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Yuan C, Xu Q, Ning Y, Xia Q. Potential mechanisms implied in tick infection by arboviruses and their transmission to vertebrate hosts. Integr Zool 2024. [PMID: 39016029 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Ticks can transmit many pathogens, including arboviruses, to their vertebrate hosts. Arboviruses must overcome or evade defense mechanisms during their passage from the tick gut to the hemolymph, salivary glands, and the feeding site in the host skin. This review summarizes current knowledge of defense mechanisms in specific tick tissues and at the feeding site in the host skin. We discuss the possible roles of these defense mechanisms in viral infection and transmission. The responses of tick salivary proteins to arbovirus infection are also discussed. This review provides information that may help accelerate research on virus-tick interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfei Yuan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yunjia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Reis AADL, de Avelar BR, Rocha MBDS, Borges DA, Campos DR, Fiorotti J, Golo PS, Scott FB. Ultrastructural characterization and quantification of hemocytes in engorged female Amblyomma sculptum ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102312. [PMID: 38277717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Amblyomma sculptum (formerly Amblyomma cajennense) ticks have been implicated in the transmission of pathogens that cause diseases in animals and humans. Their wide geographic distribution and high impact on animal health and zoonotic disease transmission highlight the importance of studying and implementing effective control measures to mitigate the risks associated with this tick species. The aim of this study was to quantify and characterize the morphology and the ultrastructure of different types of hemocytes in the hemolymph in engorged A. sculptum females fed on rabbits. The hemolymph samples were collected by perforation of the cuticle in the dorsal region. Hemocyte types, sizes, and differential counts were determined using light microscopy, while ultrastructural analysis of hemocytes was performed using transmission electron microscopy. The average number of total hemocytes in the hemolymph was 1024 ± 597.6 cells µL-1. Five morphologically distinct cell types were identified in A. sculptum females: prohemocytes (6 % ± 8.8), plasmatocytes (10 % ± 7.7), granulocytes (78 % ± 12.2), spherulocytes (5 % ± 4.48), and oenocytoids (1 % ± 1.6). In general, prohemocytes were the smallest hemocytes. The ultrastructural morphology of A. sculptum hemocytes described in the present study agrees with the findings for other hard ticks. This is the first study to investigate ultrastructural characteristics of hemocytes of female A. sculptum ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Aparecida de Lima Reis
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Km 07, Zona Rural, BR-465, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil.
| | - Barbara Rauta de Avelar
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Km 07, Zona Rural, BR-465, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Marisa Beatriz da Silva Rocha
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Km 07, Zona Rural, BR-465, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Debora Azevedo Borges
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Km 07, Zona Rural, BR-465, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Diefrey Ribeiro Campos
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Km 07, Zona Rural, BR-465, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Jessica Fiorotti
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Silva Golo
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Km 07, Zona Rural, BR-465, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Fabio Barbour Scott
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Km 07, Zona Rural, BR-465, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil
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Adegoke A, Ribeiro JMC, Smith R, Karim S. Tick innate immune responses to hematophagy and Ehrlichia infection at single-cell resolution. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1305976. [PMID: 38274813 PMCID: PMC10808623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ticks rely on robust cellular and humoral responses to control microbial infection. However, several aspects of the tick's innate immune system remain uncharacterized, most notably that of the immune cells (called hemocytes), which are known to play a significant role in cellular and humoral responses. Despite the importance of hemocytes in regulating microbial infection, our understanding of their basic biology and molecular mechanisms remains limited. Therefore, we believe that a more detailed understanding of the role of hemocytes in the interactions between ticks and tick-borne microbes is crucial to illuminating their function in vector competence and to help identify novel targets for developing new strategies to block tick-borne pathogen transmission. Methods