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Companioni O, Mir C, Garcia-Mayea Y, LLeonart ME. Targeting Sphingolipids for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:745092. [PMID: 34737957 PMCID: PMC8560795 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.745092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are an extensive class of lipids with different functions in the cell, ranging from proliferation to cell death. Sphingolipids are modified in multiple cancers and are responsible for tumor proliferation, progression, and metastasis. Several inhibitors or activators of sphingolipid signaling, such as fenretinide, safingol, ABC294640, ceramide nanoliposomes (CNLs), SKI-II, α-galactosylceramide, fingolimod, and sonepcizumab, have been described. The objective of this review was to analyze the results from preclinical and clinical trials of these drugs for the treatment of cancer. Sphingolipid-targeting drugs have been tested alone or in combination with chemotherapy, exhibiting antitumor activity alone and in synergism with chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. As a consequence of treatments, the most frequent mechanism of cell death is apoptosis, followed by autophagy. Aslthough all these drugs have produced good results in preclinical studies of multiple cancers, the outcomes of clinical trials have not been similar. The most effective drugs are fenretinide and α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). In contrast, minor adverse effects restricted to a few subjects and hepatic toxicity have been observed in clinical trials of ABC294640 and safingol, respectively. In the case of CNLs, SKI-II, fingolimod and sonepcizumab there are some limitations and absence of enough clinical studies to demonstrate a benefit. The effectiveness or lack of a major therapeutic effect of sphingolipid modulation by some drugs as a cancer therapy and other aspects related to their mechanism of action are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmel Companioni
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Mir
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yoelsis Garcia-Mayea
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matilde E LLeonart
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Center in Oncology, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
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Inhibitors of Ceramide- and Sphingosine-Metabolizing Enzymes as Sensitizers in Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082062. [PMID: 32722626 PMCID: PMC7463798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the treatment of advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), including oral SCC, radiotherapy is a commonly performed therapeutic modality. The combined use of radiotherapy with chemotherapy improves therapeutic effects, but it also increases adverse events. Ceramide, a central molecule in sphingolipid metabolism and signaling pathways, mediates antiproliferative responses, and its level increases in response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, when ceramide is metabolized, prosurvival factors, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), and glucosylceramide, are produced, reducing the antitumor effects of ceramide. The activities of ceramide- and sphingosine-metabolizing enzymes are also associated with radio- and chemo-resistance. Ceramide analogs and low molecular-weight compounds targeting these enzymes exert anticancer effects. Synthetic ceramides and a therapeutic approach using ultrasound have also been developed. Inhibitors of ceramide- and sphingosine-metabolizing enzymes and synthetic ceramides can function as sensitizers of radiotherapy and chemotherapy for HNSCC.
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3
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Čonková M, Martinková M, Gonda J, Jacková D, Pilátová MB, Kupka D, Jáger D. Stereoselective synthesis and antiproliferative activity of the isomeric sphinganine analogues. Carbohydr Res 2019; 472:76-85. [PMID: 30529492 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A flexible synthetic approach to biologically active sphingoid base-like compounds with a 3-amino-1,2-diol framework was achieved through a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement and late stage olefin cross-metathesis as the key transformations. The stereochemistry of the newly created stereogenic centre was assigned via a single crystal X-ray analysis of the (4S,5R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-vinyloxazolidine-2-thione. In order to rationalise the observed stereoselectivity of the aza-Claisen rearrangement, DFT calculations were carried out. The targeted isomeric sphingoid bases were screened in vitro for anticancer activity on a panel of seven human malignant cell lines. Cell viability experiments revealed that C17-homologues are more active than their C12 congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Čonková
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry, P.J. Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslava Martinková
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry, P.J. Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jozef Gonda
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry, P.J. Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Dominika Jacková
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry, P.J. Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Bago Pilátová
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University, SNP 1, 040 66, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Daniel Kupka
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Dávid Jáger
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Induction of autophagy by sphingosine kinase 1 inhibitor PF-543 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17047. [PMID: 29109864 PMCID: PMC5554793 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) regulates tumor growth. The effects of PF-543, a specific SphK1 inhibitor, on human SCC cells were examined. The proportion of viable cells after PF-543 treatment decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and cell death occurred in SphK1-expressing SCC cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that PF-543 induced both necrosis and apoptosis. PF-543 also induced granular accumulation of LC3 and conversion from LC3-I to LC3-II, which was blocked by autophagy inhibitors, wortmannin, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), and bafilomycin A1. Treatment of head and neck SCC cells with autophagy inhibitors and PF-543 increased the proportion of cells with necrosis and apoptosis, indicating that autophagy acts to promote cell survival. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger reduced the cytotoxicity of PF-543. These results demonstrated that PF-543 induces apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy in human head and neck SCC cells, and that autophagy antagonizes either necrosis or apoptosis.
