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Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Ovarian Cancer and Associated Gene Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246246. [PMID: 36551731 PMCID: PMC9777152 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, over 100,000 women are diagnosed with a gynecologic malignancy every year, with ovarian cancer being the most lethal. One of the hallmark characteristics of ovarian cancer is the development of resistance to chemotherapeutics. While the exact mechanisms of chemoresistance are poorly understood, it is known that changes at the cellular and molecular level make chemoresistance challenging to treat. Improved therapeutic options are needed to target these changes at the molecular level. Using a precision medicine approach, such as gene therapy, genes can be specifically exploited to resensitize tumors to therapeutics. This review highlights traditional and novel gene targets that can be used to develop new and improved targeted therapies, from drug efflux proteins to ovarian cancer stem cells. The review also addresses the clinical relevance and landscape of the discussed gene targets.
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Nalawade SA, Shafer P, Bajgain P, McKenna MK, Ali A, Kelly L, Joubert J, Gottschalk S, Watanabe N, Leen A, Parihar R, Vera Valdes JF, Hoyos V. Selectively targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells through TRAIL receptor 2 to enhance the efficacy of CAR T cell therapy for treatment of breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003237. [PMID: 34815355 PMCID: PMC8611441 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful targeting of solid tumors such as breast cancer (BC) using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has proven challenging, largely attributed to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) inhibit CAR T cell function and persistence within the breast TME. To overcome this challenge, we have developed CAR T cells targeting tumor-associated mucin 1 (MUC1) with a novel chimeric costimulatory receptor that targets tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TR2) expressed on MDSCs. METHODS The function of the TR2.41BB costimulatory receptor was assessed by exposing non-transduced (NT) and TR2.41BB transduced T cells to recombinant TR2, after which nuclear translocation of NFκB was measured by ELISA and western blot. The cytolytic activity of CAR.MUC1/TR2.41BB T cells was measured in a 5-hour cytotoxicity assay using MUC1+ tumor cells as targets in the presence or absence of MDSCs. In vivo antitumor activity was assessed using MDSC-enriched tumor-bearing mice treated with CAR T cells with or without TR2.41BB. RESULTS Nuclear translocation of NFκB in response to recombinant TR2 was detected only in TR2.41BB T cells. The presence of MDSCs diminished the cytotoxic potential of CAR.MUC1 T cells against MUC1+ BC cell lines by 25%. However, TR2.41BB expression on CAR.MUC1 T cells induced MDSC apoptosis, thereby restoring the cytotoxic activity of CAR.MUC1 T cells against MUC1+ BC lines. The presence of MDSCs resulted in an approximately twofold increase in tumor growth due to enhanced angiogenesis and fibroblast accumulation compared with mice with tumor alone. Treatment of these MDSC-enriched tumors with CAR.MUC1.TR2.41BB T cells led to superior tumor cell killing and significant reduction in tumor growth (24.54±8.55 mm3) compared with CAR.MUC1 (469.79±81.46 mm3) or TR2.41BB (434.86±64.25 mm3) T cells alone. CAR.MUC1.TR2.41BB T cells also demonstrated improved T cell proliferation and persistence at the tumor site, thereby preventing metastases. We observed similar results using CAR.HER2.TR2.41BB T cells in a HER2+ BC model. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that CAR T cells that coexpress the TR2.4-1BB receptor exhibit superior antitumor potential against breast tumors containing immunosuppressive and tumor promoting MDSCs, resulting in TME remodeling and improved T cell proliferation at the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisha A Nalawade
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Shafer
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pradip Bajgain
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary K McKenna
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Arushana Ali
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lauren Kelly
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jarrett Joubert
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Bone Marrow Transplant Department, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Norihiro Watanabe
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ann Leen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robin Parihar
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Valentina Hoyos
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Malogolovkin A, Gasanov N, Egorov A, Weener M, Ivanov R, Karabelsky A. Combinatorial Approaches for Cancer Treatment Using Oncolytic Viruses: Projecting the Perspectives through Clinical Trials Outcomes. Viruses 2021; 13:1271. [PMID: 34209981 PMCID: PMC8309967 DOI: 10.3390/v13071271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent cancer immunotherapy breakthroughs have fundamentally changed oncology and revived the fading hope for a cancer cure. The immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) became an indispensable tool for the treatment of many malignant tumors. Alongside ICI, the application of oncolytic viruses in clinical trials is demonstrating encouraging outcomes. Dozens of combinations of oncolytic viruses with conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy are widely used or studied, but it seems quite complicated to highlight the most effective combinations. Our review summarizes the results of clinical trials evaluating oncolytic viruses with or without genetic alterations in combination with immune checkpoint blockade, cytokines, antigens and other oncolytic viruses as well. This review is focused on the efficacy and safety of virotherapy and the most promising combinations based on the published clinical data, rather than presenting all oncolytic virus variations, which are discussed in comprehensive literature reviews. We briefly revise the research landscape of oncolytic viruses and discuss future perspectives in virus immunotherapy, in order to provide an insight for novel strategies of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Malogolovkin
- Gene Therapy Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (N.G.); (A.E.); (M.W.); (R.I.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Karabelsky
- Gene Therapy Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (N.G.); (A.E.); (M.W.); (R.I.)
