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Le Mauff A, Norris EJ, Li AY, Swale DR. Repellent activity of essential oils to the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:202. [PMID: 38711138 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum is important to human health because of a variety of pathogenic organisms transmitted to humans during feeding events, which underscores the need to identify novel approaches to prevent tick bites. Thus, the goal of this study was to test natural and synthetic molecules for repellent activity against ticks in spatial, contact and human fingertip bioassays. METHODS The efficacy of essential oils and naturally derived compounds as repellents to Am. americanum nymphs was compared in three different bioassays: contact, spatial and fingertip repellent bioassays. RESULTS Concentration response curves after contact exposure to 1R-trans-chrysanthemic acid (TCA) indicated a 5.6 μg/cm2 concentration required to repel 50% of ticks (RC50), which was five- and sevenfold more active than DEET and nootkatone, respectively. For contact repellency, the rank order of repellency at 50 μg/cm2 for natural oils was clove > geranium > oregano > cedarwood > thyme > amyris > patchouli > citronella > juniper berry > peppermint > cassia. For spatial bioassays, TCA was approximately twofold more active than DEET and nootkatone at 50 μg/cm2 but was not significantly different at 10 μg/cm2. In spatial assays, thyme and cassia were the most active compounds tested with 100% and 80% ticks repelled within 15 min of exposure respectively and was approximately twofold more effective than DEET at the same concentration. To translate these non-host assays to efficacy when used on the human host, we quantified repellency using a finger-climbing assay. TCA, nootkatone and DEET were equally effective in the fingertip assay, and patchouli oil was the only natural oil that significantly repelled ticks. CONCLUSIONS The differences in repellent potency based on the assay type suggests that the ability to discover active tick repellents suitable for development may be more complicated than with other arthropod species; furthermore, the field delivery mechanism must be considered early in development to ensure translation to field efficacy. TCA, which is naturally derived, is a promising candidate for a tick repellent that has comparable repellency to commercialized tick repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Le Mauff
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, PO Box 100009, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Edmund J Norris
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Andrew Y Li
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol & Behavior Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Daniel R Swale
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, PO Box 100009, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Williams SC, Linske MA, Stafford KC. Orally delivered fipronil-laced bait reduces juvenile blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) burdens on wild white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102189. [PMID: 37156086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
While the topical acaricidal treatment of rodent pathogen reservoirs has been readily explored over the past several decades, oral systemic acaricidal treatment is only recently gaining traction as an alternative approach to the management of ticks and tick-borne pathogens. Recent laboratory tests have shown promise in the effectiveness of this systemic strategy against the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and a Canadian field evaluation was recently published, but no recent field data from the United States yet exist. With this research, we sought to field deploy a commercially available fipronil-laced bait (Kaput® Flea Control Bait, Scimetrics LLC., Wellington, CO, USA; 0.005% fipronil; Environmental Protection Agency Reg. No. 72500-28), in an alternate use targeting white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) to determine bait acceptance and potential impacts to juvenile I. scapularis burdens. Bait was readily accepted by wild P. leucopus and other rodent reservoirs. An ad libitum distribution strategy as well as placing smaller volumes of fipronil-laced bait within individual Sherman traps both resulted in significant reductions (57-94%) in juvenile I. scapularis burdens as compared to control over two years. The oral delivery of systemic acaricides shows promise in reduction of I. scapularis burdens on P. leucopus and should be further explored to determine effectiveness on host-seeking tick abundances, associated pathogen infection, and potentially incorporated into integrated tick management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Williams
- Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Megan A Linske
- Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Kirby C Stafford
- Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Xin R, Wang G, Qiu Z, Ma Q, Ahmad S, Yang F, Wang H, He J, Jing X, Sun Y. Screening of essential oils with acaricidal activity against Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) and analysis of active components. Vet Parasitol 2022; 307-308:109712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kaplan ZD, Richardson EA, Taylor CE, Kaufman PE, Weeks ENI. Determination of the Discriminating Concentration Towards Permethrin for Surveying Resistance in Amblyomma americanum. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:922-929. [PMID: 35323944 PMCID: PMC9113138 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amblyomma americanum Linnaeus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) is ubiquitously present throughout the southeastern United States and is capable of vectoring several pathogens. White-tailed deer are the main host for adult A. americanum. However, this tick species is a generalist that will feed on most vertebrates, including humans, deer, livestock, and pets. Management of this species can be challenging due to a lack of cost-effective strategies. Acaricides are often utilized, however, this may lead to pesticide resistance. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) larval packet test (LPT) was performed on susceptible A. americanum to determine the lethal concentration (LC) and discriminating concentration (DC) values for permethrin. The FAO LPT was used at these pre-established values to compare levels of resistance in ticks collected from a captive deer farm and wild areas representing high and low permethrin exposure settings, respectively. Resistance ratios (RR) calculated from the LC values for the ticks collected from farmed and wild deer ranged between 1 and 2. A. americanum collected from farmed and wild deer were not found to be resistant, however, some samples had slightly elevated RRs as compared to the susceptible laboratory strain, which may suggest tolerance development. Although the A. americanum sampled in this study were not resistant to permethrin, the DC calculated in this study will allow for rapid evaluation of resistance in a permethrin resistance monitoring program such that alternate management strategies can be adopted if resistance is detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z D Kaplan
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - E A Richardson
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - C E Taylor