This study examined hemocytes from the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) at the transcriptomic level using the 10X genomics single-cell RNA sequencing platform to analyze hemocyte populations from unfed, partially blood-fed, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis-infected ticks. The functional role of differentially expressed hemocyte markers in hemocyte proliferation and Ehrlichia dissemination was determined using an RNA interference approach. Results and discussion Our data exhibit the identification of fourteen distinct hemocyte populations. Our results uncover seven distinct lineages present in uninfected and Ehrlichia-infected hemocyte clusters. The functional characterization of hemocytin, cystatin, fibronectin, and lipocalin demonstrate their role in hemocyte population changes, proliferation, and Ehrlichia dissemination. Conclusion Our results uncover the tick immune responses to Ehrlichia infection and hematophagy at a single-cell resolution. This work opens a new field of tick innate immunobiology to understand the role of hemocytes, particularly in response to prolonged blood-feeding (hematophagy), and tick-microbial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsalam Adegoke
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Jose M. C. Ribeiro
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Ryan C. Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shahid Karim
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
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Adegoke A, Ribeiro JMC, Brown S, Smith RC, Karim S. Rickettsia parkeri hijacks tick hemocytes to manipulate cellular and humoral transcriptional responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1094326. [PMID: 36845157 PMCID: PMC9950277 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1094326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Blood-feeding arthropods rely on robust cellular and humoral immunity to control pathogen invasion and replication. Tick hemocytes produce factors that can facilitate or suppress microbial infection and pathogenesis. Despite the importance of hemocytes in regulating microbial infection, understanding of their basic biology and molecular mechanisms remains limited. Methods Here we combined histomorphology and functional analysis to identify five distinct phagocytic and non-phagocytic hemocyte populations circulating within the Gulf Coast tick Amblyomma maculatum. Results and discussion Depletion of phagocytic hemocytes using clodronate liposomes revealed their function in eliminating bacterial infection. We provide the first direct evidence that an intracellular tick-borne pathogen, Rickettsia parkeri, infects phagocytic hemocytes in Am. maculatum to modify tick cellular immune responses. A hemocyte-specific RNA-seq dataset generated from hemocytes isolated from uninfected and R. parkeri-infected partially blood-fed ticks generated ~40,000 differentially regulated transcripts, >11,000 of which were immune genes. Silencing two differentially regulated phagocytic immune marker genes (nimrod B2 and eater-two Drosophila homologs), significantly reduced hemocyte phagocytosis. Conclusion Together, these findings represent a significant step forward in understanding how hemocytes regulate microbial homeostasis and vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsalam Adegoke
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Jose M. C. Ribeiro
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Sidney Brown
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Ryan C. Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shahid Karim
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
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Inhibition of Dopamine Activity and Response of Rhipicephalus microplus Challenged with Metarhizium anisopliae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121312. [PMID: 36547645 PMCID: PMC9785602 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine modulates ticks and insect hemocytes and links these arthropods' nervous and immune systems. For the first time, the present study analyzed the effect of a dopamine receptor antagonist on the survival, biological parameters, phagocytic index, and dopamine detection in the hemocytes of ticks challenged by Metarhizium anisopliae. The survival and egg production index of Rhipicephalus microplus were negatively impacted when ticks were inoculated with the antagonist and fungus. Five days after the treatment, the survival of ticks treated only with fungus was 2.2 times higher than ticks treated with the antagonist (highest concentration) and fungus. A reduction in the phagocytic index of hemocytes of 68.4% was observed in the group inoculated with the highest concentration of the antagonist and fungus compared to ticks treated only with fungus. No changes were detected in the R. microplus levels of intrahemocytic dopamine or hemocytic quantification. Our results support the hypothesis that dopamine is crucial for tick immune defense, changing the phagocytic capacity of hemocytes and the susceptibility of ticks to entomopathogenic fungi.