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Yan XY, Qu XZ, Xu L, Yu SH, Tian R, Zhong XR, Sun LK, Su J. Insight into the role of p62 in the cisplatin resistant mechanisms of ovarian cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:128. [PMID: 32322174 PMCID: PMC7164250 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a platinum-based first-line drug for treating ovarian cancer. However, chemotherapy tolerance has limited the efficacy of cisplatin for ovarian cancer patients. Research has demonstrated that cisplatin causes changes in cell survival and death signaling pathways through its interaction with macromolecules and organelles, which indicates that investigation into the DNA off-target effects of cisplatin may provide critical insights into the mechanisms underlying drug resistance. The multifunctional protein p62 works as a signaling hub in the regulation of pro-survival transcriptional factors NF-κB and Nrf2 and connects autophagy and apoptotic signals, which play important roles in maintaining cell homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the role of p62 in cisplatin resistance by exploring p62-associated signaling pathways based on current studies and our work. Insights into these resistance mechanisms may lead to more effective therapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer by targeting p62.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Yan
- 1Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Xian-Zhi Qu
- 2Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Long Xu
- 1Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Si-Hang Yu
- 1Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Rui Tian
- 1Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Xin-Ru Zhong
- 1Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Lian-Kun Sun
- 1Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Jing Su
- 1Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
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5
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Abstract
Current mainstays in cancer treatment such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal manipulation, and even targeted therapies such as Trastuzumab (herceptin) for breast cancer or Iressa (gefitinib) for non-small cell lung cancer among others are limited by lack of efficacy, cellular resistance, and toxicity. Dose escalation and combination therapies designed to overcome resistance and increase efficacy are limited by a narrow therapeutic index. Oncolytic viruses are one such group of new biological therapeutics that appears to have a wide spectrum of anticancer activity with minimal human toxicity. Since the malignant phenotype of tumors is the culmination of multiple mutations that occur in genes eventually leading to aberrant signaling pathways, oncolytic viruses either natural or engineered specifically target tumor cells taking advantage of this abnormal cellular signaling for their replication. Reovirus is one such naturally occurring double-stranded RNA virus that exploits altered signaling pathways (including Ras) in a myriad of cancers. The ability of reovirus to infect and lyse tumors under in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo conditions has been well documented previously by us and others. The major mechanism of reovirus oncolysis of cancer cells has been shown to occur through apoptosis with autophagy taking place during this process in certain cancers. In addition, the synergistic antitumor effects of reovirus in combination with radiation or chemotherapy have also been demonstrated for reovirus resistant and moderately sensitive tumors. Recent progress in our understanding of viral immunology in the tumor microenvironment has diverted interest in exploring immunologic mechanisms to overcome resistance exhibited by chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer. Thus, currently several investigations are focusing on immune potentiating of reovirus for maximal tumor targeting. This chapter therefore has concentrated on immunologic cell death induction with reovirus as a novel approach to cancer therapy used under in vitro and in vivo conditions, as well as in a clinical setting. Reovirus phase I clinical trials have shown indications of efficacy, and several phase II/III trials are ongoing at present. Reovirus's extensive preclinical efficacy, replication competency, and low toxicity profile in humans have placed it as an attractive anticancer therapeutic for ongoing clinical testing that are highlighted in this chapter.
