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Majer A, Skoracka A, Spaak J, Kuczyński L. Higher-order species interactions cause time-dependent niche and fitness differences: Experimental evidence in plant-feeding arthropods. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14428. [PMID: 38685715 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Species interact in different ways, including competition, facilitation and predation. These interactions can be non-linear or higher order and may depend on time or species densities. Although these higher-order interactions are virtually ubiquitous, they remain poorly understood, as they are challenging both theoretically and empirically. We propose to adapt niche and fitness differences from modern coexistence theory and apply them to species interactions over time. As such, they may not merely inform about coexistence, but provide a deeper understanding of how species interactions change. Here, we investigated how the exploitation of a biotic resource (plant) by phytophagous arthropods affects their interactions. We performed monoculture and competition experiments to fit a generalized additive mixed model to the empirical data, which allowed us to calculate niche and fitness differences. We found that species switch between different types of interactions over time, including intra- and interspecific facilitation, and strong and weak competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Majer
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Skoracka
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jürg Spaak
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Lechosław Kuczyński
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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2
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Simon MW, Amarasekare P. Predicting the fundamental thermal niche of ectotherms. Ecology 2024; 105:e4289. [PMID: 38578245 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Climate warming is predicted to increase mean temperatures and thermal extremes on a global scale. Because their body temperature depends on the environmental temperature, ectotherms bear the full brunt of climate warming. Predicting the impact of climate warming on ectotherm diversity and distributions requires a framework that can translate temperature effects on ectotherm life-history traits into population- and community-level outcomes. Here we present a mechanistic theoretical framework that can predict the fundamental thermal niche and climate envelope of ectotherm species based on how temperature affects the underlying life-history traits. The advantage of this framework is twofold. First, it can translate temperature effects on the phenotypic traits of individual organisms to population-level patterns observed in nature. Second, it can predict thermal niches and climate envelopes based solely on trait response data and, hence, completely independently of any population-level information. We find that the temperature at which the intrinsic growth rate is maximized exceeds the temperature at which abundance is maximized under density-dependent growth. As a result, the temperature at which a species will increase the fastest when rare is lower than the temperature at which it will recover from a perturbation the fastest when abundant. We test model predictions using data from a naturalized-invasive interaction to identify the temperatures at which the invasive can most easily invade the naturalized's habitat and the naturalized is most likely to resist the invasive. The framework is sufficiently mechanistic to yield reliable predictions for individual species and sufficiently broad to apply across a range of ectothermic taxa. This ability to predict the thermal niche before a species encounters a new thermal environment is essential to mitigating some of the major effects of climate change on ectotherm populations around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret W Simon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Priyanga Amarasekare
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA
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3
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de Lange J, Nalley LL, Yang W, Shew A, de Steur H. The future of CRISPR gene editing according to plant scientists. iScience 2022; 25:105012. [PMID: 36093047 PMCID: PMC9460836 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study surveyed 669 plant scientists globally to elicit how (which outcomes of gene editing), where (which continent) and what (which crops) are most likely to benefit from CRISPR research and if there is a consensus about specific barriers to commercial adoption in agriculture. Further, we disaggregated public and private plant scientists to see if there was heterogeneity in their views of the future of CRISPR research. Our findings suggest that maize and soybeans are anticipated to benefit the most from CRISPR technology with fungus and virus resistance the most common vehicle for its implementation. Across the board, plant scientists viewed consumer perception/knowledge gap to be the most impeding barrier of CRISPR adoption. Although CRISPR has been hailed as a technology that can help alleviate food insecurity and improve agricultural sustainability, our study has shown that plant scientists believe there are some large concerns about the consumer perceptions of CRISPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job de Lange
- Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Lawton Lanier Nalley
- Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Aaron Shew
- Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Hans de Steur
- Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
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Pozhylov I, Snihur H, Shevchenko T, Budzanivska I, Liu W, Wang X, Shevchenko O. Occurrence and Characterization of Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus Found in Mono- and Mixed Infection with High Plains Wheat Mosaic Virus in Winter Wheat in Ukraine. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061220. [PMID: 35746690 PMCID: PMC9229632 DOI: 10.3390/v14061220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is a well-known pathogen inducing significant crop losses and endangering wheat production worldwide, the recent discovery of High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV) in Ukraine raises questions on the co-existence of these two viruses having a similar host range and the same mite vector. Here we report on the screening of winter wheat industrial plantings in several important regions of Ukraine for WSMV and HPWMoV. WSMV was identified in an extremely high number of symptomatic plants (>85%) as compared to HPWMoV detected in 40% of wheat samples. Importantly, the preferred mode of HPWMoV circulation in Ukraine was mixed infection with WSMV (>30%) as opposed to WSMV, which was typically found in monoinfection (60%). Screening wheat varieties for possible virus resistance indicated that all but one were susceptible to WSMV, whereas over 50% of the same varieties were not naturally infected with HPWMoV. Overall, phylogenetic analysis of the collected WSMV and HPWMoV isolates indicated their high identity and similarity to other known isolates of the respective viruses. Here we first characterize WSMV isolates found in winter wheat plants in mono- or mixed infection with HPWMoV, which was recently reported as a typical wheat pathogen in Ukraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illia Pozhylov
- Virology Department, ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (I.P.); (H.S.); (T.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Halyna Snihur
- Virology Department, ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (I.P.); (H.S.); (T.S.); (I.B.)
