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Chen Y, Guo P, Chen L, He D. 5-aminolevulinic acid induced photodynamic reactions in diagnosis and therapy for female lower genital tract diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1370396. [PMID: 39076768 PMCID: PMC11284047 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1370396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the patients suffering from female lower genital tract diseases are getting younger and younger and the human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is becoming more widespread, the novel non-invasive precise modalities of diagnosis and therapy are required to remain structures of the organ and tissue, and fertility as well, by which the less damage to normal tissue and fewer adverse effects are able to be achieved. In all nucleated mammalian cells, 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is an amino acid that occurs spontaneously, which further synthesizes in the heme biosynthetic pathway into protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) as a porphyrin precursor and photosensitizing agent. Exogenous 5-ALA avoids the rate-limiting step in the process, causing PpIX buildup in tumor tissues. This tumor-selective PpIX distribution after 5-ALA application has been used successfully for tumor photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Several ALA-based drugs have been used for ALA-PDD and ALA-PDT in treating many (pre)cancerous diseases, including the female lower genital tract diseases, yet the ALA-induced fluorescent theranostics is needed to be explored further. In this paper, we are going to review the studies of the mechanisms and applications mainly on ALA-mediated photodynamic reactions and its effectiveness in treating female lower genital tract diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Čunderlíková B, Klučková K, Babál P, Mlkvý P, Teplický T. Modifications of DAMPs levels in extracellular environment induced by aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy of esophageal cancer cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:802-816. [PMID: 38319688 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2310002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunogenic cell death plays an important role in anticancer treatment because it combines cell death with appearance of damage associated molecular patterns that have the potential to activate anticancer immunity. Effects of damage associated molecular patterns induced by aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy were studied mainly on dendritic cells. They have not been deeply studied on macrophages that constitute the essential component of the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this study was to analyze features of esophageal cancer cell death in relation to release capacity of damage associated molecular pattern species, and to test the effect of related extracellular environmental alterations on macrophages. MATERIAL AND METHODS Esophageal Kyse 450 carcinoma cells were subjected to aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy at different concentrations of aminolevulinic acid. Resting, IFN/LPS and IL-4 macrophage subtypes were prepared from monocytic THP-1 cell line. Cell death features and macrophage modifications were analyzed by fluorescence-based live cell imaging. ATP and HMGB1 levels in cell culture media were determined by ELISA assays. The presence of lipid peroxidation products in culture media was assessed by spectrophotometric detection of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. RESULTS Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy induced various death pathways in Kyse 450 cells that included features of apoptosis, necrosis and ferroptosis. ATP amounts in extracellular environment of treated Kyse 450 cells increased with increasing aminolevulinic acid concentration. Levels of HMGB1, detectable by ELISA assay in culture media, were decreased after the treatment. Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy induced lipid peroxidation of cellular structures and increased levels of extracellular lipid peroxidation products. Incubation of resting and IL-4 macrophages in conditioned medium from Kyse 450 cells treated by aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy induced morphological changes in macrophages, however, comparable alterations were induced also by conditioned medium from untreated cancer cells. CONCLUSION Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy leads to alterations in local extracellular levels of damage associated molecular patterns, however, comprehensive studies are needed to find whether they can be responsible for macrophage phenotype modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Čunderlíková
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- International Laser Centre, Slovak Centre of Scientific and Technical Information, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Pavel Babál
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Mlkvý
- International Laser Centre, Slovak Centre of Scientific and Technical Information, Bratislava, Slovakia
- St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Teplický
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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3
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Liu WT, Wang HT, Yeh YH, Wong TW. An Update on Recent Advances of Photodynamic Therapy for Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051328. [PMID: 37242570 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cutaneous lymphomas are rare non-Hodgkin lymphomas consisting of heterogeneous disease entities. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizing photosensitizers irradiated with a specific wavelength of light in the presence of oxygen exerts promising anti-tumor effects on non-melanoma skin cancer, yet its application in primary cutaneous lymphomas remains less recognized. Despite many in vitro data showing PDT could effectively kill lymphoma cells, clinical evidence of PDT against primary cutaneous lymphomas is limited. Recently, a phase 3 "FLASH" randomized clinical trial demonstrated the efficacy of topical hypericin PDT for early-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. An update on recent advances of photodynamic therapy in primary cutaneous lymphomas is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Cancer Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Han-Tang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Cancer Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Yeh
- School of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, Cancer Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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4
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Howley R, Chandratre S, Chen B. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid as a Theranostic Agent for Tumor Fluorescence Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040496. [PMID: 37106683 PMCID: PMC10136048 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring amino acid synthesized in all nucleated mammalian cells. As a porphyrin precursor, ALA is metabolized in the heme biosynthetic pathway to produce protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a fluorophore and photosensitizing agent. ALA administered exogenously bypasses the rate-limit step in the pathway, resulting in PpIX accumulation in tumor tissues. Such tumor-selective PpIX disposition following ALA administration has been exploited for tumor fluorescence diagnosis and photodynamic therapy (PDT) with much success. Five ALA-based drugs have now received worldwide approval and are being used for managing very common human (pre)cancerous diseases such as actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma or guiding the surgery of bladder cancer and high-grade gliomas, making it the most successful drug discovery and development endeavor in PDT and photodiagnosis. The potential of ALA-induced PpIX as a fluorescent theranostic agent is, however, yet to be fully fulfilled. In this review, we would like to describe the heme biosynthesis pathway in which PpIX is produced from ALA and its derivatives, summarize current clinical applications of ALA-based drugs, and discuss strategies for enhancing ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence and PDT response. Our goal is two-fold: to highlight the successes of ALA-based drugs in clinical practice, and to stimulate the multidisciplinary collaboration that has brought the current success and will continue to usher in more landmark advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Howley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sharayu Chandratre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Huis in ‘t Veld RV, Heuts J, Ma S, Cruz LJ, Ossendorp FA, Jager MJ. Current Challenges and Opportunities of Photodynamic Therapy against Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020330. [PMID: 36839652 PMCID: PMC9965442 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established, minimally invasive treatment for specific types of cancer. During PDT, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated that ultimately induce cell death and disruption of the tumor area. Moreover, PDT can result in damage to the tumor vasculature and induce the release and/or exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that may initiate an antitumor immune response. However, there are currently several challenges of PDT that limit its widespread application for certain indications in the clinic. METHODS A literature study was conducted to comprehensively discuss these challenges and to identify opportunities for improvement. RESULTS The most notable challenges of PDT and opportunities to improve them have been identified and discussed. CONCLUSIONS The recent efforts to improve the current challenges of PDT are promising, most notably those that focus on enhancing immune responses initiated by the treatment. The application of these improvements has the potential to enhance the antitumor efficacy of PDT, thereby broadening its potential application in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben V. Huis in ‘t Veld
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Jeroen Heuts
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Sen Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Luis J. Cruz
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry A. Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J. Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
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Espeland K, Kleinauskas A, Juzenas P, Brech A, Darvekar S, Vasovic V, Warloe T, Christensen E, Jahnsen J, Peng Q. Photodynamic Effects with 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Cytokines and Exosomes in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020232. [PMID: 35203441 PMCID: PMC8869139 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a precursor to the potent photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), is an established modality for several malignant and premalignant diseases. This treatment is based on the light-activated PpIX in targeted lesions. Although numerous studies have confirmed the necrosis and apoptosis involved in the mechanism of action of this modality, little information is available for the change of exosome levels after treatment. We report from the first study on the effects of ALA-PDT on cytokines and exosomes of human healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The treatment reduced the cytokines and exosomes studied, although there was variation among individual PBMC samples. This reduction is consistent with PDT-mediated survivals of subsets of PBMCs. More specifically, the ALA-PDT treatment apparently decreased all pro-inflammatory cytokines included, suggesting that this treatment may provide a strong anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, the treatment has decreased the levels of different types of exosomes, the HLA-DRDPDQ exosome in particular, which plays an important role in the rejection of organ transplantation as well as autoimmune diseases. These results may suggest future therapeutic strategies of ALA-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Espeland
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, N-1478 Lorenskog, Norway;
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
- Institute of Clinical of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence: (K.E.); (Q.P.)