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5
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Li C, Li N, Liu X, Zhang EY, Sun Y, Masuda K, Li J, Sun J, Morrison T, Li X, Chen Y, Wang J, Karim NA, Zhang Y, Blenis J, Reginato MJ, Henske EP, Yu JJ. Proapoptotic protein Bim attenuates estrogen-enhanced survival in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e86629. [PMID: 27882343 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a progressive lung disease that primarily affects young women. Genetic evidence suggests that LAM cells bearing TSC2 mutations migrate to the lungs, proliferate, and cause cystic remodeling. The female predominance indicates that estrogen plays a critical role in LAM pathogenesis, and we have proposed that estrogen promotes LAM cell metastasis by inhibition of anoikis. We report here that estrogen increased LAM patient-derived cells' resistance to anoikis in vitro, accompanied by decreased accumulation of the proapoptotic protein Bim, an activator of anoikis. The resistance to anoikis was reversed by the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib. Treatment of LAM patient-derived cells with estrogen plus bortezomib promoted anoikis compared with estrogen alone. Depletion of Bim by siRNA in TSC2-deficient cells resulted in anoikis resistance. Treatment of mice with bortezomib reduced estrogen-promoted lung colonization of TSC2-deficient cells. Importantly, molecular depletion of Bim by siRNA in Tsc2-deficient cells increased lung colonization in a mouse model. Collectively, these data indicate that Bim plays a key role in estrogen-enhanced survival of LAM patient-derived cells under detached conditions that occur with dissemination. Thus, targeting Bim may be a plausible future treatment strategy in patients with LAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Li
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Na Li
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Department of Oncology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Erik Y Zhang
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kouhei Masuda
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Cell Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julia Sun
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tasha Morrison
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department Molecular and Translational Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiangke Li
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Department of Oncology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuanguang Chen
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nagla A Karim
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Biotherapy Center and Department of Oncology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - John Blenis
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Cell Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mauricio J Reginato
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Brigham and Women's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jane J Yu
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Department of Oncology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Masui A, Hamada M, Kameyama H, Wakabayashi K, Takasu A, Imai T, Iwai S, Yura Y. Autophagy as a Survival Mechanism for Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells in Endonuclease G-Mediated Apoptosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162786. [PMID: 27658240 PMCID: PMC5033396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Safingol, L- threo-dihydrosphingosine, induces cell death in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells through an endonuclease G (endoG) -mediated pathway. We herein determined whether safingol induced apoptosis and autophagy in oral SCC cells. Safingol induced apoptotic cell death in oral SCC cells in a dose-dependent manner. In safingol-treated cells, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-I was changed to LC3-II and the cytoplasmic expression of LC3, amount of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) stained by acridine orange and autophagic vacuoles were increased, indicating the occurrence of autophagy. An inhibitor of autophagy, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), enhanced the suppressive effects of safingol on cell viability, and this was accompanied by an increase in the number of apoptotic cells and extent of nuclear fragmentation. The nuclear translocation of endoG was minimal at a low concentration of safingol, but markedly increased when combined with 3-MA. The suppressive effects of safingol and 3-MA on cell viability were reduced in endoG siRNA- transfected