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Thorpe CJ, Wang XR, Munderloh UG, Kurtti TJ. Tick Cell Culture Analysis of Growth Dynamics and Cellular Tropism of Rickettsia buchneri, an Endosymbiont of the Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis. INSECTS 2021; 12:968. [PMID: 34821769 PMCID: PMC8626015 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, a species of significant importance to human and animal health, harbors an endosymbiont Rickettsia buchneri sensu stricto. The symbiont is largely restricted to the ovaries, but all life stages can harbor various quantities or lack R. buchneri entirely. The endosymbiont is cultivable in cell lines isolated from embryos of Ixodes ticks. Rickettsia buchneri most readily grows and is maintained in the cell line IRE11 from the European tick, Ixodes ricinus. The line was characterized by light and electron microscopy and used to analyze the growth dynamics of wildtype and GFPuv-expressing R. buchneri. qPCR indicated that the genome copy doubling time in IRE11 was >7 days. Measurements of fluorescence using a plate reader indicated that the amount of green fluorescent protein doubled every 11 days. Two 23S rRNA probes were tested via RNA FISH on rickettsiae grown in vitro and adapted to evaluate the tissue tropism of R. buchneri in field-collected female I. scapularis. We observed strong positive signals of R. buchneri in the ovaries and surrounding the nucleus of the developing oocytes. Tissue tropism in I. scapularis and in vitro growth dynamics strengthen the contemporary understanding of R. buchneri as a transovarially transmitted, non-pathogenic endosymbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. Thorpe
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (X.-R.W.); (U.G.M.)
| | | | | | - Timothy J. Kurtti
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (X.-R.W.); (U.G.M.)
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Park JM, Oliva Chávez AS, Shaw DK. Ticks: More Than Just a Pathogen Delivery Service. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:739419. [PMID: 34540723 PMCID: PMC8440996 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.739419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Park
- Program in Vector-Borne Disease, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Adela S Oliva Chávez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Dana K Shaw
- Program in Vector-Borne Disease, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Talactac MR, Hernandez EP, Hatta T, Yoshii K, Kusakisako K, Tsuji N, Tanaka T. The antiviral immunity of ticks against transmitted viral pathogens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:104012. [PMID: 33484780 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ticks, being obligate hematophagous arthropods, are exposed to various blood-borne pathogens, including arboviruses. Consequently, their feeding behavior can readily transmit economically important viral pathogens to humans and animals. With this tightly knit vector and pathogen interaction, the replication and transmission of tick-borne viruses (TBVs) must be highly regulated by their respective tick vectors to avoid any adverse effect on the ticks' biological development and viability. Knowledge about the tick-virus interface, although gaining relevant advances in recent years, is advancing at a slower pace than the scientific developments related to mosquito-virus interactions. The unique and complicated feeding behavior of ticks, compared to that of other blood-feeding arthropods, also limits the studies that would further elaborate the antiviral immunity of ticks against TBVs. Hence, knowledge of molecular and cellular immune mechanisms at the tick-virus interface, will further elucidate the successful viral replication of TBVs in ticks and their effective transmission to human and animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melbourne Rio Talactac
- Department of Clinical and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Cavite, 4122, Philippines
| | - Emmanuel Pacia Hernandez
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hatta
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kodai Kusakisako
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Tsuji
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
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Fogaça AC, Sousa G, Pavanelo DB, Esteves E, Martins LA, Urbanová V, Kopáček P, Daffre S. Tick Immune System: What Is Known, the Interconnections, the Gaps, and the Challenges. Front Immunol 2021; 12:628054. [PMID: 33737931 PMCID: PMC7962413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.628054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are ectoparasitic arthropods that necessarily feed on the blood of their vertebrate hosts. The success of blood acquisition depends on the pharmacological properties of tick saliva, which is injected into the host during tick feeding. Saliva is also used as a vehicle by several types of pathogens to be transmitted to the host, making ticks versatile vectors of several diseases for humans and other animals. When a tick feeds on an infected host, the pathogen reaches the gut of the tick and must migrate to its salivary glands via hemolymph to be successfully transmitted to a subsequent host during the next stage of feeding. In addition, some pathogens can colonize the ovaries of the tick and be transovarially transmitted to progeny. The tick immune system, as well as the immune system of other invertebrates, is more rudimentary than the immune system of vertebrates, presenting only innate immune responses. Although simpler, the large number of tick species evidences the efficiency of their immune system. The factors of their immune system act in each tick organ that interacts with pathogens; therefore, these factors are potential targets for the development of new strategies for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. The objective of this review is to present the prevailing knowledge on the tick immune system and to discuss the challenges of studying tick immunity, especially regarding the gaps and interconnections. To this end, we use a comparative approach of the tick immune system with the immune system of other invertebrates, focusing on various components of humoral and cellular immunity, such as signaling pathways, antimicrobial peptides, redox metabolism, complement-like molecules and regulated cell death. In addition, the role of tick microbiota in vector competence is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa C. Fogaça