| | - Andrius Kleinauskas
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
| | - Petras Juzenas
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
| | - Andreas Brech
- Institute of Clinical of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sagar Darvekar
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
| | - Vlada Vasovic
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
| | - Trond Warloe
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
| | - Eidi Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7030 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, N-7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Jahnsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, N-1478 Lorenskog, Norway;
- Institute of Clinical of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Correspondence: (K.E.); (Q.P.)
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7
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Zhang ZJ, Wang KP, Mo JG, Xiong L, Wen Y. Photodynamic therapy regulates fate of cancer stem cells through reactive oxygen species. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:562-584. [PMID: 32843914 PMCID: PMC7415247 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i7.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective and promising cancer treatment. PDT directly generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) through photochemical reactions. This oxygen-dependent exogenous ROS has anti-cancer stem cell (CSC) effect. In addition, PDT may also increase ROS production by altering metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, or potential of mitochondrial membrane. It is known that the half-life of ROS in PDT is short, with high reactivity and limited diffusion distance. Therefore, the main targeting position of PDT is often the subcellular localization of photosensitizers, which is helpful for us to explain how PDT affects CSC characteristics, including differentiation, self-renewal, apoptosis, autophagy, and immunogenicity. Broadly speaking, excess ROS will damage the redox system and cause oxidative damage to molecules such as DNA, change mitochondrial permeability, activate unfolded protein response, autophagy, and CSC resting state. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism by which ROS affect CSCs is beneficial to improve the efficiency of PDT and prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis. In this article, we review the effects of two types of photochemical reactions on PDT, the metabolic processes, and the biological effects of ROS in different subcellular locations on CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kun-Peng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing-Gang Mo
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China.
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Kulbacka J, Choromańska A, Drąg-Zalesińska M, Nowak P, Baczyńska D, Kotulska M, Bednarz-Misa I, Saczko J, Chwiłkowska A. Proapoptotic activity induced by photodynamic reaction with novel cyanine dyes in caspase-3-deficient human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MCF/WT and MCF/DX). Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101775. [PMID: 32330609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is currently one of the cancer treatment options. PDT requires the application of a photosensitizer (such as: porphyrins, chlorines, and phthalocyanines) that selectively targets malignant cells. It is a dilemma to find a proper photosensitizer. In our study, we have tested a new in-vitro group of cyanine dyes. These dyes are widely applied in biotechnology as fluorescent markers. Two malignant adenocarcinoma cell lines (MCF-7/WT and MCF-7/DOX) were investigated using photodynamic reaction (PDR) with four cyanine dyes (KF-570, HM-118, FBF-749, and ER-139). KF-570 and HM-118 were irradiated with red light (630 nm), whereas FBF-749 and ER-139 with green light (435 nm). To evaluate PDR efficiency, a clonogenic test was conducted. Apoptosis was investigated by TUNEL and NCA (neutral comet) assays. Proteins selected as indicators of the apoptotic pathway (AIF, sPLA2, Smac/Diablo) and intracellular response markers (SOD-1 and GST-pi) were detected using western blot. The highest number of apoptotic cells (ca. 100%) was observed after PDR with HM-118 and KF-570 in both conducted tests, in both cell lines. The results showed that HM-118 and KF-570 cyanine dyes demonstrated a major phototoxic effect causing apoptosis in doxorubicin-resistant and sensitive cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Kulbacka
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Choromańska
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Drąg-Zalesińska
- Wrocław Medical University, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Poland
| | - Dagmara Baczyńska
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kotulska
- Wroclaw University of Science Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Bednarz-Misa
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Saczko
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chwiłkowska
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw, Poland
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9
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Yang K, Niu T, Luo M, Tang L, Kang L. Enhanced cytotoxicity and apoptosis through inhibiting autophagy in metastatic potential colon cancer SW620 cells treated with Chlorin e6 photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:332-341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Salva KA, Kim YH, Rahbar Z, Wood GS. Epigenetically Enhanced PDT Induces Significantly Higher Levels of Multiple Extrinsic Pathway Apoptotic Factors than Standard PDT, Resulting in Greater Extrinsic and Overall Apoptosis of Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:1058-1065. [PMID: 29675945 DOI: 10.1111/php.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aminolevulinate-based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) selectively eliminates diseased tissues primarily through the induction of intrinsic apoptotic pathway. ALA-PDT is a first-line therapy for actinic keratosis, however, it is less effective for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). We have previously demonstrated that the resistance of CTCL to apoptosis correlates with decreased expression of death receptors such as FAS, and that methotrexate functions as an epigenetic regulator that reestablishes the susceptibility of CTCL to extrinsic pathway apoptosis. We showed previously that MTX augments the effectiveness of PDT by sensitizing cells to apoptosis by induction of apoptotic factors, a process we call "epigenetically enhanced" PDT (ePDT). Here, in CTCL cell lines, leukemic CTCL cells, and normal blood T cells, we analyzed multiple components of the FAS, TRAIL, and TNF families using multispectral imaging of immunostained cytopreparations, a quantitative technique with five-fold greater sensitivity than standard immunocytology. ePDT induced significantly greater FAS, FASL, TRAIL-R1 & -R2, and TNFα levels than standard PDT. This correlated with significantly greater induction of extrinsic pathway apoptosis and/or overall apoptosis in all CTCL samples. There was no appreciable effect on normal T cells. These data set the stage for clinical trials of ePDT as a novel localized treatment of CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin A Salva
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Youn H Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Ziba Rahbar
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Gary S Wood
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,VA Medical Center, Madison, WI
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Shen L, Huang Y, Chen D, Qiu F, Ma C, Jin X, Zhu X, Zhou G, Zhang Z. pH-Responsive Aerobic Nanoparticles for Effective Photodynamic Therapy. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:4537-4550. [PMID: 29158843 PMCID: PMC5695147 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Photodynamic therapy (PDT), an O2-dependent treatment for inhibition of cancer proliferation, suffers from the low therapeutic effect in clinical application due to the hypoxic microenvironment in tumor cells. Methods: To overcome this obstacle, a stimuli-responsive drug delivery system with O2 self-sufficiency for effective PDT was developed. In this study, pH-responsive aerobic nanoparticles were prepared by the electrostatic interaction between the O2-evolving protein Catalase and Chitosan. Subsequently, the photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was encapsulated in the nanoparticles. Results: The nanoparticles exhibited high stability in aqueous medium and efficient cellular uptake by tumor cells facilitating their accumulation in tumors by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In acidic environment, irradiation caused disassembly of the nanoparticles resulting in the quick release of Catalase and the photosensitizer with continuous formation of cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1O2) greatly enhancing the PDT efficacy in hypoxic tumor tissues both in vitro and in vivo biological studies. Conclusion: Due to the unique O2 self-sufficiency, the nanoparticles, upon irradiation, exhibited higher anticancer activity than free Ce6 both in vitro and in vivo. Our work has identified a new pH-triggered strategy to overcome hypoxia for effective PDT against cancer cells.