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - P E Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - E N I Weeks
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Selles SMA, Kouidri M, González MG, González J, Sánchez M, González-Coloma A, Sanchis J, Elhachimi L, Olmeda AS, Tercero JM, Valcárcel F. Acaricidal and Repellent Effects of Essential Oils against Ticks: A Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111379. [PMID: 34832535 PMCID: PMC8617816 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick control is a priority in order to prevent the transmission of vector-borne diseases. Industrial chemical acaricides and repellents have been the most efficient tools against hard ticks for a long time. However, the appearance of resistances has meant the declining effectiveness of the chemicals available on the market. The trend today is to develop alternative control methods using natural products to replace nonefficient pesticides and to preserve the efficient ones, hoping to delay resistance development. Traditional in vitro evaluation of acaricidal activity or resistance to synthetic pesticides have been reviewed and they mainly focus on just one species, the one host tick (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)). Recent reports have called for the standardization of natural product components, extraction techniques, and experimental design to fully discover their acaricidal potential. This study reviews the main variables used in the bibliography about the efficiency of natural products against ticks, and it proposes a unification of variables relating to ticks, practical development of bioassays, and estimation of ixodicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidi Mohammed Ammar Selles
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria;
- Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria
- Correspondence:
| | - Mokhtaria Kouidri
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria;
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Products, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria
| | - Marta G. González
- Grupo de Parasitología Animal, Departamento de Reproducción Animal (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.G.); (M.S.); (J.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Julia González
- Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - María Sánchez
- Grupo de Parasitología Animal, Departamento de Reproducción Animal (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.G.); (M.S.); (J.S.); (F.V.)
- Villamagna S.A., Finca “La Garganta”, 14440 Villanueva de Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Azucena González-Coloma
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jaime Sanchis
- Grupo de Parasitología Animal, Departamento de Reproducción Animal (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.G.); (M.S.); (J.S.); (F.V.)
- Facultad de Veterinaria, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Salto 1350, Uruguay
| | - Latifa Elhachimi
- Département de parasitologie et de Santé Publique, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat B.P. 6202, Morocco;
| | - A. Sonia Olmeda
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José Maria Tercero
- Villamagna S.A., Finca “La Garganta”, 14440 Villanueva de Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Félix Valcárcel
- Grupo de Parasitología Animal, Departamento de Reproducción Animal (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.G.); (M.S.); (J.S.); (F.V.)
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Klafke GM, Thomas DB, Miller RJ, Pérez de León AA. Efficacy of a water-based botanical acaricide formulation applied in portable spray box against the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), infesting cattle. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101721. [PMID: 33848798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ectoparasitism result in annual losses to livestock producers estimated to reach billions of dollars in tropical and subtropical parts of the world where the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is established because this invasive pest is also a vector of pathogens causing bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis. Reintroduction of R. microplus could be economically devastating for the cattle industry in the United States. Novel technologies are necessary to manage populations of R. microplus that are resistant to multiple classes of synthetic chemicals widely used as acaricides to control ticks infesting livestock, and to mitigate the environmental impact of these synthetic acaricides. Bioassays with a water-based formulation of a commercially available botanical acaricide (Essentria® IC3) at 6.25 % against a laboratory strain of R. microplus was 100 % lethal against unfed larvae, and 94 % mortality was recorded against engorged female ticks. These results prompted documentation of efficacy on infested cattle using an acaricide delivery system mimicking field conditions, which is required to consider the use of a product by integrated tick management programs. Twelve tick naïve cattle were artificially infested with unfed larvae on days -19, -12 and -5. On day -2, ticks from the left-side of the body of each animal were manually counted. Depending on pre-treatment tick counts the animals were assigned into three separate treatment groups: i) water (untreated control); ii) coumaphos 0.3 % in water (positive control); and iii) botanical acaricide 6.25 % in water. Five days after the last infestation, cattle were doused in a spray box and moved to individual stalls to collect tick data for calculation of treatment efficacy. The percentage control, based on the reproduction of surviving engorged female ticks after treatment with the 6.25 % Essentria in water-based spray was 70 % against R. microplus. Coumaphos treatment had a mean percent control of 100 %. Whereas this application of Essentria® IC3 cannot be recommended as a stand-alone method to eradicate R. microplus, the 6.25 % botanical acaricide water-based spray could be part of integrated tick management to control populations of R. microplus resistant to organophosphates like coumaphos and other classes of commercially available synthetic acaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Klafke
- USDA-ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd., MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, United States.
| | - Donald B Thomas
- USDA-ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd., MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, United States
| | - Robert J Miller
- USDA-ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd., MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, United States; USDA-ARS - Office of National Programs, 5601 Sunnyside Avenue, GWCC, Beltsville, MD, 20705-5148, United States
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX, 78028, United States
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Bernard Q, Phelan JP, Hu LT. Controlling Lyme Disease: New Paradigms for Targeting the Tick-Pathogen-Reservoir Axis on the Horizon. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:607170. [PMID: 33344266 PMCID: PMC7744311 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.607170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Linden T. Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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