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Géssica Sousa
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel B. Pavanelo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane Esteves
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa A. Martins
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Veronika Urbanová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Petr Kopáček
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Sirlei Daffre
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fiorotti J, Menna-Barreto RFS, Gôlo PS, Coutinho-Rodrigues CJB, Bitencourt ROB, Spadacci-Morena DD, Angelo IDC, Bittencourt VREP. Ultrastructural and Cytotoxic Effects of Metarhizium robertsii Infection on Rhipicephalus microplus Hemocytes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:654. [PMID: 31191351 PMCID: PMC6548823 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metarhizium is an entomopathogenic fungus widely employed in the biological control of arthropods. Hemocytes present in the hemolymph of invertebrates are the cells involved in the immune response of arthropods. Despite this, knowledge about Rhipicephalus microplus hemocytes morphological aspects as well as their role in response to the fungal infection is scarce. The present study aimed to analyze the hemocytes of R. microplus females after Metarhizium robertsii infection, using light and electron microscopy approaches associated with the cytotoxicity evaluation. Five types of hemocytes (prohemocytes, spherulocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, and oenocytoids) were described in the hemolymph of uninfected ticks, while only prohemocytes, granulocytes, and plasmatocytes were observed in fungus-infected tick females. Twenty-four hours after the fungal infection, only granulocytes and plasmatocytes were detected in the transmission electron microscopy analysis. Hemocytes from fungus-infected tick females showed several cytoplasmic vacuoles with different electron densities, and lipid droplets in close contact to low electron density vacuoles, as well as the formation of autophagosomes and subcellular material in different stages of degradation could also be observed. M. robertsii propagules were more toxic to tick hemocytes in the highest concentration tested (1.0 × 108 conidia mL-1). Interestingly, the lowest fungus concentration did not affect significantly the cell viability. Microanalysis showed that cells granules from fungus-infected and uninfected ticks had similar composition. This study addressed the first report of fungal cytotoxicity analyzing ultrastructural effects on hemocytes of R. microplus infected with entomopathogenic fungi. These results open new perspectives for the comprehension of ticks physiology and pathology, allowing the identification of new targets for the biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Fiorotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Silva Gôlo
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | | | - Isabele da Costa Angelo
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
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Genné D, Sarr A, Gomez-Chamorro A, Durand J, Cayol C, Rais O, Voordouw MJ. Competition between strains of Borrelia afzelii inside the rodent host and the tick vector. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20181804. [PMID: 30381382 PMCID: PMC6235042 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple-strain pathogens often establish mixed infections inside the host that result in competition between strains. In vector-borne pathogens, the competitive ability of strains must be measured in both the vertebrate host and the arthropod vector to understand the outcome of competition. Such studies could reveal the existence of trade-offs in competitive ability between different host types. We used the tick-borne bacterium Borrelia afzelii to test for competition between strains in the rodent host and the tick vector, and to test for a trade-off in competitive ability between these two host types. Mice were infected via tick bite with either one or two strains, and these mice were subsequently used to create ticks with single or mixed infections. Competition in the rodent host reduced strain-specific host-to-tick transmission and competition in the tick vector reduced the abundance of both strains. The strain that was competitively superior in host-to-tick transmission was competitively inferior with respect to bacterial abundance in the tick. This study suggests that in multiple-strain vector-borne pathogens there are trade-offs in competitive ability between the vertebrate host and the arthropod vector. Such trade-offs could play an important role in the coexistence of pathogen strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Genné
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anouk Sarr
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Gomez-Chamorro
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Durand
