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Pan Q, Chen J, Guo L, Lu X, Liao S, Zhao C, Wang S, Liu H. Mechanistic insights into environmental and genetic risk factors for systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:1241-1254. [PMID: 30972159 PMCID: PMC6456562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease involving multiple organ systems with diverse presentation, primarily affecting women of reproductive age. Various genetic and environmental risk factors are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE, and many SLE susceptibility genes have been identified recently; however, gene therapy is not a viable clinical option at this time. Thus, environmental risks factors, particularly regional characteristics that can be controlled, need to be further investigated. Here, we systematically explored these risk factors, including ultraviolet radiation, seasonal distribution, geographical distribution, and climate factors, and also summarized the mechanisms related to these risk factors. Probable mechanisms were explicated in at least four aspects including inflammatory mediators, apoptosis and autophagy in keratinocytes, epigenetic factors, and gene-environment interactions. This information is expected to provide practical insights into these risk factors in order to benefit patients with SLE and facilitate the development of potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Linjie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Huizhou Central People’s HospitalHuizhou 516001, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuzhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Sijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Huafeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
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Horianopoulos LC, Boone CK, Samarasekera GDNG, Kandola GK, Murray BW. Selection of the sex-linked inhibitor of apoptosis in mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae) driven by enhanced expression during early overwintering. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6253-6264. [PMID: 29988446 PMCID: PMC6024124 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) is an insect native to western North America; however, its geographical range has recently expanded north in BC and east into Alberta. To understand the population structure in the areas of expansion, 16 gene-linked microsatellites were screened and compared to neutral microsatellites using outlier analyses of Fst and Fct values. One sex-linked gene, inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP), showed a strong signature of positive selection for neo-X alleles and was analyzed for evidence of adaptive variation. Alleles of IAP were sequenced, and differences between the neo-X and neo-Y alleles were consistent with neutral evolution suggesting that the neo-Y allele may not be under functional constraints. Neo-Y alleles were amplified from gDNA, but not effectively from cDNA, suggesting that there was little IAP expression from neo-Y alleles. There were no differences in overall IAP expression between males and females with the common northern neo-X allele suggesting that the neo-X allele in males compensates for the reduced expression of neo-Y alleles. However, males lacking the most common northern neo-X allele thought to be selected for in northern populations had reduced overall IAP expression in early October-at a time when beetles are preparing for overwintering. This suggests that the most common allele may have more rapid upregulation. The reduced function of neo-Y alleles of IAP suggested by both sequence differences and lower levels of expression may foster a highly selective environment for neo-X alleles such as the common northern allele with more efficient upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C Horianopoulos
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute University of Northern British Columbia Prince George BC Canada
| | - Celia K Boone
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute University of Northern British Columbia Prince George BC Canada
| | - G D N Gayathri Samarasekera
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute University of Northern British Columbia Prince George BC Canada
| | - Gurkirat K Kandola
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute University of Northern British Columbia Prince George BC Canada
| | - Brent W Murray
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute University of Northern British Columbia Prince George BC Canada
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Abstract
Synchronized populations of large numbers of cells can be obtained by centrifugal elutriation on the basis of sedimentation properties of small round particles, with minimal perturbation of cellular functions. The physical characteristics of cell size and sedimentation velocity are operative in the technique of centrifugal elutriation also known as counterstreaming centrifugation. The elutriator is an advanced device for increasing the sedimentation rate to yield enhanced resolution of cell separation. A random population of cells is introduced into the elutriation chamber of an elutriator rotor running in a specially designed centrifuge. By increasing step-by-step the flow rate of the elutriation fluid, successive populations of relatively homogeneous cell size can be removed from the elutriation chamber and used as synchronized subpopulations. For cell synchronization by centrifugal elutriation, early log S phase cell populations are most suitable where most of the cells are in G1 and S phase (>80 %). Apoptotic cells can be found in the early elutriation fractions belonging to the sub-Go window. Protocols for the synchronization of nuclei of murine pre-B cells and high-resolution centrifugal elutriation of CHO cells are given. The verification of purity and cell cycle positions of cells in elutriated fractions includes the measurement of DNA synthesis by [3H]-thymidine incorporation and DNA content by propidium iodide flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar Banfalvi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, 1 Egyetem Square, Debrecen, 4010, Hungary.
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Popova D, Stonier A, Pain D, Titchener-Hooker NJ, Farid SS. Representative mammalian cell culture test materials for assessment of primary recovery technologies: a rapid method with industrial applicability. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:162-70. [PMID: 25377169 PMCID: PMC4674960 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell culture material is often difficult to produce accurately and reproducibly for downstream studies. This article presents a methodology for the creation of a set of cell culture test materials where key variables including cell density, cell viability, product, and the host cell protein (HCP) load can be manipulated individually. The methodology was developed using a glutamine synthetase Chinese hamster ovary cell line cultured at 5-L and 70-L scales. Cell concentration post-cell growth was manipulated using tangential flow filtration to generate a range of target cell densities of up to 100 × 106 cells/mL. A method to prepare an apoptotic cell stock to achieve target viabilities of 40–90% is also described. In addition, a range of IgG1 and HCP concentrations was achieved. The results illustrate that the proposed methodology is able to mimic different cell culture profiles by decoupling the control of the key variables. The cell culture test materials were shown to be representative of typical cell culture feed material in terms of particle size distribution and HCP population. This provides a rapid method to create the required feeds for assessing the feasibility of primary recovery technologies designed to cope with higher cell density cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Popova
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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Aboualizadeh E, Mattson EC, O'Hara CL, Smith AK, Stucky CL, Hirschmugl CJ. Cold shock induces apoptosis of dorsal root ganglion neurons plated on infrared windows. Analyst 2015; 140:4046-56. [PMID: 26000346 PMCID: PMC4536072 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemical status of live sensory neurons is accessible with infrared microspectroscopy of appropriately prepared cells. In this paper, individual dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons have been prepared with two different protocols, and plated on glass cover slips, BaF2 and CaF2 substrates. The first protocol exposes the intact DRGs to 4 °C for between 20-30 minutes before dissociating individual neurons and plating 2 hours later. The second protocol maintains the neurons at 23 °C for the entire duration of the sample preparation. The visual appearance of the neurons is similar. The viability was assessed by means of trypan blue exclusion method to determine the viability of the neurons. The neurons prepared under the first protocol (cold exposure) and plated on BaF2 reveal a distinct chemical signature and chemical distribution that is different from the other sample preparations described in the paper. Importantly, results for other sample preparation methods, using various substrates and temperature protocols, when compared across the overlapping spectral bandwidth, present normal chemical distribution within the neurons. The unusual chemically specific spatial variation is dominated by a lack of protein and carbohydrates in the center of the neurons and signatures of unraveling DNA are detected. We suggest that cold shock leads to apoptosis of DRGs, followed by osmotic stress originating from ion gradients across the cell membrane leading to cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Aboualizadeh
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211 USA.
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Molecular and acute temperature stress response characterizations of caspase-8 gene in two mussels, Mytilus coruscus and Mytilus galloprovincialis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 177-178:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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