of bacterial consortia in crude oil degradation via integrated co-occurrence networks. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1270916. [PMID: 37901814 PMCID: PMC10602786 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1270916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Soil ecosystems are threatened by crude oil contamination, requiring effective microbial remediation. However, our understanding of the key microbial taxa within the community, their interactions impacting crude oil degradation, and the stability of microbial functionality in oil degradation remain limited. Methods To better understand these key points, we enriched a crude oil-degrading bacterial consortium generation 1 (G1) from contaminated soil and conducted three successive transfer passages (G2, G3, and G4). Integrated Co-occurrence Networks method was used to analyze microbial species correlation with crude oil components across G1-G4. Results and discussion In this study, G1 achieved a total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation rate of 32.29% within 10 days. Through three successive transfer passages, G2-G4 consortia were established, resulting in a gradual decrease in TPH degradation to 23.14% at the same time. Specifically, saturated hydrocarbon degradation rates ranged from 18.32% to 14.17% among G1-G4, and only G1 exhibited significant aromatic hydrocarbon degradation (15.59%). Functional annotation based on PICRUSt2 and FAPROTAX showed that functional potential of hydrocarbons degradation diminished across generations. These results demonstrated the functional instability of the bacterial consortium in crude oil degradation. The relative abundance of the Dietzia genus showed the highest positive correlation with the degradation efficiency of TPH and saturated hydrocarbons (19.48, 18.38, p < 0.05, respectively), Bacillus genus demonstrated the highest positive correlation (21.94, p < 0.05) with the efficiency of aromatic hydrocarbon degradation. The key scores of Dietzia genus decreased in successive generations. A significant positive correlation (16.56, p < 0.05) was observed between the Bacillus and Mycetocola genera exclusively in the G1 generation. The decline in crude oil degradation function during transfers was closely related to changes in the relative abundance of key genera such as Dietzia and Bacillus as well as their interactions with other genera including Mycetocola genus. Our study identified key bacterial genera involved in crude oil remediation microbiome construction, providing a theoretical basis for the next step in the construction of the oil pollution remediation microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Rongjiu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Siqin Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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Mulugeta K, Kamaraj M, Tafesse M, Kebede G, Gemechu G, Chandran M. Biomolecules from Serratia sp. CS1 indigenous to Ethiopian natural alkaline lakes: biosurfactant characteristics and assessment of compatibility in a laundry detergent. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:873. [PMID: 36227369 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the biosurfactants (Bio-SFs) producing bacteria are screened from the selected alkaline lake of Ethiopia, and the potential bacterial strain and their produced Bio-SFs are further characterized. In an initial screening, 25 bacterial isolates were isolated, and among those, the bacterial isolate assigned as CS1 was identified as the most potent producer of Bio-SFs using a subsequent characterization process. The CS1 strain was identified as Serratia sp. via biochemical and molecular methods. An emulsion index (E24) of 69.06 ± 0.11% was obtained for CS1 after 5 days of incubation time at 30 °C. The CS1-extracted Bio-SFs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and it indicated that the type of biosurfactant produced was a glycolipid. The stability of the crude Bio-SFs was characterized, and the optimal conditions were found to be 80 °C, pH 8, and 3% NaCl, respectively. The extracted Bio-SFs were compatible with tested commercial detergents, and its efficiency increased from 12.2 ± 0.1% to 67.1 ± 0.17% and 70.43 ± 0.11% when combined with commercially available detergent brands in Ethiopia such as Taza and Largo, respectively. This study suggests that the isolated S. marcescens CS1 strain has the potential to produce Bio-SFs that are viable competence to replace the use of synthetic chemicals in the production of commercial detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidist Mulugeta
- Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Murugesan Kamaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology - Ramapuram Campus, Chennai, 600089, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mesfin Tafesse
- Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gessesse Kebede
- Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Gemechu
- Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Masi Chandran
- Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Guergouri I, Guergouri M, Khouni S, Benhizia Y. Identification of cultivable bacterial strains producing biosurfactants/bioemulsifiers isolated from an Algerian oil refinery. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:649. [PMID: 36171503 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Algerian petrochemical industrial areas are usually running spills and leakages of hydrocarbons, which constitutes a major source of toxic compounds in soil such as aromatic hydrocarbons. In this paper, samples of crude oil-polluted soil were collected from Skikda's oil refinery and were subjected to mono and polyaromatic hydrocarbons threshold assessment. Soil physicochemical parameters were determined for each sample to examine their response to pollution. Amid 34 isolated bacteria, eleven strains were selected as best Biosurfactants (Bs)/Bioemulsifiers (Be) producers and were assigned to Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla based on molecular identification. Phylogenetic analysis of partial 16S rDNA gene sequences allowed the construction of evolutionary trees by means of the maximum likelihood method. Accordingly, strains were similar to Bacillus spp., Priesta spp., Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter spp. and Kosakonia spp. with more than 95% similarity. These strains could be qualified candidates for an efficient bioremediation process of severally polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtissem Guergouri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Mentouri Brothers Constantine 1 University, Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Mounia Guergouri
- Laboratory of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Mentouri Brothers Constantine 1 University, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Sabra Khouni
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Mentouri Brothers Constantine 1 University, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Yacine Benhizia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Mentouri Brothers Constantine 1 University, Constantine, Algeria
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Complete Genome Sequence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1800, a New Bacterial Strain with Potential for Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Environments. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0111621. [PMID: 35175122 PMCID: PMC8852311 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01116-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain 1800 was isolated from the effluent of an industrial oil refinery in Algeria. Its genome was sequenced using Illumina MiSeq (2 × 150-bp read pairs) and Oxford Nanopore (long reads) technologies and assembled using Unicycler. It is composed of one chromosome of 4.83 Mb.