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Gong J, Mita MM. Activated ras signaling pathways and reovirus oncolysis: an update on the mechanism of preferential reovirus replication in cancer cells. Front Oncol 2014; 4:167. [PMID: 25019061 PMCID: PMC4071564 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of wild-type, unmodified Type 3 Dearing strain reovirus as an anticancer agent has currently expanded to 32 clinical trials (both completed and ongoing) involving reovirus in the treatment of cancer. It has been more than 30 years since the potential of reovirus as an anticancer agent was first identified in studies that demonstrated the preferential replication of reovirus in transformed cell lines but not in normal cells. Later investigations have revealed the involvement of activated Ras signaling pathways (both upstream and downstream) and key steps of the reovirus infectious cycle in promoting preferential replication in cancer cells with reovirus-induced cancer cell death occurring through necrotic, apoptotic, and autophagic pathways. There is increasing evidence that reovirus-induced antitumor immunity involving both innate and adaptive responses also contributes to therapeutic efficacy though this discussion is beyond the scope of this article. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanism of oncolysis contributing to the broad anticancer activity of reovirus. Further understanding of reovirus oncolysis is critical in enhancing the clinical development and efficacy of reovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gong
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Monica M Mita
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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Goldufsky J, Sivendran S, Harcharik S, Pan M, Bernardo S, Stern RH, Friedlander P, Ruby CE, Saenger Y, Kaufman HL. Oncolytic virus therapy for cancer. Oncolytic Virother 2013; 2:31-46. [PMID: 27512656 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s38901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of oncolytic viruses to treat cancer is based on the selection of tropic tumor viruses or the generation of replication selective vectors that can either directly kill infected tumor cells or increase their susceptibility to cell death and apoptosis through additional exposure to radiation or chemotherapy. In addition, viral vectors can be modified to promote more potent tumor cell death, improve the toxicity profile, and/or generate host antitumor immunity. A variety of viruses have been developed as oncolytic therapeutics, including adenovirus, vaccinia virus, herpesvirus, coxsackie A virus, Newcastle disease virus, and reovirus. The clinical development of oncolytic viral therapy has accelerated in the last few years, with several vectors entering clinical trials for a variety of cancers. In this review, current strategies to optimize the therapeutic effectiveness and safety of the major oncolytic viruses are discussed, and a summary of current clinical trials is provided. Further investigation is needed to characterize better the clinical impact of oncolytic viruses, but there are increasing data demonstrating the potential promise of this approach for the treatment of human and animal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Goldufsky
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Shanthi Sivendran
- Department of Hematology/Oncology Medical Specialists, Lancaster General Health, Lancaster, PA, USA
| | - Sara Harcharik
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian Bernardo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard H Stern
- Department of Radiology, Tisch Cancer Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip Friedlander
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carl E Ruby
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Yvonne Saenger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA
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Daxx upregulation within the cytoplasm of reovirus-infected cells is mediated by interferon and contributes to apoptosis. J Virol 2013; 87:3447-60. [PMID: 23302889 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02324-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus infection is a well-characterized experimental system for the study of viral pathogenesis and antiviral immunity within the central nervous system (CNS). We have previously shown that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and the Fas death receptor each play a role in neuronal apoptosis occurring in reovirus-infected brains. Death-associated protein 6 (Daxx) is a cellular protein that mechanistically links Fas signaling to JNK signaling in several models of apoptosis. In the present study, we demonstrate that Daxx is upregulated in reovirus-infected brain tissue through a type I interferon-mediated mechanism. Daxx upregulation is limited to brain regions that undergo reovirus-induced apoptosis and occurs in the cytoplasm and nucleus of neurons. Cytoplasmic Daxx is present in Fas-expressing cells during reovirus encephalitis, suggesting a role for Daxx in Fas-mediated apoptosis following reovirus infection. Further, in vitro expression of a dominant negative form of Daxx (DN-Daxx), which binds to Fas but which does not transmit downstream signaling, inhibits apoptosis of reovirus-infected cells. In contrast, in vitro depletion of Daxx results in increased expression of caspase 3 and apoptosis, suggesting that Daxx plays an antiapoptotic role in the nucleus. Overall, these data imply a regulatory role for Daxx in reovirus-induced apoptosis, depending on its location in the nucleus or cytoplasm.