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12
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Du J, Zhang X, Han J, Man K, Zhang Y, Chu ESH, Nan Y, Yu J. Pro-Inflammatory CXCR3 Impairs Mitochondrial Function in Experimental Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Theranostics 2017; 7:4192-4203. [PMID: 29158819 PMCID: PMC5695006 DOI: 10.7150/thno.21400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the regulator of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of NASH is still largely unclear. CXCR3 is an essential pro-inflammatory factor in chronic liver diseases. We explored the significance of CXCR3 in regulating mitochondrial function during NASH development in animal models and cultured hepatocytes. METHODS The effects of CXCR3 on mitochondrial function were evaluated by genetic knockout or pharmacological inhibition in mouse models and in vitro. The ultrastructural changes of mitochondria were assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Hepatic levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, membrane potential and ATP were examined. RESULTS CXCR3 ablation by genetic knockout or pharmacological inhibition in mice protected against NASH development by influencing mitochondrial function. Similarly, depletion of CXCR3 reduced steatohepatitis injury in cultured hepatocytes. TEM analysis revealed that liver mitochondrial integrity was much improved in CXCR3 knockout (CXCR3-/-) compared to wildtype (WT) mice. In agreement with this, impaired mitochondrial function was pronounced in WT mice compared to CXCR3-/- mice, evidenced by increased protein expression of dynamic-related protein-1 (DRP1) and fission-1 (FIS1) and decreased protein expression of mitofusin-1 (MFN1). Mitochondrial dysfunction was induced in AML-12 hepatocytes by methionine and choline deficient medium and in HepG2 cells by palmitic acid. The impaired mitochondrial function in both cell lines was evidenced by reduced membrane potential and ATP content, and by increased mitochondrial ROS accumulation and DNA damage. However, CXCR3 knockdown by siCXCR3 significantly diminished the mitochondrial dysfunction in both AML-12 and HepG2 hepatocytes. In addition, inhibition of CXCR3 by CXCR3 specific antagonists SCH546738 and AMG487 restored mitochondrial function and inhibited mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in the liver of WT mice fed with methionine and choline deficient diet. CONCLUSION CXCR3 induces mitochondrial dysfunction, which contributes to the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis. Pharmacologic blockade of CXCR3 prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and restores the severity of steatohepatitis, indicating a potential clinical impact for controlling the disease.
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Doustvandi MA, Mohammadnejad F, Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Navaeipour F, Baradaran B, Tajalli H. The interaction between the light source dose and caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis in human SK-MEL-3 skin cancer cells following photodynamic therapy with zinc phthalocyanine: A comparative study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 176:62-68. [PMID: 28964887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the behavior of relative expression of Bcl-2, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 genes of/in SK-MEL-3 cancer cells and explore molecular mechanisms responsible for the apoptosis response during an in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Zinc Phthalocyanine (ZnPc) using different doses of the light source. In this study, firstly the cytotoxic effects of ZnPc-PDT on SK-MEL-3 cells were evaluated. By irradiating the laser, ZnPc induced a significant amount of apoptosis on SK-MEL-3 cells in three IC50s including 0.064±0.01, 0.043±0.01, and 0.036±0.01μg/mL at the doses of 8, 16, and 24J/cm2, respectively. Moreover, flow cytometry and QRT-PCR experiments were done. The high percentage of apoptotic cells was seen in the early apoptosis stage. The expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-8 genes at all doses of laser experienced an obvious reduction in comparison to the control group. On the other hand, although the expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 genes remains almost constant at 8J/cm2, but they faced an increment at 16 and 24J/cm2 doses. These data reveal caspase-dependent apoptosis in high and caspase-independent apoptosis in low doses of laser. Based on the results of present work, it can be suggested that the dose of the light source is a key factor in induction of caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis pathways following PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habib Tajalli
- Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
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Chen CH, Chen MF, Huang SJ, Huang CY, Wang HK, Hsieh WC, Huang CH, Liu LF, Shiu LY. Saikosaponin a Induces Apoptosis through Mitochondria-Dependent Pathway in Hepatic Stellate Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:351-368. [PMID: 28231747 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Saikosaponin a (SSa) is one of the main active components of Bupleurum falcatum. It is commonly used to treat liver injury and fibrosis in traditional Chinese medicine. Our previous study showed that SSa induces apoptosis and inhibits the proliferation of rat hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line HSC-T6. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism of SSa-mediated apoptosis. Rat HSC cell line HSC-T6 and human HSC cell line LX-2 were used in this study. SSa triggered cell death mainly by apoptosis, as indicated by the typical morphological changes, sub-G1 phase of cell cycle increase, and activation of the caspase-9/caspase-3 cascade. In addition, SSa-induced apoptosis was partially inhibited by the caspase-3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK, suggesting an involvement of caspase-3 dependent and independent pathways. Moreover, SSa upregulated pro-apoptotic proteins [BAK, Bcl-2-associated death promoter (BAD), and p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA)] and downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2). In the mitochondria, SSa triggered the translocation of BAX and BAK from the cytosol to the outer membrane, resulting in a reduction of mitochondrial functions and membrane potential and subsequent release of apoptotic factors. Therefore, this study demonstrates that SSa induces apoptosis through the intrinsic mitochondrial-dependent pathway in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Han Chen
- * Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- † Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- ‡ Department of Applied Chemistry and Graduate Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technology, National Chi Nan University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Chen
- § Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- ¶ Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - S Joseph Huang
- ∥ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- ¶¶ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Chun-Yen Huang
- ∥ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Kuang Wang
- ** Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Hsieh
- †† Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Huang
- ∥∥ Institute of Biotechnology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
- *** Laboratory of Animal Center, Department of Medical Research and Development, Show Chwan Health Care System, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Liu
- ‡‡ School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yen Shiu
- §§ Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- ††† Cell Therapy and Research Center, Department of Medical Research, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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15
