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Da Y, Niu K, Wang K, Cui G, Wang W, Jin B, Sun Y, Jia J, Qin L, Bai W. A comparison of the effects of estrogen and Cimicifuga racemosa on the lacrimal gland and submandibular gland in ovariectomized rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121470. [PMID: 25793872 PMCID: PMC4368816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to observe the effects of estradiol and Cimicifuga racemosa on the lacrimal gland and submandibular gland of ovariectomized rats. We randomly divided 20 adult female SD rats into four groups-a sham-operated group (SHAM), ovariectomized (OVX) group, ovariectomized group treated with estradiol (OVX+ E), and ovariectomized group treated with the isopropanolic extract of Cimicifuga racemosa (OVX+ iCR). The SHAM group and OVX group used distilled water to instead the drugs. Two weeks after ovariectomy, the estradiol and iCR were administered for 4 weeks. Next, we used H&E staining and electron microscopy to observe any histological changes in the lacrimal and submandibular glands and immunohistochemical staining to observe the expressions of cleaved caspase-3 (Casp-3) and Cu-Zn SOD (superoxide dismutase). The H&E staining find that both drugs can prevent the cells of area from shrinkage in the two kinds of gland. But under the electron microscopy, estradiol and iCR have different efficacy. Estradiol is more effective at protecting mitochondria in lacrimal gland acinar cells than iCR, and iCR is more effective at suppressing endoplasmic reticulum expansion than estradiol. Both estradiol and iCR have a similar protective function on mitochondria in the submandibular gland. The protective function of the two glands may inhibit apoptosis by suppressing the expression of Casp-3. In addition, iCR increases the expression of Cu-Zn SOD in duct system of submandibular gland. The results suggest that both estradiol and iCR confer a protective effect on the lacrimal and submandibular glands of ovariectomized rats via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmeng Da
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyu Niu
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxia Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (LQ); (WB)
| | - Lihua Qin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (LQ); (WB)
| | - Wenpei Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (LQ); (WB)
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Almeida A. Genetic determinants of neuronal vulnerability to apoptosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:71-88. [PMID: 22695677 PMCID: PMC11113535 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a common mode of cell death that contributes to neuronal loss associated with neurodegeneration. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in chromosomal DNA are contributing factors dictating natural susceptibility of humans to disease. Here, the most common SNPs affecting neuronal vulnerability to apoptosis are reviewed in the context of neurological disorders. Polymorphic variants in genes encoding apoptotic proteins, either from the extrinsic (FAS, TNF-α, CASP8) or the intrinsic (BAX, BCL2, CASP3, CASP9) pathways could be highly valuable in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Interestingly, the Arg72Pro SNP in TP53, the gene encoding tumor suppressor p53, was recently revealed a biomarker of poor prognosis in stroke due to its ability to modulate neuronal apoptotic death. Search for new SNPs responsible for genetic variability to apoptosis will ensure the implementation of novel diagnostic and prognostic tools, as well as therapeutic strategies against neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Almeida
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Kotulska K, Larysz-Brysz M, LePecheur M, Marcol W, Olakowska E, Lewin-Kowalik J, London J. APP/SOD1 overexpressing mice present reduced neuropathic pain sensitivity. Brain Res Bull 2011; 85:321-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kotulska K, Larysz-Brysz M, LePecheur M, Marcol W, Lewin-Kowalik J, Paly E, London J. APP overexpression prevents neuropathic pain and motoneuron death after peripheral nerve injury in mice. Brain Res Bull 2010; 81:378-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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l-3-n-butylphthalide improves cognitive impairment induced by intracerebroventricular infusion of amyloid-β peptide in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 621:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Lyons A, McQuillan K, Deighan BF, O'Reilly JA, Downer EJ, Murphy AC, Watson M, Piazza A, O'Connell F, Griffin R, Mills KHG, Lynch MA. Decreased neuronal CD200 expression in IL-4-deficient mice results in increased neuroinflammation in response to lipopolysaccharide. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:1020-7. [PMID: 19501645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brain, which is affected by the activation state of microglia, is important for maintenance of neuronal function. Evidence has suggested that IL-4 plays an important neuromodulatory role and has the ability to decrease lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation and the production of IL-1beta. We have also demonstrated that CD200-CD200R interaction is involved in immune homeostasis in the brain. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory role of IL-4 and, using in vitro and in vivo analysis, established that the effect of lipopolysaccharide was more profound in IL-4(-/-), compared with wildtype, mice. Intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide exerted a greater inhibitory effect on exploratory behaviour in IL-4(-/-), compared with wildtype, mice and this was associated with evidence of microglial activation. We demonstrate that the increase in microglial activation is inversely related to CD200 expression. Furthermore, CD200 was decreased in neurons prepared from IL-4(-/-) mice, whereas stimulation with IL-4 enhanced CD200 expression. Importantly, neurons prepared from wildtype, but not from IL-4(-/-), mice attenuated the lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine production by glia. These findings suggest that the neuromodulatory effect of IL-4, and in particular its capacity to maintain microglia in a quiescent state, may result from its ability to upregulate CD200 expression on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lyons
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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The FAS gene, brain volume, and disease progression in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2009; 6:118-24. [PMID: 19766542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2009.05.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and brain volume. METHODS Ninety-seven SNPs were genotyped in 243 subjects from a longitudinal study of healthy aging. Subjects who received a diagnosis of cognitive impairment (CI) at any study visit (before their most recent visit) and had DNA in the study's DNA bank were included. Progression of AD was defined as the duration from onset of CI to diagnosis of AD. Association of each of the 97 SNPs with AD progression was tested via Cox model. Those SNPs meeting a criterion of nominal significance (P < 0.05) for association with AD progression were reassessed to account for multiple testing by repeating the marker selection process in 10,000 random permutations. Next, the association between the one SNP that survived the multiple-testing adjustment and brain volume was determined by multiple regression analysis in a subgroup of subjects for whom magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI)-derived brain-volume data were available. Brain volumes were adjusted for age at MRI, gender, and time from MRI to onset of CI. RESULTS The minor allele of rs1468063 in the FAS gene, which is member 6 of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, was significantly associated with faster AD progression after adjustment for multiple testing (P(permutation) = 0.049). The same allele in rs1468063 was associated with smaller brain volumes and larger ventricular volumes (P = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The FAS gene, which plays a role in apoptosis, may be associated with AD by modulating the apoptosis and neuronal loss secondary to AD neuropathology.