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9
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Sahin E, Egger ME, McMasters KM, Zhou HS. Development of Oncolytic Reovirus for Cancer Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2013.46127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Li S, Tong J, Rahman MM, Shepherd TG, McFadden G. Oncolytic virotherapy for ovarian cancer. Oncolytic Virother 2012; 1:1-21. [PMID: 25977900 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s31626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, more than 20 viruses with selective tropism for tumor cells have been developed as oncolytic viruses (OVs) for treatments of a variety of malignancies. Of these viruses, eleven have been tested in human ovarian cancer models in preclinical studies. So far, nine phase I or II clinical trials have been conducted or initiated using four different types of OVs in patients with recurrent ovarian cancers. In this article, we summarize the different OVs that are being assessed as therapeutics for ovarian cancer. We also present an overview of recent advances in identification of key genetic or immune-response pathways involved in tumorigenesis of ovarian cancer, which provides a better understanding of the tumor specificities and oncolytic properties of OVs. In addition, we discuss how next-generation OVs could be genetically modified or integrated into multimodality regimens to improve clinical outcomes based on recent advances in ovarian cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoudong Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Tong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada ; Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masmudur M Rahman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Trevor G Shepherd
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada ; Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Khaider NG, Lane D, Matte I, Rancourt C, Piché A. Targeted ovarian cancer treatment: the TRAILs of resistance. Am J Cancer Res 2011; 2:75-92. [PMID: 22206047 PMCID: PMC3236573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancies. Although most patients respond to the initial therapy when presenting with advanced disease, only 10-15% maintain a complete response following first-line therapy. Recurrence defines incurable disease in most cases. Despite improvements with conventional chemotherapy combinations, the overall cure rate remained mostly stable over the years. Increased long-term survival in OC patients will only be achieved through a comprehensive understanding of the basic mechanisms of tumor cell resistance. Such knowledge will translate into the development of new targeted strategies. In addition, because OC is considered to be a heterogeneous group of diseases with distinct gene expression profiles, it is likely that different approaches to treatment for distinct sub-types will be required to optimize response. One of the new promising anti-cancer therapies is the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). TRAIL has the ability to selectively induce apoptosis in tumor cells with little toxicity to normal cells. Death receptor ligands such as TRAIL rely on the activation of the apoptotic signaling pathway to destroy tumor cells. TRAIL induces the formation of a pro-apoptotic death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) via its death receptors, TRAIL receptor 1 (TRAIL R1) and TRAIL receptor 2 (TRAIL R2). The formation of the DISC activates caspase-8 which requires further signal amplification through the mitochondrial pathway for an efficient activation of effector caspases in OC cells. The initial enthusiasm for TRAIL has been hampered by accumulating data demonstrating TRAIL resistance in various tumor types including OC cells. There is, therefore, a need to identify markers of TRAIL resistance, which could represent new hits for targeted therapy that will enhance TRAIL efficacy. In addition, the identification of patients that are more likely to respond to TRAIL therapy would be highly desirable. In this review, we discuss the different molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to TRAIL resistance in OC. In particular, we address the mechanisms involved in intrinsic, acquired and environment-mediated TRAIL resistance, and their potential implication in the clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya Goncharenko Khaider
- Département de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke 3001,12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Canada J1H 5N4
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Dong HP, Ree Rosnes AK, Bock AJ, Holth A, Flørenes VA, Trope’ CG, Risberg B, Davidson B. Flow cytometric measurement of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) in ovarian carcinoma effusions. Cytopathology 2011; 22:373-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2011.00929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Critical role for death-receptor mediated apoptotic signaling in viral myocarditis. J Card Fail 2011; 16:901-10. [PMID: 21055654 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis of cardiac myocytes plays a key role in the pathogenesis of many cardiac diseases, including viral myocarditis. The apoptotic signaling pathways that are activated during viral myocarditis and the role that these pathways play in disease pathogenesis have not been clearly delineated. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the role of apoptotic signaling pathways after virus infection of primary cardiac myocytes. The death receptor-associated initiator caspase, caspase 8, and the effector caspase, caspase 3, were significantly activated after infection of primary cardiac myocytes with myocarditic, but not non-myocarditic, reovirus strains. Furthermore, reovirus-induced cardiac myocyte apoptosis was significantly inhibited by soluble death receptors. In contrast, the mitochondrial membrane potential remained unaltered and caspase 9, the initiator caspase associated with mitochondrial apoptotic signaling, was only weakly activated in cardiac myocytes after infection with myocarditic reovirus strains. Inhibition of mitochondrial apoptotic signaling had no effect on reovirus-induced cardiac myocyte apoptosis. In accordance with our in vitro data, caspase 8, but not caspase 9, was significantly activated in the hearts of reovirus-infected mice. CONCLUSIONS Death receptor, but not mitochondrial, apoptotic signaling plays a key role in apoptosis after infection of cardiac myocytes with myocarditic reovirus strains.