- Laboratory of Plant Viruses, D.K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana Shevchenko
- Virology Department, ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (I.P.); (H.S.); (T.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Irena Budzanivska
- Virology Department, ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (I.P.); (H.S.); (T.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (O.S.)
| | - Oleksiy Shevchenko
- Virology Department, ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (I.P.); (H.S.); (T.S.); (I.B.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (O.S.)
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Skoracka A, Laska A, Radwan J, Konczal M, Lewandowski M, Puchalska E, Karpicka‐Ignatowska K, Przychodzka A, Raubic J, Kuczyński L. Effective specialist or jack of all trades? Experimental evolution of a crop pest in fluctuating and stable environments. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1639-1652. [PMID: 36330306 PMCID: PMC9624081 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding pest evolution in agricultural systems is crucial for developing effective and innovative pest control strategies. Types of cultivation, such as crop monocultures versus polycultures or crop rotation, may act as a selective pressure on pests’ capability to exploit the host’s resources. In this study, we examined the herbivorous mite Aceria tosichella (commonly known as wheat curl mite), a widespread wheat pest, to understand how fluctuating versus stable environments influence its niche breadth and ability to utilize different host plant species. We subjected a wheat‐bred mite population to replicated experimental evolution in a single‐host environment (either wheat or barley), or in an alternation between these two plant species every three mite generations. Next, we tested the fitness of these evolving populations on wheat, barley, and on two other plant species not encountered during experimental evolution, namely rye and smooth brome. Our results revealed that the niche breadth of A. tosichella evolved in response to the level of environmental variability. The fluctuating environment expanded the niche breadth by increasing the mite’s ability to utilize different plant species, including novel ones. Such an environment may thus promote flexible host‐use generalist phenotypes. However, the niche expansion resulted in some costs expressed as reduced performances on both wheat and barley as compared to specialists. Stable host environments led to specialized phenotypes. The population that evolved in a constant environment consisting of barley increased its fitness on barley without the cost of utilizing wheat. However, the population evolving on wheat did not significantly increase its fitness on wheat, but decreased its performance on barley. Altogether, our results indicated that, depending on the degree of environmental heterogeneity, agricultural systems create different conditions that influence pests’ niche breadth evolution, which may in turn affect the ability of pests to persist in such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skoracka
- Population Ecology Lab Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Alicja Laska
- Population Ecology Lab Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Evolutionary Biology Group Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Mateusz Konczal
- Evolutionary Biology Group Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Mariusz Lewandowski
- Section of Applied Entomology Department of Plant Protection Institute of Horticultural Sciences Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Warsaw Poland
| | - Ewa Puchalska
- Section of Applied Entomology Department of Plant Protection Institute of Horticultural Sciences Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Warsaw Poland
| | - Kamila Karpicka‐Ignatowska
- Population Ecology Lab Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Anna Przychodzka
- Population Ecology Lab Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Jarosław Raubic
- Population Ecology Lab Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Lechosław Kuczyński
- Population Ecology Lab Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
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Mechanisms of dispersal and colonisation in a wind-borne cereal pest, the haplodiploid wheat curl mite. Sci Rep 2022; 12:551. [PMID: 35017605 PMCID: PMC8752673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal and colonisation determine the survival and success of organisms, and influence the structure and dynamics of communities and ecosystems in space and time. Both affect the gene flow between populations, ensuring sufficient level of genetic variation and improving adaptation abilities. In haplodiploids, such as Aceria tosichella (wheat curl mite, WCM), a population may be founded even by a single unfertilised female, so there is a risk of heterozygosity loss (i.e. founder effect). It may lead to adverse outcomes, such as inbreeding depression. Yet, the strength of the founder effect partly depends on the genetic variation of the parental population. WCM is an economically important pest with a great invasive potential, but its dispersal and colonisation mechanisms were poorly studied before. Therefore, here we assessed WCM dispersal and colonisation potential in relation to the genetic variation of the parental population. We checked whether this potential may be linked to specific pre-dispersal actions (e.g. mating before dispersal and collective behaviour). Our study confirms that dispersal strategies of WCM are not dependent on heterozygosity in the parental population, and the efficient dispersal of this species depends on collective movement of fertilised females.
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Challenges and opportunities for plant viruses under a climate change scenario. Adv Virus Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Laska A, Magalhães S, Lewandowski M, Puchalska E, Karpicka-Ignatowska K, Radwańska A, Meagher S, Kuczyński L, Skoracka A. A sink host allows a specialist herbivore to persist in a seasonal source. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211604. [PMID: 34465242 PMCID: PMC8437026 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In seasonal environments, sinks that are more persistent than sources may serve as temporal stepping stones for specialists. However, this possibility has to our knowledge, not been demonstrated to date, as such environments are thought to select for generalists, and the role of sinks, both in the field and in the laboratory, is difficult to document. Here, we used laboratory experiments to show that herbivorous arthropods associated with seasonally absent main (source) habitats can endure on a suboptimal (sink) host for several generations, albeit with a negative growth rate. Additionally, they dispersed towards this host less often than towards the main host and accepted it less often than the main host. Finally, repeated experimental evolution attempts revealed no adaptation to the suboptimal host. Nevertheless, field observations showed that arthropods are found in suboptimal habitats when the main habitat is unavailable. Together, these results show that evolutionary rescue in the suboptimal habitat is not possible. Instead, the sink habitat functions as a temporal stepping stone, allowing for the persistence of a specialist when the source habitat is gone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Laska
- Population Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariusz Lewandowski
- Section of Applied Entomology, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Puchalska
- Section of Applied Entomology, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Karpicka-Ignatowska
- Population Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Radwańska
- Population Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Shawn Meagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455, USA
| | - Lechosław Kuczyński
- Population Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Skoracka
- Population Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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