cells. The scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) prevented cell death induced by the combinational treatment, whereas a pretreatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk did not. These results indicated that safingol induced apoptosis and autophagy in SCC cells and that the suppression of autophagy by 3-MA enhanced apoptosis. Autophagy supports cell survival, but not cell death in the SCC cell system in which apoptosis occurs in an endoG-mediated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Masui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masakazu Hamada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroyasu Kameyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken Wakabayashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ayako Takasu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Imai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Soichi Iwai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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7
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Hamada M, Wakabayashi K, Masui A, Iwai S, Imai T, Yura Y. Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in safingol-induced endonuclease G-mediated apoptosis of squamous cell carcinoma cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2660-71. [PMID: 24549171 PMCID: PMC3958874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Safingol, a L-threo-dihydrosphingosine, induced the nuclear translocation of a mitochondrial apoptogenic mediator—endonuclease G (endo G)—and apoptosis of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. Upstream mediators remain largely unknown. The levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in cultured oral SCC cells were measured. Treatment with safingol increased intracellular H2O2 levels but not extracellular H2O2 levels, indicating the production of H2O2. The cell killing effect of safingol and H2O2 was diminished in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Dual staining of cells with annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) revealed that apoptotic cell death occurred by treatment with H2O2 and safingol. The number of apoptotic cells was reduced in the presence of NAC. In untreated cells, endo G distributed in the cytoplasm and an association of endo G with mitochondria was observed. After treatment with H2O2 and safingol, endo G was distributed to the nucleus and cytoplasm, indicating the nuclear translocation of the mitochondrial factor. NAC prevented the increase of apoptotic cells and the translocation of endo G. Knock down of endo G diminished the cell killing effect of H2O2 and safingol. These results suggest that H2O2 is involved in the endo G-mediated apoptosis of oral SCC cells by safingol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hamada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Ken Wakabayashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Masui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Soichi Iwai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Imai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Yura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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The impact of sphingosine kinase-1 in head and neck cancer. Biomolecules 2013; 3:481-513. [PMID: 24970177 PMCID: PMC4030949 DOI: 10.3390/biom3030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a high reoccurrence rate and an extremely low survival rate. There is limited availability of effective therapies to reduce the rate of recurrence, resulting in high morbidity and mortality of advanced cases. Late presentation, delay in detection of lesions, and a high rate of metastasis make HNSCC a devastating disease. This review offers insight into the role of sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1), a key enzyme in sphingolipid metabolism, in HNSCC. Sphingolipids not only play a structural role in cellular membranes, but also modulate cell signal transduction pathways to influence biological outcomes such as senescence, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. SphK1 is a critical regulator of the delicate balance between proliferation and apoptosis. The highest expression of SphK1 is found in the advanced stage of disease, and there is a positive correlation between SphK1 expression and recurrent tumors. On the other hand, silencing SphK1 reduces HNSCC tumor growth and sensitizes tumors to radiation-induced death. Thus, SphK1 plays an important and influential role in determining HNSCC proliferation and metastasis. We discuss roles of SphK1 and other sphingolipids in HNSCC development and therapeutic strategies against HNSCC.