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Claire Cayol
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olivier Rais
- Laboratory of Ecology and Epidemiology of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maarten J Voordouw
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Feitosa APS, Chaves MM, Veras DL, de Deus DMV, Portela NC, Araújo AR, Alves LC, Brayner FA. Assessing the cellular and humoral immune response in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae) infected with Leishmania infantum (Nicolle, 1908). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1421-1430. [PMID: 30207274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate aspects of the innate cellular and humoral immune response by evaluating hemocyte dynamics, phagocytosis, phenoloxidase (PO) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) (Acari: Ixodidae) infected with Leishmania infantum and to assess the persistence of parasites at time 0 and 1, 2, 5, and 7 days post-infection (dpi). The total and differential count of the five types of hemocytes circulating in the hemolymph of R. sanguineus s.l. females showed the average total number of hemocytes in the group infected with L. infantum to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) on the 1st and 2nd dpi compared to the control group. The hemocyte differential count showed that the average number of plasmatocytes and granulocytes increased significantly on the 1st, 2nd, and 5th dpi with L. infantum compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Phagocytosis assays revealed that plasmatocytes and granulocytes were able to perform phagocytosis of latex beads and L. infantum on the 1st and 2nd dpi, respectively. NO production was significantly increased (p < 0.001) on the 1st, 2nd, and 5th dpi with L. infantum and PO activity increased significantly (p < 0.05) only on the 5th dpi. L. infantum DNA was significantly increased (p < 0.001) on the 5th and 7th dpi compared to time 0. Although there are no studies describing the response of R. sanguineus s.l. to an infection with L. infantum, these results suggest that R. sanguineus s.l. activates the cellular and humoral immune response after infection with L. infantum. Further studies are however, needed to assess the impact of such a response on fighting infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula S Feitosa
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP: 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - Marlos M Chaves
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil
| | - Dyana L Veras
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil
| | - Dayse M Vasconcelos de Deus
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil
| | - Nairomberg C Portela
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil
| | - Alberon R Araújo
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP: 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Alves
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), University of Pernambuco, Rua Arnóbio Marques, 310 - Santo Amaro, Recife, PE, CEP 50.100-130, Brazil
| | - Fábio A Brayner
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP:50.740-465, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP: 50670-901, Brazil.
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Espinosa PJ, Alberdi P, Villar M, Cabezas-Cruz A, de la Fuente J. Heat Shock Proteins in Vector-pathogen Interactions: The Anaplasma phagocytophilum Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-73377-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Feitosa APS, Alves LC, Chaves MM, Veras DL, Silva EM, Aliança ASS, França IRS, Gonçalves GGA, Lima-Filho JL, Brayner FA. Hemocytes of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae): Characterization, Population Abundance, and Ultrastructural Changes Following Challenge with Leishmania infantum. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:1193-1202. [PMID: 26336264 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the cellular immune response of ticks, and further research on the characterization of the hemocytes of ticks is required, particularly on those of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) because of the medical and veterinary importance of this tick. The aims of this study were to characterize the morphology and the ultrastructure of the different types of hemocytes of adult R. sanguineus and to determine the population abundance and the ultrastructural changes in the hemocytes of ticks infected with Leishmania infantum. The hemocytes were characterized through light and transmission electron microscopy. Within the variability of circulating cells in the hemolymph of adult R. sanguineus, five cell types were identified, which were the prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, spherulocytes, and adipohemocytes. The prohemocytes were the smallest cells found in the hemolymph. The plasmatocytes had polymorphic morphology with vesicles and cytoplasmic projections. The granulocytes had an elliptical shape with the cytoplasm filled with granules of different sizes and electrodensities. The spherulocytes were characterized by several spherules of uniform shapes and sizes that filled the entire cytoplasm, whereas the adipohemocytes had an irregular shape with multiple lipid inclusions that occupied almost the entire cytoplasmic space. The total counts of the hemocyte population increased in the group that was infected with L. infantum. Among the different cell types, the numbers increased and the ultrastructural changes occurred in the granulocytes and the plasmatocytes in the infected group of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P S Feitosa
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901. Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901.