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Liao H, Xu J, Huang J. FasL/Fas pathway is involved in dengue virus induced apoptosis of the vascular endothelial cells. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1392-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Lluis JM, Nachbur U, Cook WD, Gentle IE, Moujalled D, Moulin M, Wong WWL, Khan N, Chau D, Callus BA, Vince JE, Silke J, Vaux DL. TAK1 is required for survival of mouse fibroblasts treated with TRAIL, and does so by NF-kappaB dependent induction of cFLIPL. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8620. [PMID: 20062539 PMCID: PMC2797639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is known as a “death ligand”—a member of the TNF superfamily that binds to receptors bearing death domains. As well as causing apoptosis of certain types of tumor cells, TRAIL can activate both NF-κB and JNK signalling pathways. To determine the role of TGF-β-Activated Kinase-1 (TAK1) in TRAIL signalling, we analyzed the effects of adding TRAIL to mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from TAK1 conditional knockout mice. TAK1−/− MEFs were significantly more sensitive to killing by TRAIL than wild-type MEFs, and failed to activate NF-κB or JNK. Overexpression of IKK2-EE, a constitutive activator of NF-κB, protected TAK1−/− MEFs against TRAIL killing, suggesting that TAK1 activation of NF-κB is critical for the viability of cells treated with TRAIL. Consistent with this model, TRAIL failed to induce the survival genes cIAP2 and cFlipL in the absence of TAK1, whereas activation of NF-κB by IKK2-EE restored the levels of both proteins. Moreover, ectopic expression of cFlipL, but not cIAP2, in TAK1−/− MEFs strongly inhibited TRAIL-induced cell death. These results indicate that cells that survive TRAIL treatment may do so by activation of a TAK1–NF-κB pathway that drives expression of cFlipL, and suggest that TAK1 may be a good target for overcoming TRAIL resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrich Nachbur
- Deparment of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Wendy Diane Cook
- Deparment of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | | | - Donia Moujalled
- Deparment of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Maryline Moulin
- Deparment of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | | | - Nufail Khan
- Deparment of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Diep Chau
- Deparment of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Bernard Andrew Callus
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - James Edward Vince
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - John Silke
- Deparment of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - David Lawrence Vaux
- Deparment of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Inducing apoptosis has become an important approach in the development of new anti-cancer treatments. Tumour necrosis factor apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) based therapies have emerged as one of the most promising examples of this as they selectively induce apoptosis in tumour cells. However, many primary tumours are inherently resistant to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and require additional sensitisation. Here we review apoptotic and non-apoptotic TRAIL-signalling, and the therapeutic effects of TRAIL-based treatments both as monotherapy and in combination with sensitising agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Newsom-Davis
- Department of Immunology, Tumour Immunology Unit, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
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Yap TA, Brunetto A, Pandha H, Harrington K, Debono JS. Reovirus therapy in cancer: has the orphan virus found a home? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 17:1925-35. [PMID: 19012507 DOI: 10.1517/13543780802533401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There has been great interest in the development of oncolytic viruses - viruses that selectively destroy tumour cells - as cancer therapeutics. Reovirus holds great promise as an anticancer therapy, not just because it is a wild type virus that inherently displays selective tumour cytotoxicity in cancers with active Ras signalling pathways but also because it results only in relatively benign infections with few minor symptoms. As many tumours have an activated Ras pathway, the potential for utilizing reovirus as an effective anticancer agent is substantial. The several challenges that need to be overcome in the development of oncolytic viruses as anticancer agents, including issues of systemic toxicity, tumour selectivity and immune response, are addressed in this review. Clinical studies with the objective of developing Reolysin (human reovirus serotype 3 Dearing) as a human cancer therapeutic are currently underway. The first human Phase I study with intravenous Reolysin has now been completed and further studies, including Phase I and II clinical trials using Reolysin alone and in combination with radiation or chemotherapy, delivered via local or systemic intravenous administration, have commenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Yap
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
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Abstract
