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Dai X, Thompson EW, Ostrikov K(K. Receptor-Mediated Redox Imbalance: An Emerging Clinical Avenue against Aggressive Cancers. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121880. [PMID: 36551308 PMCID: PMC9775490 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are more vulnerable to abnormal redox fluctuations due to their imbalanced antioxidant system, where cell surface receptors sense stress and trigger intracellular signal relay. As canonical targets of many targeted therapies, cell receptors sensitize the cells to specific drugs. On the other hand, cell target mutations are commonly associated with drug resistance. Thus, exploring effective therapeutics targeting diverse cell receptors may open new clinical avenues against aggressive cancers. This paper uses focused case studies to reveal the intrinsic relationship between the cell receptors of different categories and the primary cancer hallmarks that are associated with the responses to external or internal redox perturbations. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is examined as a promising redox modulation medium and highly selective anti-cancer therapeutic modality featuring dynamically varying receptor targets and minimized drug resistance against aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Erik W. Thompson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Center for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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Roy S, Roy S, Rana A, Akhter Y, Hande MP, Banerjee B. The role of p38 MAPK pathway in p53 compromised state and telomere mediated DNA damage response. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 836:89-97. [PMID: 30389168 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is an intricate balance of DNA damage response and repair which determines the homeostasis of human genome function. p53 protein is widely known for its role in cell cycle regulation and tumor suppressor activity. In case of several cancers where function of p53 gene gets compromised either by mutation or partial inactivation, the role of p53 in response to DNA damage needs to be supplemented by another molecule or pathway. Due to sedentary lifestyle and exposure to genotoxic agents, genome is predisposed to chronic stress, which ultimately leads to unrepaired or background DNA damage. p38 MAPK signaling pathway is strongly activated in response to various environmental and cellular stresses. DNA damage response and the repair options have crucial links with chromosomal integrity. Telomere that regulates integrity of genome is protected by a six member shielding unit called shelterin complex which communicates with other pathways for functionality of telomeres. There are evidences that p38 gets activated through ATM in response to DNA damage. Dysfunctional telomere leads to activation of ATM which subsequently activates p38 suggesting a crosstalk between p38, ATM and shelterin complex. This review focuses on activation of p38 in response to genotoxic stress induced DNA damage in p53 mutated or compromised state and its possible cross talk with telomere shelterin proteins. Thus p38 may act as an important target to treat various diseases and in majority of cancers in p53 mutated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shomereeta Roy
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024, India
| | - Souvick Roy
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024, India
| | - Aarti Rana
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, Himachal Pradesh-176206, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
| | - Manoor Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Birendranath Banerjee
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024, India.
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Sturaro G, Cigolini G, Menilli L, Cola F, Di Liddo R, Tasso A, Conconi MT, Miolo G. Antiproliferative activity of 8-methoxypsoralen on DU145 prostate cancer cells under UVA and blue light. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:1182-1193. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of photoactivatable 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) as potential focal treatment towards prostate cancer cells is proposed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Sturaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Giulia Cigolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Luca Menilli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Fabio Cola
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Alessia Tasso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Conconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Giorgia Miolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