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O'Brien K, Rani S, Corcoran C, Wallace R, Hughes L, Friel AM, McDonnell S, Crown J, Radomski MW, O'Driscoll L. Exosomes from triple-negative breast cancer cells can transfer phenotypic traits representing their cells of origin to secondary cells. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:1845-59. [PMID: 23453937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15-20% of breast cancers but is responsible for a disproportionate number of deaths. We investigated the relevance, in TNBC, of nano-sized exosomes expelled from cells. Specifically, we compared effects of exosomes derived from the claudin-low TNBC cell line Hs578T and its more invasive Hs578Ts(i)8 variant, as well as exosomes from TNBC patient sera compared to normal sera. METHODS Exosomes were isolated from conditioned media (CM) of Hs578T and Hs578Ts(i)8 cells and from sera by filtration and ultracentrifugation. Successful isolation was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and immunoblotting. Subsequent analysis, of secondary/recipient cells in response to exosomes, included proliferation; motility/migration; invasion; anoikis assays and endothelial tubule formation assays. RESULTS Hs578Ts(i)8-exosomes versus Hs578T-exosomes significantly increased the proliferation, migration and invasion capacity of all three recipient cell lines evaluated i.e. SKBR3, MDA-MB-231 and HCC1954. Exosomes from Hs578Ts(i)8 cells also conferred increased invasiveness to parent Hs578T cells. Hs578Ts(i)8-exosomes increased sensitivity of SKBR3, MDA-MB-231 and HCC1954 to anoikis when compared to the effects of Hs578T-exosomes reflecting the fact that Hs578Ts(i)8 cells are themselves innately more sensitive to anoikis. In relation to vasculogenesis and subsequent angiogenesis, Hs578Ts(i)8-exosomes versus Hs578T-exosomes stimulated significantly more endothelial tubules formation. Finally, our pilot translational study showed that exosomes from TNBC patients' sera significantly increased recipient cells' invasion when compared to those derived from age- and gender-matched healthy control sera. CONCLUSION This study supports the hypothesis that TNBC exosomes may be involved in cancer cell-to-cell communication, conferring phenotypic traits to secondary cells that reflect those of their cells of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith O'Brien
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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10
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Abstract
Sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes are becoming targets for chemotherapeutic development with an increasing interest in the recent years. In this chapter we introduce the sphingolipid family of lipids, and the role of individual species in cell homeostasis. We also discuss their roles in several rare diseases and overall, in cancer transformation. We follow the biosynthesis pathway of the sphingolipid tree, focusing on the enzymes in order to understand how using small molecule inhibitors makes it possible to modulate cancer progression. Finally, we describe the most used and historically significant inhibitors employed in cancer research, their relationships to sphingolipid metabolism, and some promising results found in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Canals
- Department of Medicine, University of Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Yusuf A. Hannun
- Health Science Center, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, L-4, 178, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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11
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Delwar ZM, Siden Å, Cruz MH, Yakisich JS. Menadione : sodium orthovanadate combination eliminates and inhibits migration of detached cancer cells. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 2012:307102. [PMID: 22957270 PMCID: PMC3431120 DOI: 10.5402/2012/307102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of cancer cells to anticancer agents in cultures induces detachment of cells that are usually considered dead. These drug-induced detached cells (D-IDCs) may represent a clinical problem for chemotherapy since they may survive anoikis, enter the circulation, invade other tissues and resume proliferation, creating a metastasis, especially in tissues where the bioavailability of anticancer agents is not enough to eliminate all cancer cells. In this study we evaluated the antiproliferative effect of menadione : sodium orthovanadate (M : SO) combination on A549 lung cancer cells as well as the ability of M : SO to induce cell detachment. In addition, we followed the fate and chemosensitivity of M : SO-induced detached cells. Using transwell chambers, we found that a fraction of the M : SO-induced detached cells were viable and, furthermore, were able to migrate, re-attach, and resume proliferation when re-incubated in drug-free media. The total elimination of A549 detachment-resistant cells and M : SO-induced detached cells were successfully eliminated by equivalent M : SO concentration (17.5 μM : 17.5 μM). Thus, M : SO prevented cell migration. Similar results were obtained on DBTRG.05MG human glioma cells. Our data guarantee further studies to evaluate the in vivo occurrence of D-IDCs, their implications for invasiveness and metastasis and their sensitivity to anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid M. Delwar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
- Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Åke Siden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mabel H. Cruz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan S. Yakisich
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Copper deficiency induced emphysema is associated with focal adhesion kinase inactivation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30678. [PMID: 22276220 PMCID: PMC3262830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper is an important regulator of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) dependent vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and is also required for the activity of lysyl oxidase (LOX) to effect matrix protein cross-linking. Cell detachment from the extracellular matrix can induce apoptosis (anoikis) via inactivation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). METHODOLOGY To examine the molecular mechanisms whereby copper depletion causes the destruction of the normal alveolar architecture via anoikis, Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a copper deficient diet for 6 weeks while being treated with the copper chelator, tetrathiomolybdate. Other groups of rats were treated with the inhibitor of auto-phosphorylation of FAK, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetraamine tetrahydrochloride (1,2,4,5-BT) or FAK small interfering RNA (siRNA). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Copper depletion caused emphysematous changes, decreased HIF-1α activity, and downregulated VEGF expression in the rat lungs. Cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8 and Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim) expression was increased, and the phosphorylation of FAK was decreased in copper depleted rat lungs. Administration of 1,2,4,5-BT and FAK siRNA caused emphysematous lung destruction associated with increased expression of cleaved capase-3, caspase-8 and Bim. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that copper-dependent mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of emphysema, which may be associated with decreased HIF-1α and FAK activity in the lung.