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Rival T, Page RM, Chandraratna DS, Sendall TJ, Ryder E, Liu B, Lewis H, Rosahl T, Hider R, Camargo LM, Shearman MS, Crowther DC, Lomas DA. Fenton chemistry and oxidative stress mediate the toxicity of the beta-amyloid peptide in a Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:1335-47. [PMID: 19519625 PMCID: PMC2777252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which aggregates of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) mediate their toxicity is uncertain. We show here that the expression of the 42-amino-acid isoform of Aβ (Aβ1–42) changes the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress in a Drosophila model of Alzheimer’s disease. A subsequent genetic screen confirmed the importance of oxidative stress and a molecular dissection of the steps in the cellular metabolism of reactive oxygen species revealed that the iron-binding protein ferritin and the H2O2 scavenger catalase are the most potent suppressors of the toxicity of wild-type and Arctic (E22G) Aβ1–42. Likewise, treatment with the iron-binding compound clioquinol increased the lifespan of flies expressing Arctic Aβ1–42. The effect of iron appears to be mediated by oxidative stress as ferritin heavy chain co-expression reduced carbonyl levels in Aβ1–42 flies by 65% and restored the survival and locomotion function to normal. This was achieved despite the presence of elevated levels of the Aβ1–42. Taken together, our data show that oxidative stress, probably mediated by the hydroxyl radical and generated by the Fenton reaction, is essential for Aβ1–42 toxicity in vivo and provide strong support for Alzheimer’s disease therapies based on metal chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rival
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, UK.
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Abstract
Oxidative damage is a major feature in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we discuss free radical-mediated damage to the biochemical components involved in the pathology and clinical symptoms of AD. We explain how amyloid beta-protein (Abeta), microtubule-associated protein tau, presenilins, apolipoprotein E, mitochondria and proteases play a role in increasing oxidative stress in AD. Abeta not only can induce oxidative stress, but its generation is also increased as a result of oxidative stress. Finally, a hypothetical model linking oxidative stress with beta-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangle pathology in AD is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Chauhan
- NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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Malm T, Ort M, Tähtivaara L, Jukarainen N, Goldsteins G, Puoliväli J, Nurmi A, Pussinen R, Ahtoniemi T, Miettinen TK, Kanninen K, Leskinen S, Vartiainen N, Yrjänheikki J, Laatikainen R, Harris-White ME, Koistinaho M, Frautschy SA, Bures J, Koistinaho J. beta-Amyloid infusion results in delayed and age-dependent learning deficits without role of inflammation or beta-amyloid deposits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:8852-7. [PMID: 16723396 PMCID: PMC1482667 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602896103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
beta-Amyloid (Abeta) polypeptide plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by progressive decline of cognitive functions, formation of Abeta deposits and neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of neurons. Increased genetic production or direct intracerebral administration of Abeta in animal models results in Abeta deposition, gliosis, and impaired cognitive functions. Whether aging renders the brain prone to Abeta and whether inflammation is required for Abeta-induced learning deficits is unclear. We show that intraventricular infusion of Abeta1-42 results in learning deficits in 9-month-old but not 2.5-month-old mice. Deficits that become detectable 12 weeks after the infusion are associated with a slight reduction in Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase activity but do not correlate with Abeta deposition and are not associated with gliosis. In rats, Abeta infusion induced learning deficits that were detectable 6 months after the infusion. Approximately 20% of the Abeta immunoreactivity in rats was associated with astrocytes. NMR spectrum analysis of the animals cerebrospinal fluid revealed a strong reduction trend in several metabolites in Abeta-infused rats, including lactate and myo-inositol, supporting the idea of dysfunctional astrocytes. Even a subtle increase in brain Abeta1-42 concentration may disrupt normal metabolism of astrocytes, resulting in altered neuronal functions and age-related development of learning deficits independent of Abeta deposition and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Ort
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4-Krc, Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 11, 121 28 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | - Antti Nurmi
- Cerebricon, Ltd., Microkatu 1, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raimo Pussinen
- Cerebricon, Ltd., Microkatu 1, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marni E. Harris-White
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and the Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA 91343; and
| | - Milla Koistinaho
- *A. I. Virtanen Institute and
- Cerebricon, Ltd., Microkatu 1, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sally A. Frautschy
- Cerebricon, Ltd., Microkatu 1, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
- **Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, and the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Core, North Hills, CA 91343
| | - Jan Bures
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 11, 121 28 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- *A. I. Virtanen Institute and
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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