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Koturbash I, Jadavji NM, Kutanzi K, Rodriguez-Juarez R, Kogosov D, Metz GA, Kovalchuk O. Fractionated low-dose exposure to ionizing radiation leads to DNA damage, epigenetic dysregulation, and behavioral impairment. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2016; 2:dvw025. [PMID: 29492301 PMCID: PMC5804539 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies of Fractionated Exposure to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation (FELDIR) has become of increasing importance to clinical interventions. Its consequences on DNA damage, physical, and mental health have been insufficiently investigated, however. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of FELDIR on the brain using a mouse model. We addressed the levels of DNA damage, global genomic methylation, and DNA methylation machinery in cerebellum, frontal lobe, olfactory bulb and hippocampal tissues, as well as behavioral changes linked to FELDIR exposure. The results reveal increased levels of DNA damage, as reflected by increased occurrence of DNA Strand Breaks (SBs) and dysregulation of stress-response kinase p38. FELDIR also resulted in initial loss of global genomic methylation and altered expression of methyltransferases DNMT1 (down-regulation) and DNMT3a (up-regulation), as well as methyl-binding protein MeCP2 (up-regulation). FELDIR-associated behavioral changes included impaired skilled limb placement on a ladder rung task, increased rearing activity in an open field, and elevated anxiety-like behaviors. The said alterations showed significant dose and tissue specificity. Thus, FELDIR represents a critical impact on DNA integrity and behavioral outcomes that need to be considered in the design of clinical intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Koturbash
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
| | - Nafisa M. Jadavji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
| | - Kristy Kutanzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
| | - Rocio Rodriguez-Juarez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
| | - Dmitry Kogosov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
| | - Gerlinde A.S. Metz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
- Alberta Epigenetics Network, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
- Alberta Epigenetics Network, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Li R, Li J, Sang D, Lan Q. Phosphorylation of AKT induced by phosphorylated Hsp27 confers the apoptosis-resistance in t-AUCB-treated glioblastoma cells in vitro. J Neurooncol 2014; 121:83-9. [PMID: 25200832 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine whether phosphorylation of AKT could be effected by t-AUCB-induced p-Hsp27 and whether p-AKT inhibition sensitizes glioblastoma cells to t-AUCB, and to evaluate the effects of simultaneous inhibition of p-Hsp27 and p-AKT on t-AUCB treated glioblastoma cells. Cell growth was detected using CCK-8 assay; Caspase-3 activity assay kits and flow cytometry were used in apoptosis analysis; Western blot analysis was used to detect p-Hsp27 and p-AKT levels; RNA interference using the siRNA oligos of Hsp27 was performed to knockdown gene expression of Hsp27. All data were analyzed by the Student-Newman-Keul's test. We demonstrated that t-AUCB treatment induces AKT phosphorylation by activating Hsp27 in U251 and LN443 cell lines. Inhibition of AKT phosphorylation by AKT inhibitor IV sensitizes glioblastoma cells to t-AUCB, strengthens t-AUCB suppressing cell growth and inducing cell apoptosis. We also found inhibiting both p-Hsp27 and p-AKT synergistically strengthen t-AUCB suppressing cell growth. Thus, p-AKT induced by p-Hsp27 confers the apoptosis-resistance in t-AUCB-treated glioblastoma cells. Targeting p-Hsp27 and/or p-AKT may be a potential effective strategy for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
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Chen JL, Chang CJ, Wang JY, Wen CS, Tseng LM, Chang WC, Noomhorm N, Liu HJ, Chen WS, Chiu JH, Shyr YM. In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San in Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells Treated With Tamoxifen. Integr Cancer Ther 2014; 13:226-39. [PMID: 24525674 DOI: 10.1177/1534735414520970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is epidemiological evidence that Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San (JWXYS) is the most common Chinese medicine decoction coprescribed with tamoxifen (Tam) when breast cancer is treated by hormonal therapy. However, whether there is interaction between JWXYS and Tam remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of JWXYS on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells treated with Tam. METHODS In vitro cultured MCF-7 cells were cotreated with JWXYS and Tam. This was followed