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13
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Ling LU, Tan KB, Lin H, Chiu GNC. The role of reactive oxygen species and autophagy in safingol-induced cell death. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e129. [PMID: 21390063 PMCID: PMC3101809 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Safingol is a sphingolipid with promising anticancer potential, which is currently in phase I clinical trial. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of its action remain largely unknown. We reported here that safingol-induced primarily accidental necrotic cell death in MDA-MB-231 and HT-29 cells, as shown by the increase in the percentage of cells stained positive for 7-aminoactinomycin D, collapse of mitochondria membrane potential and depletion of intracellular ATP. Importantly, safingol treatment produced time- and concentration-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Autophagy was triggered following safingol treatment, as reflected by the formation of autophagosomes, acidic vacuoles, increased light chain 3-II and Atg biomarkers expression. Interestingly, scavenging ROS with N-acetyl-L-cysteine could prevent the autophagic features and reverse safingol-induced necrosis. Our data also suggested that autophagy was a cell repair mechanism, as suppression of autophagy by 3-methyladenine or bafilomycin A1 significantly augmented cell death on 2-5 μM safingol treatment. In addition, Bcl-xL and Bax might be involved in the regulation of safingol-induced autophagy. Finally, glucose uptake was shown to be inhibited by safingol treatment, which was associated with an increase in p-AMPK expression. Taken together, our data suggested that ROS was the mediator of safingol-induced cancer cell death, and autophagy is likely to be a mechanism triggered to repair damages from ROS generation on safingol treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-U Ling
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Rives A, Baudoin-Dehoux C, Saffon N, Andrieu-Abadie N, Génisson Y. Asymmetric synthesis and cytotoxic activity of isomeric phytosphingosine derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:8163-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06195j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Esteve J, Lorente A, Romea P, Urpí F, Ríos-Luci C, Padrón JM. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1-Deoxy-5-hydroxysphingosine Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Anoikis - apoptotic cell death triggered by loss of extracellular matrix (ECM) contacts - is dysregulated in many chronic debilitating and fatal diseases. Mechanisms rendering tumor cells resistant to anoikis, although not completely understood, possess significant therapeutic promise. In death receptor-mediated anoikis mechanisms, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and receptor-interacting protein (RIP) dissociate, leading to association of RIP with Fas, formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), activation of caspase-3, and propagation of anoikis. In contrast, anoikis resistance is accomplished through constitutive activation of survival pathways that include integrin-dependent activation of FAK and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In addition, FAK and RIP association confers anoikis resistance by inhibiting the association of RIP with Fas and formation of the death signaling complex, which allows cells to escape anoikis. Up-regulation of CD44 also contributes to survival signals and promotes anoikis resistance. This review will focus on the roles of death receptors, prosurvival pathways, and the molecular players involved in anoikis escalation and resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bunek
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Mao Z, Sun W, Xu R, Novgorodov S, Szulc ZM, Bielawski J, Obeid LM, Mao C. Alkaline ceramidase 2 (ACER2) and its product dihydrosphingosine mediate the cytotoxicity of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide in tumor cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29078-90. [PMID: 20628055 PMCID: PMC2937939 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.105296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased generation of dihydrosphingosine (DHS), a bioactive sphingolipid, has been implicated in the cytotoxicity of the synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) in tumor cells. However, how 4-HPR increases DHS remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that 