| | - L C Alves
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901. Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), University of Pernambuco, Rua Arnóbio Marques, 310 - Santo Amaro - Recife-PE, Brazil -CEP 50.100-130
| | - M M Chaves
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465
| | - D L Veras
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901
| | - E M Silva
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901
| | - A S S Aliança
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901. Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901
| | - I R S França
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), University of Pernambuco, Rua Arnóbio Marques, 310 - Santo Amaro - Recife-PE, Brazil -CEP 50.100-130
| | - G G A Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901
| | - J L Lima-Filho
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901
| | - F A Brayner
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil, - CEP:50.740-465. Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901. Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, Brazil - CEP: 50670-901
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Bednaski A, Trevisan-Silva D, Matsubara F, Boia-Ferreira M, Olivério M, Gremski L, Cavalheiro R, De Paula D, Paredes-Gamero E, Takahashi H, Toledo M, Nader H, Veiga S, Chaim O, Senff-Ribeiro A. Characterization of Brown spider (Loxosceles intermedia) hemolymph: Cellular and biochemical analyses. Toxicon 2015; 98:62-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lu S, Soares TS, Vaz Junior IS, Lovato DV, Tanaka AS. Rmcystatin3, a cysteine protease inhibitor from Rhipicephalus microplus hemocytes involved in immune response. Biochimie 2014; 106:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kuhn-Nentwig L, Kopp LS, Nentwig W, Haenni B, Streitberger K, Schürch S, Schaller J. Functional differentiation of spider hemocytes by light and transmission electron microscopy, and MALDI-MS-imaging. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:59-67. [PMID: 24183821 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The most abundant cell types in the hemolymph of Cupiennius salei are plasmatocytes (70-80%) and granulocytes (20-30%). Both cells differ in shape, cytochemical and transmission electron microscopy staining of their cytoplasma and granules. According to MALDI-IMS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-mass spectrometry imaging), granulocytes exhibit ctenidin 1 (9510 Da) and ctenidin 3 (9568 Da), SIBD-1 (8675 Da), and unknown peptides with masses of 2207 and 6239 Da. Plasmatocytes exhibit mainly a mass of 6908 Da. Unknown peptides with masses of 1546 and 1960 Da were detected in plasmatocytes and granulocytes. Transmission electron microscopy confirms the presence of two compounds in one granule and cytochemical staining (light microscopy) tends to support this view. Two further hemocyte types (cyanocytes containing hemocyanin and prehemocytes as stem cells) are only rarely detected in the hemolymph. These four hemocyte types constitute the cellular part of the spider immune system and this is discussed in view of arachnid hemocyte evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Lukas S Kopp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Nentwig
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beat Haenni
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Streitberger
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schürch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johann Schaller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Hajdušek O, Síma R, Ayllón N, Jalovecká M, Perner J, de la Fuente J, Kopáček P. Interaction of the tick immune system with transmitted pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:26. [PMID: 23875177 PMCID: PMC3712896 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are hematophagous arachnids transmitting a wide variety of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and protozoans to their vertebrate hosts. The tick vector competence has to be intimately linked to the ability of transmitted pathogens to evade tick defense mechanisms encountered on their route through the tick body comprising midgut, hemolymph, salivary glands or ovaries. Tick innate immunity is, like in other invertebrates, based on an orchestrated action of humoral and cellular immune responses. The direct antimicrobial defense in ticks is accomplished by a variety of small molecules such as defensins, lysozymes or by tick-specific antimicrobial compounds such as microplusin/hebraein or 5.3-kDa family proteins. Phagocytosis of the invading microbes by tick hemocytes is likely mediated by the primordial complement-like system composed of thioester-containing proteins, fibrinogen-related lectins and convertase-like factors. Moreover, an important role in survival of the ingested microbes seems to be played by host proteins and redox balance maintenance in the tick midgut. Here, we summarize recent knowledge about the major components of tick immune system and focus on their interaction with the relevant tick-transmitted pathogens, represented by spirochetes (Borrelia), rickettsiae (Anaplasma), and protozoans (Babesia). Availability of the tick genomic database and feasibility of functional genomics based on RNA interference greatly contribute to the understanding of molecular and cellular interplay at the tick-pathogen interface and may provide new targets for blocking the transmission of tick pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Hajdušek