by MTT ([4,5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl]- 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assays and cell cycle analysis to assess cell proliferation; Western blot analysis was used to analyze the expression of various proteins involved in growth-related signal pathways. In addition, immunohistochemistry was used to detect autophagy among the cancer cells. In vivo analysis used female athymic nude mice implanted with MCF-7 cells; these mice were randomly assigned to 6 groups. All mice were killed humanely after 21 days of treatment; body weight, tumor volume, and tumor weight were then measured. RESULTS JWXYS was not cytotoxic to MCF-7 cells, based on the fact that there were no statistically significant changes between the JWXYS + Tam groups and the Tam-alone group in cell numbers, cell cycle progression, and cell proliferation signals, the latter including the expression levels of AKT, ERK, P38, p27(Kip1), and light chain (LC3)-I, II. Furthermore, using the MCF-7 xenograft mouse model, there were no significant changes between the JWXYS (1.3-3.9 gm/kg) + Tam groups and the Tam-alone group in terms of tumor weight and the protein expression levels of AKT, ERK, P38, and p27 (Kip1). However, there was a significant decrease in LC3-II protein expression with the low-dose JWXYS + Tam group but not with the middle- or high-dose JWXYS + Tam groups compared with the Tam-alone group. CONCLUSION Based on in vitro studies and in vivo functional studies, there is no obvious interaction between JWXYS and Tam. However, the presence of interference at the molecular level in relation to LC3-II expression provides important information and may affect treatment strategies when physicians have patients with estrogen receptor-α(+) or progesterone receptor(+) breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Liang Chen
- National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, ROC Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | - Ling-Ming Tseng
- National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, ROC Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | - Hui-Ju Liu
- National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Jen-Hwey Chiu
- National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, ROC Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, ROC Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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In vivo and in vitro demonstration of herb-drug interference in human breast cancer cells treated with tamoxifen and trastuzumab. Menopause 2014; 20:646-54. [PMID: 23340260 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31827b2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In recent trends, patients with breast cancer seek integrative medical treatment when receiving either hormonal (tamoxifen [Tam]) or target (trastuzumab) therapy. Our previous in vitro studies demonstrated that the Chinese medicine Si-Wu-Tang (SWT) stimulates MCF-7 cell growth via activation of estrogen receptor α and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) signaling. The present study demonstrates herb-drug interference with cell proliferation in tumor-bearing mice treated with SWT and Tam in vivo and with proliferation capacity in breast cancer cells treated with SWT and trastuzumab in vitro. METHODS To assess in vivo SWT + Tam interference, we randomly separated female MCF-7-implanted athymic nude mice into five groups, namely, vehicle (n = 11), estradiol (n = 8), SWT (n = 8), Tam (n = 11), and SWT + Tam (n = 8). All mice were killed after 21 days of treatment. Body weight, uterine weight, tumor volume, and tumor weight were measured. To assess in vitro SWT-trastuzumab interference, we cotreated BT-474 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells with SWT and trastuzumab. This was followed by (4,5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assays and cell cycle analysis to measure cell proliferation and by Western blot analysis to analyze protein expression in growth-related signal pathways. RESULTS SWT reversed Tam-induced antiproliferative effects on tumor weight and tumor volume and increased estrogen receptor α and N-cadherin expression in the SWT + Tam-treated group compared with the Tam-treated group. Furthermore, SWT reversed trastuzumab-induced antiproliferative activity in HER2 cell lines (SK-BR-3 and BT-474) through increased phosphorylation of the cell cycle regulatory protein p27(Kip1) and possibly of the antiapoptosis protein P38. CONCLUSIONS Based on the in vivo and in vitro demonstration of herb-drug interference in breast cancer cells, we conclude that physicians should pay more attention to such interference when treating patients with receptor-positive (estrogen receptor-positive, progesterone receptor-positive, or HER2) breast cancers.