4-HPR increases the expression of ACER2, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of dihydroceramides to generate DHS, and that ACER2 up-regulation plays a key role in mediating the 4-HPR-induced generation of DHS as well as the cytotoxicity of 4-HPR in tumor cells. Treatment with 4-HPR induced the accumulation of dihydroceramides (DHCs) in tumor cells by inhibiting dihydroceramide desaturase (DES) activity, which catalyzes the conversion of DHCs to ceramides. Treatment with 4-HPR also increased ACER2 expression through a retinoic acid receptor-independent and caspase-dependent manner. Overexpression of ACER2 augmented the 4-HPR-induced generation of DHS as well as 4-HPR cytotoxicity, and 4-HPR-induced death in tumor cells, whereas knocking down ACER2 had the opposite effects. ACER2 overexpression, along with treatment with GT11, another DES inhibitor, markedly increased cellular DHS, leading to tumor cell death, whereas ACER2 overexpression or GT11 treatment alone failed to do so, suggesting that both ACER2 up-regulation and DES inhibition are necessary and sufficient to mediate 4-HPR-induced DHS accumulation, cytotoxicity, and death in tumor cells. Taken together, these results suggest that up-regulation of the ACER2/DHS pathway mediates the cytotoxicity of 4-HPR in tumor cells and that up-regulating or activating ACER2 may improve the anti-cancer activity of 4-HRR and other DHC-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Sun
- From the Department of Medicine and
| | | | | | - Zdzislaw M. Szulc
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina and
| | - Jacek Bielawski
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina and
| | - Lina M. Obeid
- From the Department of Medicine and
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina and
- the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Hospital, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Cungui Mao
- From the Department of Medicine and
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina and
- the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Hospital, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
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Apoptosis-inducing activity and tumor-specificity of antitumor agents against oral squamous cell carcinoma. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Beckham TH, Elojeimy S, Cheng JC, Turner LS, Hoffman SR, Norris JS, Liu X. Targeting sphingolipid metabolism in head and neck cancer: rational therapeutic potentials. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:529-39. [PMID: 20334489 DOI: 10.1517/14728221003752768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Ceramide accumulation has been shown to be a conserved mechanism of apoptosis initiation in normal physiological processes as well as in response to cancer treatments. Therefore, it is unsurprising that many cancers develop aberrations of sphingolipid metabolism that prevent the accumulation of ceramide, whether by reduction of ceramide generation or by enhanced ceramide catabolism, particularly dangerous when catabolism leads to generation of pro-tumor sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide-1-phosphate. Numerous studies have now implicated dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism in head and neck cancers. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review highlights the importance of sphingolipid metabolism and brings sphingolipid metabolism to the forefront in the investigation of novel therapies for head and neck cancer. It reviews sphingolipid-centric therapies under investigation in preclinical and clinical trials of cancers of the head and neck. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The roles of sphingolipids and sphingolipid metabolism in cancer are reviewed and the reader will be brought up to date with discoveries in the field of sphingolipid metabolism in head and neck cancer. TAKE HOME MESSAGE As treatments for head and neck cancers are currently limited, the potential of targeting sphingolipid metabolism should be taken into consideration as we seek novel ways to combat this group of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Beckham
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 173 Ashley Avenue, MSC 504, Charleston, South Carolina 29425-5040, USA.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9:574-8. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328333c13c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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