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Regulation of the cellular redox state and the expression of DNA methyltransferase-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with Graves’ disease. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Saban M, Costilla M, Klecha AJ, Di Cugno M, Curria MI, Cremaschi G, Barreiro Arcos ML. Regulation of the cellular redox state and the expression of DNA methyltransferase-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with Graves' disease. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2022; 69:409-417. [PMID: 35817546 DOI: 10.1016/j.endien.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder characterised by excessive production of thyroid hormones, which induces increased cellular metabolism in most tissues and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this work was to analyse the effect of ROS on cell viability and the expression of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) and DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT-1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with newly diagnosed Graves' disease or treated with methimazole. PATIENTS AND METHODS For this study, women patients with newly diagnosed Graves' disease (n=18), treated with methimazole (n=6) and healthy subjects (n=15) were recruited. ROS were evaluated by flow cytometry, and the viability/apoptosis of PBMC was analysed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Genomic expression of CAT, GPx-1, SOD-1 and DNMT-1 was quantified by real-time PCR. RESULTS We found high levels of ROS and increased expression of CAT, GPx-1, SOD-1 and DNMT-1 in PBMC from patients with newly diagnosed Graves' disease. Methimazole treatment reversed these parameters. Cell viability was similar in all study groups. CONCLUSIONS ROS induces the expression of CAT, GPx-1, and SOD-1. The activity of these enzymes may contribute to the protection of PBMC from the harmful effect of free radicals on cell viability. Increased expression of DNMT-1 may be associated with aberrant methylation patterns in immunoregulatory genes contributing to autoimmunity in Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Saban
- Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Nutrition and Diabetes, British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melisa Costilla
- Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED-CONICET), Argentine Catholic University (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Juana Klecha
- Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED-CONICET), Argentine Catholic University (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Di Cugno
- Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Nutrition and Diabetes, British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Inés Curria
- Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Nutrition and Diabetes, British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Cremaschi
- Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED-CONICET), Argentine Catholic University (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Barreiro Arcos
- Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED-CONICET), Argentine Catholic University (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Gutiérrez LM, Valenzuela Alvarez M, Yang Y, Spinelli F, Cantero MJ, Alaniz L, García MG, Kleinerman ES, Correa A, Bolontrade MF. Up-regulation of pro-angiogenic molecules and events does not relate with an angiogenic switch in metastatic osteosarcoma cells but to cell survival features. Apoptosis 2021; 26:447-459. [PMID: 34024019 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent malignant bone tumor, affecting predominantly children. Metastases represent a major clinical challenge and an estimated 80% would present undetectable micrometastases at diagnosis. The identification of metastatic traits and molecules would impact in micrometastasis management. We demonstrated that OS LM7 metastatic cells secretome was able to induce microvascular endothelium cell rearrangements, an angiogenic-related trait. A proteomic analysis indicated a gain in angiogenic-related pathways in these cells, as compared to their parental-non-metastatic OS SAOS2 cells counterpart. Further, factors with proangiogenic functions like VEGF and PDGF were upregulated in LM7 cells. However, no differential angiogenic response was induced by LM7 cells in vivo. Regulation of the Fas-FasL axis is key for OS cells to colonize the lungs in this model. Analysis of the proteomic data with emphasis in apoptosis pathways and related processes revealed that the percentage of genes associated with those, presented similar levels in SAOS2 and LM7 cells. Further, the balance of expression levels of proteins with pro- and antiapoptotic functions in both cell types was subtle. Interestingly and of relevance to the model, Fas associated Factor 1 (FAF1), which participates in Fas signaling, was present in LM7 cells and was not detected in SAOS2 cells. The subtle differences in apoptosis-related events and molecules, together with the reported cell-survival functions of the identified angiogenic factors and the increased survival features that we observed in LM7 cells, suggest that the gain in angiogenesis-related pathways in metastatic OS cells would relate to a prosurvival switch rather to an angiogenic switch as an advantage feature to colonize the lungs. OS metastatic cells also displayed higher adhesion towards microvascular endothelium cells suggesting an advantage for tissue colonization. A gain in angiogenesis pathways and molecules does not result in major angiogenic potential. Together, our results suggest that metastatic OS cells would elicit signaling associated to a prosurvival phenotype, allowing homing into the hostile site for metastasis. During the gain of metastatic traits process, cell populations displaying higher adhesive ability to microvascular endothelium, negative regulation of the Fas-FasL axis in the lung parenchyma and a prosurvival switch, would be selected. This opens a new scenario where antiangiogenic treatments would affect cell survival rather than angiogenesis, and provides a molecular panel of expression that may help in distinguishing OS cells with different metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M Gutiérrez