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Kesarwani P, Murali AK, Al-Khami AA, Mehrotra S. Redox regulation of T-cell function: from molecular mechanisms to significance in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1497-534. [PMID: 22938635 PMCID: PMC3603502 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to have effects on T-cell function and proliferation. Low concentrations of ROS in T cells are a prerequisite for cell survival, and increased ROS accumulation can lead to apoptosis/necrosis. The cellular redox state of a T cell can also affect T-cell receptor signaling, skewing the immune response. Various T-cell subsets have different redox statuses, and this differential ROS susceptibility could modulate the outcome of an immune response in various disease states. Recent advances in T-cell redox signaling reveal that ROS modulate signaling cascades such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and JAK/STAT pathways. Also, tumor microenvironments, chronic T-cell stimulation leading to replicative senescence, gender, and age affect T-cell susceptibility to ROS, thereby contributing to diverse immune outcomes. Antioxidants such as glutathione, thioredoxin, superoxide dismutase, and catalase balance cellular oxidative stress. T-cell redox states are also regulated by expression of various vitamins and dietary compounds. Changes in T-cell redox regulation may affect the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Many strategies to control oxidative stress have been employed for various diseases, including the use of active antioxidants from dietary products and pharmacologic or genetic engineering of antioxidant genes in T cells. Here, we discuss the existence of a complex web of molecules/factors that exogenously or endogenously affect oxidants, and we relate these molecules to potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kesarwani
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Ataur Rahman M, Kim NH, Yang H, Huh SO. Angelicin induces apoptosis through intrinsic caspase-dependent pathway in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 369:95-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kindrachuk J, Arsenault R, Kusalik A, Kindrachuk KN, Trost B, Napper S, Jahrling PB, Blaney JE. Systems kinomics demonstrates Congo Basin monkeypox virus infection selectively modulates host cell signaling responses as compared to West African monkeypox virus. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:M111.015701. [PMID: 22205724 PMCID: PMC3433897 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.015701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is comprised of two clades: Congo Basin MPXV, with an associated case fatality rate of 10%, and Western African MPXV, which is associated with less severe infection and minimal lethality. We thus postulated that Congo Basin and West African MPXV would differentially modulate host cell responses and, as many host responses are regulated through phosphorylation independent of transcription or translation, we employed systems kinomics with peptide arrays to investigate these functional host responses. Using this approach we have demonstrated that Congo Basin MPXV infection selectively down-regulates host responses as compared with West African MPXV, including growth factor- and apoptosis-related responses. These results were confirmed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis demonstrating that West African MPXV infection resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis in human monocytes as compared with Congo Basin MPXV. Further, differentially phosphorylated kinases were identified through comparison of our MPXV data sets and validated as potential targets for pharmacological inhibition of Congo Basin MPXV infection, including increased Akt S473 phosphorylation and decreased p53 S15 phosphorylation. Inhibition of Akt S473 phosphorylation resulted in a significant decrease in Congo Basin MPXV virus yield (261-fold) but did not affect West African MPXV. In addition, treatment with staurosporine, an apoptosis activator resulted in a 49-fold greater decrease in Congo Basin MPXV yields as compared with West African MPXV. Thus, using a systems kinomics approach, our investigation demonstrates that West African and Congo Basin MPXV differentially modulate host cell responses and has identified potential host targets of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Kindrachuk
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Viola G, Salvador A, Vedaldi D, Dall'Acqua F, Bianchi N, Zuccato C, Borgatti M, Lampronti I, Gambari R. Differentiation and apoptosis in UVA-irradiated cells treated with furocoumarin derivatives. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1171:334-44. [PMID: 19723073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review we summarize the structure and biological effects of linear and angular psoralens. These compounds exhibit interesting biological effects on the cell cycle, apoptosis and differentiation. These molecules should be considered promising drugs in the therapy of several diseases, including psoriasis, mycosis fungoides and cancer. Also, preclinical data demonstrate a possible use of these molecules for the treatment of beta-thalassemia and other hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampietro Viola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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12