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Wu S, Wang L, Ren X, Pan Y, Peng Y, Zou X, Shi C, Zhang Y. Involvement of retinoblastoma-associated protein 48 during photodynamic therapy of cervical cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1393-1400. [PMID: 28138695 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA‑PDT) is an effective treatment option for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, the precancerous lesion of cervical cancer, and early cervical cancer, particularly for young or nulliparous women who want to remain fertile. A previous report described the involvement of histone deacetylases (HDAC) during ALA‑PDT mediated apoptosis in the cerebral cortex of a mouse model. Retinoblastoma‑associated protein 48 (RbAp48), a highly abundant component of HDACs, is a critical mediator that controls the transforming activity of human papillomavirus 16 in cervical cancer cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of RbAp48 in ALA‑PDT‑induced cell death in cervical cancer cells. RbAp48 was significantly upregulated in cervical cancer cell lines treated with ALA‑PDT, including SiHa and HeLa cells. To establish the relevance of RbAp48 and the efficacy of ALA‑PDT in cervical cancer cells, the effect of ALA‑PDT was investigated in SiHa or HeLa cells following the depletion of RbAp48 by small interfering RNA (siRNA). Reduction of RbAp48 led to the reduced suppression of proliferation and apoptosis induced by ALA‑PDT in cervical cancer cells, which was associated with a reduction in tumor suppressor protein 53 (p53), retinoblastoma (Rb), apoptosis‑related enzyme caspase‑3, and increased levels of the oncogenic genes, human papillomavirus E6 and E7. These results provide evidence that RbAp48 is an important contributor to the efficacy of ALA‑PDT in cervical cancer cells. RbAp48 may be a therapeutic target that may help to improve the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xingye Ren
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yulu Pan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Cuige Shi
- National Research Institute of Family Planning, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Youzhong Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Chen MF, Huang SJ, Huang CC, Liu PS, Lin KI, Liu CW, Hsieh WC, Shiu LY, Chen CH. Saikosaponin d induces cell death through caspase-3-dependent, caspase-3-independent and mitochondrial pathways in mammalian hepatic stellate cells. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:532. [PMID: 27461108 PMCID: PMC4962421 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Saikosaponin d (SSd) is one of the main active triterpene saponins in Bupleurum falcatum. It has a steroid-like structure, and is reported to have pharmacological activities, including liver protection in rat, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in several cancer cell lines. However, the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of mammalian cells under SSd treatment are still unclear. Methods The cytotoxicity and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) upon SSd treatment were discovered by MTT assay, colony formation assay and flow cytometry. The collage I/III, caspase activity and apoptotic related genes were examined by quantitative PCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence and ELISA. The mitochondrial functions were monitored by flow cytometry, MitoTracker staining, ATP production and XF24 bioenergetic assay. Results This study found that SSd triggers cell death via an apoptosis path. An example of this path might be typical apoptotic morphology, increased sub-G1 phase cell population, inhibition of cell proliferation and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. However, the apoptotic effects induced by SSd are partially blocked by the caspase-3 inhibitor, Z-DEVD-FMK, suggesting that SSd may trigger both HSC-T6 and LX-2 cell apoptosis through caspase-3-dependent and independent pathways. We also found that SSd can trigger BAX and BAK translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria, resulting in mitochondrial function inhibition, membrane potential disruption. Finally, SSd also increases the release of apoptotic factors. Conclusions The overall analytical data indicate that SSd-elicited cell death may occur through caspase-3-dependent, caspase-3-independent and mitochondrial pathways in mammalian HSCs, and thus can delay the formation of liver fibrosis by reducing the level of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - S Joseph Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chao-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Tissue Bank and Biobank, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shihlin, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-I Lin
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang Zhen, Changhua County, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Hsieh
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-SHOU University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yen Shiu
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Cell Therapy and Research Center, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, No.6, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City, 82445, Taiwan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chang-Han Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan. .,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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17
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Meng Z, Yu B, Han G, Liu M, Shan B, Dong G, Miao Z, Jia N, Tan Z, Li B, Zhang W, Zhu H, Sheng C, Yao J. Chlorin p6-Based Water-Soluble Amino Acid Derivatives as Potent Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4999-5010. [PMID: 27136389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel photosensitizer with high phototoxicity, low dark toxicity, and good water solubility is a challenging task for photodynamic therapy (PDT). A series of chlorin p6-based water-soluble amino acid conjugates were synthesized and investigated for antitumor activity. Among them, aspartylchlorin p6 dimethylester (7b) showed highest phototoxicity against melanoma cells with weakest dark toxicity, which was more phototoxic than verteporfin while with less dark toxicity. It also exhibited better in vivo PDT antitumor efficacy on mice bearing B16-F10 tumor than verteporfin. The biological assays revealed that 7b was localized in multiple subcellular organelles and could cause both cell necrosis and apoptosis after PDT in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in more effective cell destruction. As a result, 7b represents a promising photosensitizer for PDT applications because of its strong absorption in the phototherapeutic window, relatively high singlet oxygen quantum yield, highest dark toxicity/phototoxicity ratio, good water solubility, and excellent in vivo PDT antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Meng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University , 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guiyan Han
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minghui Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Bin Shan
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenyuan Miao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ningyang Jia
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University , 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zou Tan
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University , 32 Shangshan Road, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Buhong Li
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University , 32 Shangshan Road, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Wannian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Haiying Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University , 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianzhong Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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18
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Digitoxin enhances the growth inhibitory effects of thapsigargin and simvastatin on ER negative human breast cancer cells. Fitoterapia 2016; 109:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Salva KA, Wood GS. Epigenetically Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy (ePDT) is Superior to Conventional Photodynamic Therapy for Inducing Apoptosis in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1444-51. [PMID: 26302991 DOI: 10.1111/php.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Conventional photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinate (ALA-PDT) selectively induces apoptosis in diseased cells and is highly effective for treating actinic keratoses. However, similar results are achieved only in a subset of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Our previous work shows that the apoptotic resistance of CTCL correlates with low expression of death receptors like Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS), and that methotrexate upregulates FAS by inhibiting the methylation of its promoter, acting as an epigenetic derepressor that restores the susceptibility of FAS-low CTCL to caspase-8-mediated apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that methotrexate increases the response of CTCL to ALA-PDT, a concept we refer to as epigenetically enhanced PDT (ePDT). Multiple CTCL cell lines were subjected to conventional PDT versus ePDT. Apoptotic biomarkers were analyzed in situ with multispectral imaging analysis of immunostained cells, a method that is quantitative and 5× more sensitive than standard immunohistology for antigen detection. Compared to conventional PDT or methotrexate alone, ePDT led to significantly greater cell death in all CTCL cell lines tested by inducing greater activation of caspase-8-mediated extrinsic apoptosis. Upregulation of FAS and/or tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand pathway components was observed in different CTCL cell lines. These findings provide a rationale for clinical trials of ePDT for CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Agnes Salva