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Li Y, Guo L, Häggblom MM, Yang R, Li M, Sun X, Chen Z, Li F, Su X, Yan G, Xiao E, Zhang H, Sun W. Serratia spp. Are Responsible for Nitrogen Fixation Fueled by As(III) Oxidation, a Novel Biogeochemical Process Identified in Mine Tailings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2033-2043. [PMID: 35006678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) has important environmental implications in tailings by providing bioavailable nitrogen to these habitats and sustaining ecosystem functions. Previously, chemolithotrophic diazotrophs that dominate in mine tailings were shown to use reduced sulfur (S) as the electron donor. Tailings often contain high concentrations of As(III) that might function as an alternative electron donor to fuel BNF. Here, we tested this hypothesis and report on BNF fueled by As(III) oxidation as a novel biogeochemical process in addition to BNF fueled by S. Arsenic (As)-dependent BNF was detected in cultures inoculated from As-rich tailing samples derived from the Xikuangshan mining area in China, as suggested by nitrogenase activity assays, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 15N2 enrichment incubations. As-dependent BNF was also active in eight other As-contaminated tailings and soils, suggesting that the potential for As-dependent BNF may be widespread in As-rich habitats. DNA-stable isotope probing identified Serratia spp. as the bacteria responsible for As-dependent BNF. Metagenomic binning indicated that the essential genes for As-dependent BNF [i.e., nitrogen fixation, As(III) oxidation, and carbon fixation] were present in Serratia-associated metagenome-assembled genomes. Over 20 Serratia genomes obtained from NCBI also contained essential genes for both As(III) oxidation and BNF (i.e., aioA and nifH), suggesting that As-dependent BNF may be a widespread metabolic trait in Serratia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lifang Guo
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Max M Häggblom
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Rui Yang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Mengyan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Xiaoxu Sun
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fangbai Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xianfa Su
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, P. R. China
| | - Geng Yan
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Enzong Xiao
- Innovation Center and Key Laboratory of Waters Safety & Protection in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Haihan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Weimin Sun
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Raj A, Kumar A, Dames JF. Tapping the Role of Microbial Biosurfactants in Pesticide Remediation: An Eco-Friendly Approach for Environmental Sustainability. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:791723. [PMID: 35003022 PMCID: PMC8733403 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.791723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are used indiscriminately all over the world to protect crops from pests and pathogens. If they are used in excess, they contaminate the soil and water bodies and negatively affect human health and the environment. However, bioremediation is the most viable option to deal with these pollutants, but it has certain limitations. Therefore, harnessing the role of microbial biosurfactants in pesticide remediation is a promising approach. Biosurfactants are the amphiphilic compounds that can help to increase the bioavailability of pesticides, and speeds up the bioremediation process. Biosurfactants lower the surface area and interfacial tension of immiscible fluids and boost the solubility and sorption of hydrophobic pesticide contaminants. They have the property of biodegradability, low toxicity, high selectivity, and broad action spectrum under extreme pH, temperature, and salinity conditions, as well as a low critical micelle concentration (CMC). All these factors can augment the process of pesticide remediation. Application of metagenomic and in-silico tools would help by rapidly characterizing pesticide degrading microorganisms at a taxonomic and functional level. A comprehensive review of the literature shows that the role of biosurfactants in the biological remediation of pesticides has received limited attention. Therefore, this article is intended to provide a detailed overview of the role of various biosurfactants in improving pesticide remediation as well as different methods used for the detection of microbial biosurfactants. Additionally, this article covers the role of advanced metagenomics tools in characterizing the biosurfactant producing pesticide degrading microbes from different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Raj
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (Central University), Sagar, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (Central University), Sagar, India
- Mycorrhizal Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Joanna Felicity Dames
- Mycorrhizal Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Mahto KU, Kumari S, Das S. Unraveling the complex regulatory networks in biofilm formation in bacteria and relevance of biofilms in environmental remediation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 57:305-332. [PMID: 34937434 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.2015747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are assemblages of bacteria embedded within a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) attached to a substratum. The process of biofilm formation is a complex phenomenon regulated by the intracellular and intercellular signaling systems. Various secondary messenger molecules such as cyclic dimeric guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (c-di-GMP), cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), and cyclic dimeric adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (c-di-AMP) are involved in complex signaling networks to regulate biofilm development in several bacteria. Moreover, the cell to cell communication system known as Quorum Sensing (QS) also regulates biofilm formation via diverse mechanisms in various bacterial species. Bacteria often switch to the biofilm lifestyle in the presence of toxic pollutants to improve their survivability. Bacteria within a biofilm possess several advantages with regard to the degradation of harmful pollutants, such as increased protection within the biofilm to resist the toxic pollutants, synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that helps in the sequestration of pollutants, elevated catabolic gene expression within the biofilm microenvironment, higher cell density possessing a large pool of genetic resources, adhesion ability to a wide range of substrata, and metabolic heterogeneity. Therefore, a comprehensive account of the various factors regulating biofilm development would provide valuable insights to modulate biofilm formation for improved bioremediation practices. This review summarizes the complex regulatory networks that influence biofilm development in bacteria, with a major focus on the applications of bacterial biofilms for environmental restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Uma Mahto
- Department of Life Science, Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), National Institute of Technology, Odisha, India
| | - Swetambari Kumari
- Department of Life Science, Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), National Institute of Technology, Odisha, India
| | - Surajit Das
- Department of Life Science, Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), National Institute of Technology, Odisha, India
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