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Thornton TM, Rincon M. Non-classical p38 map kinase functions: cell cycle checkpoints and survival. Int J Biol Sci 2008; 5:44-51. [PMID: 19159010 PMCID: PMC2610339 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 MAPK kinase pathway is activated in response to a wide range of cellular stress stimuli and cytokines. Our understanding of the important functions of p38 MAPK in the process of differentiation and cell death has grown considerably in the recent years and is now relatively established. Here we discuss the role of p38 MAPK in the mediation of cell cycle checkpoints and cell survival, processes that have received less attention. We describe how p38 MAPK regulates both the G2/M as well as a G1/S cell cycle checkpoint in response to cellular stress such as DNA damage. While p38 MAPK has classically been associated with the induction of apoptosis, we discuss that p38 MAPK can also mediate cell survival in specific situations, such as in response to DNA damage. It is important to recognize these less appreciated functions of p38 MAPK when considering the potential use of pharmacological inhibitors of p38 MAPK in therapeutic treatments for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M Thornton
- Department of Medicine/Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0068, USA
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Trachootham D, Lu W, Ogasawara MA, Valle NRD, Huang P. Redox regulation of cell survival. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1343-74. [PMID: 18522489 PMCID: PMC2932530 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1237] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play important roles in regulation of cell survival. In general, moderate levels of ROS/RNS may function as signals to promote cell proliferation and survival, whereas severe increase of ROS/RNS can induce cell death. Under physiologic conditions, the balance between generation and elimination of ROS/RNS maintains the proper function of redox-sensitive signaling proteins. Normally, the redox homeostasis ensures that the cells respond properly to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. However, when the redox homeostasis is disturbed, oxidative stress may lead to aberrant cell death and contribute to disease development. This review focuses on the roles of key transcription factors, signal-transduction pathways, and cell-death regulators in affecting cell survival, and how the redox systems regulate the functions of these molecules. The current understanding of how disturbance in redox homeostasis may affect cell death and contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer and degenerative disorders is reviewed. We also discuss how the basic knowledge on redox regulation of cell survival can be used to develop strategies for the treatment or prevention of those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunyaporn Trachootham
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathum-thani, Thailand
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Marcia A. Ogasawara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Nilsa Rivera-Del Valle
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Wu R, Kausar H, Johnson P, Montoya-Durango DE, Merchant M, Rane MJ. Hsp27 regulates Akt activation and polymorphonuclear leukocyte apoptosis by scaffolding MK2 to Akt signal complex. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:21598-608. [PMID: 17510053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611316200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that Akt exists in a signal complex with p38 MAPK, MAPK-activated protein kinase-2 (MK2), and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) and MK2 phosphorylates Akt on Ser-473. Additionally, dissociation of Hsp27 from Akt, prior to Akt activation, induced polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) apoptosis. However, the role of Hsp27 in regulating Akt activation was not examined. This study tested the hypothesis that Hsp27 regulates Akt activation and promotes cell survival by scaffolding MK2 to the Akt signal complex. Here we show that loss of Akt/Hsp27 interaction by anti-Hsp27 antibody treatment resulted in loss of Akt/MK2 interaction, loss of Akt-Ser-473 phosphorylation, and induced PMN apoptosis. Transfection of myristoylated Akt (AktCA) in HK-11 cells induced Akt-Ser-473 phosphorylation, activation, and Hsp27-Ser-82 phosphorylation. Cotransfection of AktCA with Hsp27 short interfering RNA, but not scrambled short interfering RNA, silenced Hsp27 expression, without altering Akt expression in HK-11 cells. Silencing Hsp27 expression inhibited Akt/MK2 interaction, inhibited Akt phosphorylation and Akt activation, and induced HK-11 cell death. Deletion mutagenesis studies identified acidic linker region (amino acids 117-128) on Akt as an Hsp27 binding region. Deletion of amino acids 117-128 on Akt resulted in loss of its interaction with Hsp27 and MK2 but not with Hsp90 as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pulldown studies. Co-transfection studies demonstrated that constitutively active MK2 (MK2EE) phosphorylated Aktwt (wild type) on Ser-473 but failed to phosphorylate Akt(Delta117-128) mutant in transfixed cells. These studies collectively define a novel role of Hsp27 in regulating Akt activation and cellular apoptosis by mediating interaction between Akt and its upstream activator MK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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