- Biological Centre ASCR, Institute of Parasitology České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Soares T, Cavalcanti MGDS, Ferreira FRB, Cavalcanti MDSDM, Alves LC, Brayner FA, Paiva PMG. Ultrastructural characterization of the hemocytes of Lasiodora sp. (Koch, 1850) (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Micron 2013; 48:11-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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HlSRB, a Class B scavenger receptor, is key to the granulocyte-mediated microbial phagocytosis in ticks. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33504. [PMID: 22479406 PMCID: PMC3315565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodid ticks transmit various pathogens of deadly diseases to humans and animals. However, the specific molecule that functions in the recognition and control of pathogens inside ticks is not yet to be identified. Class B scavenger receptor CD36 (SRB) participates in internalization of apoptotic cells, certain bacterial and fungal pathogens, and modified low-density lipoproteins. Recently, we have reported on recombinant HlSRB, a 50-kDa protein with one hydrophobic SRB domain from the hard tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis. Here, we show that HlSRB plays vital roles in granulocyte-mediated phagocytosis to invading Escherichia coli and contributes to the first-line host defense against various pathogens. Data clearly revealed that granulocytes that up-regulated the expression of cell surface HlSRB are almost exclusively involved in hemocyte-mediated phagocytosis for E. coli in ticks, and post-transcriptional silencing of the HlSRB-specific gene ablated the granulocytes' ability to phagocytose E. coli and resulted in the mortality of ticks due to high bacteremia. This is the first report demonstrating that a scavenger receptor molecule contributes to hemocyte-mediated phagocytosis against exogenous pathogens, isolated and characterized from hematophagous arthropods.
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Kopacek P, Hajdusek O, Buresova V. Tick as a model for the study of a primitive complement system. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 710:83-93. [PMID: 22127888 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5638-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are blood feeding parasites transmitting a wide variety of pathogens to their vertebrate hosts. The transmitted pathogens apparently evolved efficient mechanisms enabling them to evade or withstand the cellular or humoral immune responses within the tick vector. Despite its importance, our knowledge of tick innate immunity still lags far beyond other well established invertebrate models, such as drosophila, horseshoe crab or mosquitoes. However, the recent release of the American deer tick, Ixodes scapularis, genome and feasibility of functional analysis based on RNA interference (RNAi) facilitate the development of this organism as a full-value model for deeper studies of vector-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kopacek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovská 31, Ceské Budejovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic.
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Ixodes scapularis salivary gland protein P11 facilitates migration of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from the tick gut to salivary glands. EMBO Rep 2011; 12:1196-203. [PMID: 21921936 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2011.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes ticks harbour several human pathogens belonging to the order Rickettsiales, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human anaplasmosis. When ticks feed on A. phagocytophilum-infected mice, the pathogen enters the ticks' gut. The bacteria then migrate from the gut to infect the salivary glands of the ticks and are transmitted to the next host via the saliva. The molecular mechanisms that enable the migration of A. phagocytophilum from the gut to the salivary glands are poorly understood. Here we show that a secreted tick protein, P11, is important in this process. We show that P11 enables A. phagocytophilum to infect tick haemocytes, which are required for the migration of A. phagocytophilum from the gut to the salivary glands. Silencing of p11 impaired the A. phagocytophilum infection of tick haemocytes in vivo and consequently decreased pathogen infection of the salivary glands. In vitro experiments showed that P11 could bind to A. phagocytophilum and thus facilitate its infection of tick cells. This report provides new insights into A. phagocytophilum infection of ticks and reveals new avenues to interrupt the life cycle of Anaplasma and related Rickettsial pathogens.
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Kopáček P, Hajdušek O, Burešová V, Daffre S. Tick Innate Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8059-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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