- Department of Dermatology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Gary S Wood
- Department of Dermatology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,VA Medical Center, Madison, WI
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20
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Wu J, Salva KA, Wood GS. c-CBL E3 ubiquitin ligase is overexpressed in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: its inhibition promotes activation-induced cell death. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:861-868. [PMID: 25140833 PMCID: PMC4324119 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS) are two major forms of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) characterized by resistance to apoptosis. A central pathway for T-cell apoptosis is activation-induced cell death (AICD) which is triggered through the T-cell receptor (TCR). This results in upregulation of FAS-ligand (FASL) and subsequent apoptosis through the FAS death receptor pathway. It has been known for more than a decade that TCR signaling is defective in CTCL; however, the underlying mechanism has not been apparent. In this report, we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase, c-CBL, is over-expressed in CTCL and that its knockdown overcomes defective TCR signaling resulting in phosphorylation of PLCg1, calcium influx, ROS generation, up-regulation of FASL and extrinsic pathway apoptosis in CTCL cells expressing adequate FAS. In CTCL cells with suboptimal FAS expression, FAS can be upregulated epigenetically by derepression of the FAS promoter using methotrexate (MTX) which we showed previously has activity as a DNA methylation inhibitor. Using these combined strategies, FAS-low as well as FAS-high CTCL cells can be killed effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin and the Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Katrin A Salva
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin and the Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gary S Wood
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin and the Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Cunderlíková B, Vasovič V, Randeberg LL, Christensen E, Warloe T, Nesland JM, Peng Q. Modification of extracorporeal photopheresis technology with porphyrin precursors. Comparison between 8-methoxypsoralen and hexaminolevulinate in killing human T-cell lymphoma cell lines in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2702-8. [PMID: 24915603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis that exposes isolated white blood cells to 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light is used for the management of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and graft-versus-host disease. 8-MOP binds to DNA of both tumor and normal cells, thus increasing the risk of carcinogenesis of normal cells; and also kills both tumor and normal cells with no selectivity after UV-A irradiation. Hexaminolevulinate (HAL)-induced protoporphyrin-IX is a potent photosensitizer that localizes at membranous structures outside of the nucleus of a cell. HAL-mediated photodynamic therapy selectively destroys activated/transformed lymphocytes and induces systemic anti-tumor immunity. The aim of the present study was to explore the possibility of using HAL instead of 8-MOP to kill cells after UV-A exposure. METHODS Human T-cell lymphoma Jurkat and Karpas 299 cell lines were used to evaluate cell photoinactivation after 8-MOP and/or HAL plus UV-A light with cell proliferation and long term survival assays. The mode of cell death was also analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Cell proliferation was decreased by HAL/UV-A, 8-MOP/UV-A or HAL/8-MOP/UV-A. At sufficient doses, the cells were killed by all the regimens; however, the mode of cell death was dependent on the treatment conditions. 8-MOP/UV-A produced apoptotic death exclusively; whereas both apoptosis and necrosis were induced by HAL/UV-A. CONCLUSION 8-MOP can be replaced by HAL to inactivate the Jurkat and Karpas 299 T-cell lymphoma cells after UV-A irradiation via apoptosis and necrosis. This finding may have an impact on improved efficacy of photopheresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cunderlíková
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; International Laser Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - V Vasovič
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - L L Randeberg
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - E Christensen
- Department of Dermatology, St Olav's University Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - T Warloe
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - J M Nesland
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty Division, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Q Peng
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Photonics Structure (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Shahzidi S, Brech A, Sioud M, Li X, Suo Z, Nesland JM, Peng Q. Lamin A/C cleavage by caspase-6 activation is crucial for apoptotic induction by photodynamic therapy with hexaminolevulinate in human B-cell lymphoma cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 339:25-32. [PMID: 23916608 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with a light-activated drug is an approved modality for cancer treatment. Hexaminolevulinate (HAL), a hexylester of 5-aminolevulinic acid as the photosensitising protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) precursor, is clinically used for both PDT and photodetection. Our previous studies have shown that HAL-PDT can effectively induce apoptosis in several human blood malignant cell lines. However, the mechanisms involved in the apoptotic induction are still not fully elucidated. In this study we have focused on the role of cellular lamin A/C in the apoptotic induction. HAL-PDT-mediated apoptosis was confirmed by various techniques including fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy in both human B-cell lymphoma Ramos and Daudi cell lines. The lamin A/C, together with caspases-6 and -3, was cleaved during the apoptosis. Western blots, immunocytochemistry, fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy demonstrated that the specific caspase-6 inhibitor abrogated the HAL-PDT-mediated cleavages of both caspase-6 and lamin A/C and subsequent apoptosis in these two cell lines, suggesting that the cleavage of lamin A/C by the caspase-6 activation is crucial for such apoptotic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Shahzidi
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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The inhibition of ferrochelatase enhances 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic action for prostate cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:399-409. [PMID: 24284092 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of accumulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-dependent protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), ALA-photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced cell death and enhanced efficiency by a ferrochelatase inhibitor in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. METHODS The accumulation of ALA-induced PpIX in PC-3 cells was observed by fluorescence microscopy and measured by flow cytometry analysis. The efficiency of ALA-PDT was analyzed by flow cytometry and assessed by cell death, caspase-3 activity and mitochondrial membrane potential. The ALA-PDT-promoting effects of ferrochelatase inhibitors, such as deferoxamine and NOC-18, were also analyzed. We confirmed the results obtained in vivo with an animal model using nude mice. RESULTS ALA-induced PpIX accumulation increased in time- and ALA concentration-dependent manners. ALA-PDT decreased the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential, and induced cell death occurred by both apoptosis and necrosis. Inhibition of ferrochelatase by deferoxamine and NOC-18 led to increase of PpIX accumulation and enhanced effect of ALA-PDT in PC-3 cells. In vivo, the degeneration of tumor tissue by ALA-PDT was observed within a broader range and led to apoptosis and necrosis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated ALA-PDT induced PC-3 cell death by the mechanisms of both necrosis and apoptosis through a caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway. Inhibition of ferrochelatase enhanced these effects, suggesting that ferrochelatase played an important role in ALA-PDT. ALA-PDT could be a new modality for focal therapy of prostate cancer.