Current mainstays in cancer treatment such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal manipulation, and even targeted therapies such as trastuzumab (Herceptin) for breast cancer or erlotinib (Tarceva) for non-small cell lung cancer are limited by lack of efficacy, cellular resistance, and toxicity. Dose escalation and combination therapies designed to overcome resistance and increase efficacy are limited by a narrow therapeutic index. Oncolytic viruses are one such group of new biological therapeutics that appears to have a wide spectrum of anticancer activity with minimal human toxicity. Because the malignant phenotype of tumours is the culmination of multiple mutations that occur in several genes eventually leading to aberrant signalling pathways, oncolytic viruses, either natural or engineered, specifically target tumour cells, taking advantage of this cellular deviant signalling for their replication. Reovirus is one such naturally occurring double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus that exploits altered Ras signalling pathways in a myriad of cancers. The ability of reovirus to infect and lyse tumours both solid and haematological, under in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo conditions, is discussed in this chapter. The major mechanism of reovirus oncolysis of cancer cells has been shown to occur through apoptosis. In addition, the synergistic anti-tumour effects of reovirus in combination with radiation or chemotherapy has also been demonstrated for reovirus-resistant and moderately sensitive tumours. In most of the clinical trials undertaken to date, an anti-reovirus immune response has been seen likely circumventing efficacy. Investigation into the use of reovirus as an immune adjuvant is currently underway to try and re-direct this immune response to tumour. Reovirus phase I clinical trials have shown indications of efficacy and several phase I/II trials are ongoing at present. The extensive pre-clinical efficacy, replication competency, and low toxicity profile in humans has placed the reovirus as an attractive anti-cancer therapeutic for ongoing clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandini Thirukkumaran
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Department of Medicine and Oncology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Heikaus S, Kempf T, Mahotka C, Gabbert HE, Ramp U. Caspase-8 and its inhibitors in RCCs in vivo: the prominent role of ARC. Apoptosis 2008; 13:938-49. [PMID: 18516683 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the initiator-caspase, caspase-8 is under tight control of multiple antiapoptotic regulators including ARC, cFlip(S), cFlip(L) and PED/PEA-15. Since there is little data regarding the expression of caspase-8 and its antiapoptotic regulators in human tumours in vivo, we analysed their expression in renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) to identify which of these genes might be crucial for the well known impaired apoptosis and--as a result--resistance towards chemotherapy and ionizing radiation of RCCs. Caspase-8, cFlip(S), cFlip(L) and PED/PEA-15 mRNA expression was significantly increased only in early stages of RCCs compared to non-neoplastic renal tissue. In contrast, ARC mRNA expression was significantly increased in RCCs of all stages without differences between the tumour stages and grades. Importantly, the relative mRNA expression ratio between ARC and caspase-8 was significantly increased during carcinogenesis and tumour progression. In contrast, the relative mRNA expression ratio between cFlip(S), cFlip(L) or PED/PEA-15 and caspase-8 remained constant during all tumour stages. In conclusion, our analysis revealed that ARC is the only caspase-8 inhibiting regulator being constantly overexpressed in RCCs. Furthermore, the balance between antiapoptotic ARC and proapoptotic caspase-8 is the only one to be disturbed during carcinogenesis and tumour progression of RCCs. This inhibition of Caspase-8 might therefore be one example for the multiple antiapoptotic functions of ARC in RCCs possibly contributing to the marked resistance of RCCs towards radio- and chemotherapy and reflects a shift of gene expression towards a more antiapoptotic context in RCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heikaus
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany,
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Safa AR, Day TW, Wu CH. Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (C-FLIP): a novel target for cancer therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2008; 8:37-46. [PMID: 18288942 DOI: 10.2174/156800908783497087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) has been identified as a protease-dead, procaspase-8-like regulator of death ligand-induced apoptosis, based on observations that c-FLIP impedes tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), Fas-L, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis by binding to FADD and/or caspase-8 or -10 in a ligand-dependent fashion, which in turn prevents death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation and subsequent activation of the caspase cascade. c-FLIP is a family of alternatively spliced variants, and primarily exists as long (c-FLIP(L)) and short (c-FLIP(S)) splice variants in human cells. Although c-FLIP has apoptogenic activity in some cell contexts, which is currently attributed to heterodimerization with caspase-8 at the DISC, accumulating evidence indicates an anti-apoptotic role for c-FLIP in various types of human cancers. For example, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that specifically knocked down expression of c-FLIP(L) in diverse human cancer cell lines, e.g., lung and cervical cancer cells, augmented TRAIL-induced DISC recruitment, and thereby enhanced effector caspase stimulation and apoptosis. Therefore, the outlook for the therapeutic index of c-FLIP-targeted drugs appears excellent, not only from the efficacy observed in experimental models of cancer therapy, but also because the current understanding of dual c-FLIP action in normal tissues supports the notion that c-FLIP-targeted cancer therapy will be well tolerated. Interestingly, Taxol, TRAIL, as well as several classes of small molecules induce c-FLIP downregulation in neoplastic cells. Efforts are underway to develop small-molecule drugs that induce c-FLIP downregulation and other c-FLIP-targeted cancer therapies. In this review, we assess the outlook for improving cancer therapy through c-FLIP-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Safa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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