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Yiang GT, Chen YH, Chou PL, Chang WJ, Wei CW, Yu YL. The NS3 protease and helicase domains of Japanese encephalitis virus trigger cell death via caspase‑dependent and ‑independent pathways. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:826-30. [PMID: 23291778 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito‑borne flavivirus, causes acute encephalitis and nervous damage. Previous studies have demonstrated that JEV induces apoptosis in infected cells. However, to date the mechanisms of JEV‑induced apoptosis are unclear. In order to identify the viral proteins associated with JEV‑induced apoptosis, pEGFP‑non‑structural protein 3 (NS3) 1‑619 (expressing the JEV NS3 intact protein, including the protease and helicase domains), pEGFP‑NS3 1‑180 (expressing the protease domain) and pEGFP‑NS3 163‑619 (expressing the helicase domain) were transfected into target cells to study cell death. Results demonstrate that the JEV NS3 intact protein and protease and helicase domains induce cell death. In addition, cell death was identified to be significantly higher in cells transfected with the NS3 protease domain compared with the intact protein and helicase domain. Caspase activation was also analyzed in the current study. NS3 intact protein and NS3 protease and helicase domains activated caspase‑9/‑3‑dependent and ‑independent pathways. However, caspase‑8 activity was not found to be significantly different in NS3‑transfected cells compared with control. In summary, the present study demonstrates that the NS3 helicase and protease domains of JEV activate caspase‑9/‑3‑dependent and ‑independent cascades and trigger cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giou-Teng Yiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
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Yoo JO, Ha KS. New insights into the mechanisms for photodynamic therapy-induced cancer cell death. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 295:139-74. [PMID: 22449489 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394306-4.00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapeutic modality for cancer treatment; however, a more detailed understanding is needed to improve the clinical use of this therapy. PDT induces cancer cell death by apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, and these mechanisms can be concurrently occurred. PDT destroys cancer cells by inducing apoptosis through diverse signaling pathways coupled with Bcl-2 family members, caspases, and apopotosis-inducing factor. When the apoptotic pathway is unavailable, PDT can cause cancer cell death through induction of a necrotic or autophagic mechanism. Autophagy is occurred in a Bax-independent manner and can be stimulated in parallel with apoptosis. PDT directly destroys cancer cells by inducing either apoptotic or necrotic death. PDT also can induce autophagy as a death or a survival mechanism. These mechanisms are dependent on a variety of parameters including the nature of the photosensitizer, PDT dose, and cell genotype. Understanding the complex cross talk between these pathways may improve the effectiveness of PDT. Here, we discuss the interplay between these mechanisms based on recent evidence and suggest prospects with regard to advances in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Ok Yoo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, South Korea
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Photofrin binds to procaspase-3 and mediates photodynamic treatment-triggered methionine oxidation and inactivation of procaspase-3. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e347. [PMID: 22785533 PMCID: PMC3406584 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diverse death phenotypes of cancer cells can be induced by Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT), which has a decisive role in eliciting a tumor-specific immunity for long-term tumor control. However, the mechanism(s) underlying this diversity remain elusive. Caspase-3 is a critical factor in determining cell death phenotypes in many physiological settings. Here, we report that Photofrin-PDT can modify and inactivate procaspase-3 in cancer cells. In cells exposed to an external apoptotic trigger, high-dose Photofrin-PDT pretreatment blocked the proteolytic activation of procaspase-3 by its upstream caspase. We generated and purified recombinant procaspase-3-D3A (a mutant without autolysis/autoactivation activity) to explore the underlying mechanism(s). Photofrin could bind directly to procaspase-3-D3A, and Photofrin-PDT-triggered inactivation and modification of procaspase-3-D3A was seen in vitro. Mass spectrometry-based quantitative analysis for post-translational modifications using both 16O/18O- and 14N/15N-labeling strategies revealed that Photofrin-PDT triggered a significant oxidation of procaspase-3-D3A (mainly on Met-27, -39 and -44) in a Photofrin dose-dependent manner, whereas the active site Cys-163 remained largely unmodified. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments further showed that Met-44 has an important role in procaspase-3 activation. Collectively, our results reveal that Met oxidation is a novel mechanism for the Photofrin-PDT-mediated inactivation of procaspase-3, potentially explaining at least some of the complicated cell death phenotypes triggered by PDT.
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Hefti M, Albert I, Luginbuehl V. Phenytoin reduces 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX accumulation in malignant glioma cells. J Neurooncol 2012; 108:443-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-012-0857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yoo JO, Lim YC, Kim YM, Ha KS. Transglutaminase 2 promotes both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptotic cell death via the calpain/Bax protein signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:14377-88. [PMID: 22418443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.326074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a versatile protein that is implicated in significant biological processes, including cell death and degenerative diseases. A possible role of TG2 in the apoptotic death of cancer cells induced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) was suggested recently; however, the mechanism by which TG2 regulates apoptotic responses to PDT remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the key signaling pathways stimulated during apoptotic cell death following PDT and whether inhibition of TG2 activation using pharmacological approaches and siRNAs affects the signaling pathways. PDT caused the release of both cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) by damaging mitochondria, which resulted in caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptotic cell death, respectively. Released AIF translocated to the nucleus and, synergistically with the caspase-dependent pathway, led to apoptotic cell death. Both the caspase cascade and the activation of AIF following PDT were mediated by TG2 activation. In addition, PDT-activated calpain was responsible for the sequential events of Bax translocation, the collapse of ΔΨ(m), caspase-3 activation, and AIF translocation, all of which were provoked by TG2 activation. Together, these results demonstrate that PDT with a chlorin-based photosensitizer targets TG2 by activating calpain-induced Bax translocation, which induces apoptotic cell death through both caspase-dependent and AIF-mediated pathways. Moreover, these results indicate that TG2 may be a possible therapeutic target for PDT treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Ok Yoo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Kangwon-do 200-701, Korea
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Enhanced antiproliferative and apoptotic response of HT-29 adenocarcinoma cells to combination of photoactivated hypericin and farnesyltransferase inhibitor manumycin A. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:8388-405. [PMID: 22272079 PMCID: PMC3257076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12128388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several photodynamically-active substances and farnesyltransferase inhibitors are currently being investigated as promising anticancer drugs. In this study, the combined effect of hypericin (the photodynamically-active pigment from Hypericum perforatum) and selective farnesyltransferase inhibitor manumycin (manumycin A; the selective farnesyltransferase inhibitor from Streptomyces parvulus) on HT-29 adenocarcinoma cells was examined. We found that the combination treatment of cells with photoactivated hypericin and manumycin resulted in enhanced antiproliferative and apoptotic response compared to the effect of single treatments. This was associated with increased suppression of clonogenic growth, S phase cell cycle arrest, elevated caspase-3/7 activity and time-dependent total cleavage of procaspase-3 and lamin B, cleavage of p21Bax into p18Bax and massive PARP cleavage. Moreover, we found that the apoptosis-inducing factor is implicated in signaling events triggered by photoactivated hypericin. Our results showed the relocalization of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) to the nuclei after hypericin treatment. In addition, we discovered that not only manumycin but also photoactivated hypericin induced the reduction of total Ras protein level. Manumycin decreased the amount of farnesylated Ras, and the combination treatment decreased the amount of both farnesylated and non-farnesylated Ras protein more dramatically. The present findings indicate that the inhibition of Ras processing may be the determining factor for enhancing the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of combination treatment on HT-29 cells.
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Anand S, Wilson C, Hasan T, Maytin EV. Vitamin D3 enhances the apoptotic response of epithelial tumors to aminolevulinate-based photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res 2011; 71:6040-50. [PMID: 21807844 PMCID: PMC3360482 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy, mediated by exogenously administered aminolevulinic acid (ALA-PDT), followed by exposure to a laser or broadband light source, is a promising modality for treatment of many types of cancers; however, it remains inadequate to treat large, deep, solid tumors. In this article, we report that calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D3, can be administered before ALA as a nontoxic preconditioning regimen to markedly increase the efficacy of ALA-PDT. Using mouse models of squamous cell skin cancer for preclinical proof of concept, we showed that calcitriol, delivered topically or intraperitoneally, increased tumoral accumulation of the PDT-activated ALA product protoporphyrin-IX (PpIX) up to 10-fold, mainly by altering expression of the porphyrin-synthesis enzymes coproporphyrinogen oxidase (increased) and ferrochelatase (decreased). Calcitriol-pretreated tumors underwent enhanced apoptotic cell death after ALA-based PDT. Mechanistic studies have documented activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, with specific cleavage of caspase-8 and increased production of TNF-α in tumors preconditioned by calcitriol treatment before receiving ALA-PDT. Very low doses of calcitriol (0.1-1 μg/kg body weight) were sufficient to elicit tumor-selective enhancement to ALA-PDT efficacy, rendering toxicity concerns negligible. Our findings define a simple, nontoxic, and highly effective preconditioning regimen to enhance the response of epithelial tumors to ALA-PDT, possibly broadening its clinical applications by selectively enhancing accumulation of photosensitizer PpIX together with TNF-α in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Anand
- Department of Dermatology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Clara Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Edward V. Maytin
- Department of Dermatology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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Zhang J, Deng L, Yao J, Gu P, Yang F, Wang X, Liu W, Zhang Y, Ke X, Jing X, Chen J. Synthesis and photobiological study of a novel chlorin photosensitizer BCPD-18MA for photodynamic therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5520-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cai H, Gu Y, Sun Q, Zeng J, Dong N, Zhao G. Effect of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether-mediated photodynamic therapy on hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2011; 27:90-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Baglo Y, Sousa MML, Slupphaug G, Hagen L, Håvåg S, Helander L, Zub KA, Krokan HE, Gederaas OA. Photodynamic therapy with hexyl aminolevulinate induces carbonylation, posttranslational modifications and changed expression of proteins in cell survival and cell death pathways. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1137-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00369g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hexaminolevulinate-mediated photodynamic purging of leukemia cells from BM. Bone Marrow Transplant 2010; 45:1553-61. [PMID: 20118993 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2009.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with porphyrin precursors has been established for tumor treatment. This study aimed at examining applicability of hexaminolevulinate (HAL) for photodynamic purging of leukemic cells from BM grafts and evaluating the clinical relevance of in vitro models. The PDT dose resulting in no colony formation by leukemic cells in vitro, in pure form or in a mixture with BM cells, was insufficient for complete killing of the leukemic cells ex vivo and for the treatment of the leukemia-bearing animals in vivo. The efficacy of HAL-PDT in cell lines in vitro should be verified in clinically relevant in vivo models.
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Ji ZY, Fan TL, Zhao LQ, Yang XJ, Qiu YB, Zhang JZ, Zhang YB, Sun Y, Qiu SL, Yang GR. Effects of subcellular localization pattern of PpIX on photodynamic efficiency in esophageal cancer cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:1602-1608. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i16.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effects of subcellular localization pattern of PpIX on photodynamic efficiency in esophageal cancer cell lines.
METHODS: KYSE-450, KYSE-70 and Het-1A cells were treated with ALA, exogenous PpIX and MitoTracker, respectively. The subcellular localization patterns of PpIX were observed using fluorescence microscopy. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) after ALA-PDT and PpIX-PDT was measured using JC-1 flow cytometry. The morphological study of mitochondria after ALA-PDT and PpIX-PDT was performed with electron microscopy. MTS was used to examine the cell survival rate.
RESULTS: The granular patterns and distribution of fluorescence in the extranuclear fraction of the cells were similar for both ALA-derived endogenous PpIX and the MitoTracker in all cell lines; however, exogenous PpIX was diffusely distributed in the whole cytoplasm of cells. After 12 h of ALA-based PDT, the percentages were increased to 22%, 52% and 33% in the KYSE-450, KYSE-70 and Het-1A cell lines, respectively; where only 15%, 14% and 18% of the depolarized cell fractions were seen following PDT with exogenous PpIX. As early as 1 h after photodynamic treatment, some of the mitochondria were already damaged by ALA-PDT with unclear cristae, vacuoles and swelling; while the mitochondrial ultrastructure was still well preserved 1 h later following PDT with exogenous PpIX. ALA-mediated PDT was significantly more efficient than PDT with exogenous PpIX in killing cells in all the 3 cell lines.
CONCLUSION: Different subcellular location of photosensitizer may affect the PDT efficacy. Mitochondria are more sensitive and may be important targets for PDT. This finding suggests that new photosensitizers with mitochondrially-localizing property may be designed for improvement of PDT effectiveness in the future.
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Neurogenesis in an adult avian song nucleus is reduced by decreasing caspase-mediated apoptosis. J Neurosci 2009; 29:4586-91. [PMID: 19357283 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5423-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron death and replacement are fundamental components of brain plasticity. Much remains unknown, however, about the mechanistic interaction between neuron death and neurogenesis in adult vertebrates. In seasonally breeding adult male white-crowned sparrows, the song system nucleus HVC loses approximately 26% of its neurons via caspase-dependent apoptosis within 4 d after a transition to nonbreeding physiological conditions. To determine whether neuronal death is necessary for the recruitment of new neurons, we infused caspase inhibitors into HVC in vivo and suppressed neurodegeneration for at least 20 d after the transition to nonbreeding conditions. The blockade of HVC neuron death reduced the number and density of new neurons recruited to the ipsilateral HVC by 48 and 29%, respectively, compared with contralateral HVC. Our results are the first to show that reducing neuronal death in the adult brain decreases the recruitment of new neurons.
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Viard M, Garg H, Blumenthal R, Raviv Y. Photo-activation of the hydrophobic probe iodonaphthylazide in cells alters membrane protein function leading to cell death. BMC Cell Biol 2009; 10:21. [PMID: 19323821 PMCID: PMC2666636 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-10-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Photo-activation of the hydrophobic membrane probe 1, 5 iodonaphthylazide (INA) by irradiation with UV light (310–380 nm) results in the covalent modification of transmembrane anchors of membrane proteins. This unique selectivity of INA towards the transmembrane anchor has been exploited to specifically label proteins inserted in membranes. Previously, we have demonstrated that photo-activation of INA in enveloped viruses resulted in the inhibition of viral membrane protein-induced membrane fusion and viral entry into cells. In this study we show that photo-activation of INA in various cell lines, including those over-expressing the multi-drug resistance transporters MRP1 or Pgp, leads to cell death. We analyzed mechanisms of cell killing by INA-UV treatment. The effects of INA-UV treatment on signaling via various cell surface receptors, on the activity of the multi-drug resistance transporter MRP1 and on membrane protein lateral mobility were also investigated. Results INA treatment of various cell lines followed by irradiation with UV light (310–380 nm) resulted in loss of cell viability in a dose dependent manner. The mechanism of cell death appeared to be apoptosis as indicated by phosphatidylserine exposure, mitochondrial depolarization and DNA fragmentation. Inhibition by pan-caspase inhibitors and cleavage of caspase specific substrates indicated that at low concentrations of INA apoptosis was caspase dependent. The INA-UV treatment showed similar cell killing efficacy in cells over-expressing MRP1 function as control cells. Efflux of an MRP1 substrate was blocked by INA-UV treatment of the MRP1-overexpressing cells. Although INA-UV treatment resulted in inhibition of calcium mobilization triggered by chemokine receptor signaling, Akt phosphorylation triggered by IGF1 receptor signaling was enhanced. Furthermore, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments indicated that INA-UV treatment resulted in reduced lateral mobility of a seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor. Conclusion INA is a photo-activable agent that induces apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. It reacts with membrane proteins to alter the normal physiological function resulting in apoptosis. This activity of INA maybe exploited for use as an anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Viard
- Nanobiology Program, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
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Screening and Purification of an Anti-Prostate Cancer Compound, Deoxypodophyllotoxin, from Anthriscus sylvestris Hoffm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2009.19.1.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Enzyme-assisted photosensitization activates different apoptotic pathways in Rose Bengal acetate treated HeLa cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 131:391-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Davids LM, Kleemann B, Kacerovská D, Pizinger K, Kidson SH. Hypericin phototoxicity induces different modes of cell death in melanoma and human skin cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2008; 91:67-76. [PMID: 18342534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypericin, the major component of St. John's Wort, absorbs light in the UV and visible ranges whereupon it becomes phototoxic through the production of reactive oxygen species. Although photodynamic mechanisms (i.e. through endogenous photosensitizers) play a role in UVA phototherapy for the treatment of skin disorders such as eczema and psoriasis, photodynamic therapy employing exogenous photosensitizers are currently being used only for the treatment of certain forms of non-melanoma skin cancers and actinic keratoses. There are few reports however on its use in treating melanomas. This in vitro study analyses the phototoxic effect of UVA (400-315 nm) - activated hypericin in human pigmented and unpigmented melanomas and immortalised keratinocytes and melanocytes. We show that neither hypericin exposure nor UV irradiation alone reduces cell viability. We show that an exposure to 1 microM UVA-activated hypericin does not bring about cell death, while 3 microM activated hypericin induces a necrotic mode of cell death in pigmented melanoma cells and melanocytes and an apoptotic mode of cell death in non-pigmented melanoma cells and keratinocytes. We hypothesis that the necrotic mode of cell death in the pigmented cells is possibly related to the presence of melanin-containing melanosomes in these cells and that the hypericin-induced increase in reactive oxygen species leads to an increase in permeability of melanosomes. This would result in toxic melanin precursors (of an indolic and phenolic nature) leaking into the cytoplasm which in turn leads to cell death. Hypericin localisation in the endoplasmic reticulum in these cells shown by fluorescent microscopy, further support a disruption in cellular processing and induction of cell death. In contrast, this study shows that cells that do not contain melanosomes (non-pigmented melanoma cells and keratinocytes) die by apoptosis. Further, using a mitochondrial-specific fluorescent dye, we show that intracellular accumulation of hypericin induces a mitochondrial-associated caspase-dependent apoptotic mode of cell death. This work suggests that UVA is effective in activating hypericin and that this phototoxicity may be considered as treatment option in some cases of lentigo maligna or lentigo maligna melanoma that are too large for surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester M Davids
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
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Ascencio M, Delemer M, Farine M, Jouve E, Collinet P, Mordon S. Evaluation of ALA-PDT of ovarian cancer in the Fisher 344 rat tumor model. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2007; 4:254-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ascencio M, Collinet P, Cosson M, Vinatier D, Mordon S. Intérêt et place de la thérapie photodynamique en gynécologie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 35:1155-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2007.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cekaite L, Peng Q, Reiner A, Shahzidi S, Tveito S, Furre IE, Hovig E. Mapping of oxidative stress responses of human tumor cells following photodynamic therapy using hexaminolevulinate. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:273. [PMID: 17692132 PMCID: PMC2045114 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves systemic or topical administration of a lesion-localizing photosensitizer or its precursor, followed by irradiation of visible light to cause singlet oxygen-induced damage to the affected tissue. A number of mechanisms seem to be involved in the protective responses to PDT, including activation of transcription factors, heat shock proteins, antioxidant enzymes and apoptotic pathways. Results In this study, we address the effects of a destructive/lethal hexaminolevulinate (HAL) mediated PDT dose on the transcriptome by using transcriptional exon evidence oligo microarrays. Here, we confirm deviations in the steady state expression levels of previously identified early defence response genes and extend this to include unreported PDT inducible gene groups, most notably the metallothioneins and histones. HAL-PDT mediated stress also altered expression of genes encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Further, we report PDT stress induced alternative splicing. Specifically, the ATF3 alternative isoform (deltaZip2) was up-regulated, while the full-length variant was not changed by the treatment. Results were independently verified by two different technological microarray platforms. Good microarray, RT-PCR and Western immunoblotting correlation for selected genes support these findings. Conclusion Here, we report new insights into how destructive/lethal PDT alters the transcriptome not only at the transcriptional level but also at post-transcriptional level via alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Cekaite
- Department of Tumor Biology, Rikshopitalet – Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Pathology, Rikshopitalet – Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, 0310 Oslo, Norway
- State Key Lab for Advanced Photonic Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Andrew Reiner
- Department of Tumor Biology, Rikshopitalet – Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Susan Shahzidi
- Department of Pathology, Rikshopitalet – Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri Tveito
- Department of Tumor Biology, Rikshopitalet – Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingegerd E Furre
- Department of Pathology, Rikshopitalet – Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Rikshopitalet – Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, 0310 Oslo, Norway
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Krieg RC, Herr A, Raupach K, Ren Q, Schwamborn K, Knuechel R. Analyzing effects of photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) induced protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) in urothelial cells using reverse phase protein arrays. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:1296-305. [PMID: 18046485 DOI: 10.1039/b704464j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is clinically established approach for a number of defined applications. However, in order to optimize the therapeutic benefits of PDT, the specific mode of cell destruction should be better defined. Apoptosis is favored over necrosis for clinical practice as the latter causes more side-effects. In the present study, we analyse PDT-induced cell death and its correlation to various PDT parameters (different doses applied, time after PDT treatment) in vitro using reverse phase protein arrays. Human urothelial cell lines with varying degrees of differentiation (UROtsa, RT4, RT112, J82) were subjected to in vitro-PDT using increasing doses of irradiation. In addition, positive controls for apoptosis, necrosis and un-/specific cellular damage were included. Cells were harvested over a specified time course, lysed and arrayed onto nitrocellulose-covered glass slides. The arrays were analyzed for expression of apoptosis-related proteins by immunohistochemistry. Analysis of caspase-3 and -9 expression, the activation of HIF-1alpha, Bcl2, Cox2 and the phosphorylation of AKT reveals signal activation due to a PDT-stimulus in correlation with the positive controls. Data were analyzed by unsupervised hierarchical clustering and depicted as a heat map revealing cell-specific patterns of pathway stimulation. Higher differentiated phenotypes showed a more distinct signal response in general and a higher apoptotic response in detail. Lower differentiated cell lines lost pathway regulation capabilities according to their state of dedifferentiation. Reverse phase protein arrays are a promising technique for signal pathway profiling: they exceed the range of traditional western blots by sensitivity, high-throughput capability, minimal sample consumption and easy quantification of results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Krieg
- Institute of Pathology, Pauwelsstr. 30, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, D-52074, Germany.
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Buytaert E, Dewaele M, Agostinis P. Molecular effectors of multiple cell death pathways initiated by photodynamic therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2007; 1776:86-107. [PMID: 17693025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a recently developed anticancer modality utilizing the generation of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species, through visible light irradiation of a photosensitive dye accumulated in the cancerous tissue. Multiple signaling cascades are concomitantly activated in cancer cells exposed to the photodynamic stress and depending on the subcellular localization of the damaging ROS, these signals are transduced into adaptive or cell death responses. Recent evidence indicates that PDT can kill cancer cells directly by the efficient induction of apoptotic as well as non-apoptotic cell death pathways. The identification of the molecular effectors regulating the cross-talk between apoptosis and other major cell death subroutines (e.g. necrosis, autophagic cell death) is an area of intense research in cancer therapy. Signaling molecules modulating the induction of different cell death pathways can become useful targets to induce or increase photokilling in cancer cells harboring defects in apoptotic pathways, which is a crucial step in carcinogenesis and therapy resistance. This review highlights recent developments aimed at deciphering the molecular interplay between cell death pathways as well as their possible therapeutic exploitation in photosensitized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Buytaert
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven Belgium
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