- Remodeling Processes and Cellular Niches Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB) - CONICET - Hospital Italiano Buenos Aires (HIBA), Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano (IUHI), Potosí 4240, C1199ACL, CABA, Argentina
| | - Matías Valenzuela Alvarez
- Remodeling Processes and Cellular Niches Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB) - CONICET - Hospital Italiano Buenos Aires (HIBA), Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano (IUHI), Potosí 4240, C1199ACL, CABA, Argentina
| | - Yuanzheng Yang
- Division of Pediatrics and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit #853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - María José Cantero
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Alaniz
- CITNOBA CONICET-UNNOBA, Jorge Newbery 261, B6000, Junín, Argentina
| | - Mariana G García
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eugenie S Kleinerman
- Division of Pediatrics and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit #853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Marcela F Bolontrade
- Remodeling Processes and Cellular Niches Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB) - CONICET - Hospital Italiano Buenos Aires (HIBA), Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano (IUHI), Potosí 4240, C1199ACL, CABA, Argentina.
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Candelotti E, De Luca R, Megna R, Maiolo M, De Vito P, Gionfra F, Percario ZA, Borgatti M, Gambari R, Davis PJ, Lin HY, Polticelli F, Persichini T, Colasanti M, Affabris E, Pedersen JZ, Incerpi S. Inhibition by Thyroid Hormones of Cell Migration Activated by IGF-1 and MCP-1 in THP-1 Monocytes: Focus on Signal Transduction Events Proximal to Integrin αvβ3. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651492. [PMID: 33898447 PMCID: PMC8060509 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between thyroid hormones and the immune system is reported in the literature. Thyroid hormones, thyroxine, T4, but also T3, act non-genomically through mechanisms that involve a plasma membrane receptor αvβ3 integrin, a co-receptor for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Previous data from our laboratory show a crosstalk between thyroid hormones and IGF-1 because thyroid hormones inhibit the IGF-1-stimulated glucose uptake and cell proliferation in L-6 myoblasts, and the effects are mediated by integrin αvβ3. IGF-1 also behaves as a chemokine, being an important factor for tissue regeneration after damage. In the present study, using THP-1 human leukemic monocytes, expressing αvβ3 integrin in their cell membrane, we focused on the crosstalk between thyroid hormones and either IGF-1 or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), studying cell migration and proliferation stimulated by the two chemokines, and the role of αvβ3 integrin, using inhibitors of αvβ3 integrin and downstream pathways. Our results show that IGF-1 is a potent chemoattractant in THP-1 monocytes, stimulating cell migration, and thyroid hormone inhibits the effect through αvβ3 integrin. Thyroid hormone also inhibits IGF-1-stimulated cell proliferation through αvβ3 integrin, an example of a crosstalk between genomic and non-genomic effects. We also studied the effects of thyroid hormone on cell migration and proliferation induced by MCP-1, together with the pathways involved, by a pharmacological approach and docking simulation. Our findings show a different downstream signaling for IGF-1 and MCP-1 in THP-1 monocytes mediated by the plasma membrane receptor of thyroid hormones, integrin αvβ3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto De Luca
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Roberto Megna
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Gionfra
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Monica Borgatti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paul J Davis
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States.,Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States.,Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Klein JR. Dynamic Interactions Between the Immune System and the Neuroendocrine System in Health and Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:655982. [PMID: 33828532 PMCID: PMC8020567 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.655982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system and the neuroendocrine system share many common features. Both consist of diverse components consisting of receptors and networks that are widely distributed throughout the body, and both sense and react to external stimuli which, on the one hand control mechanisms of immunity, and on the other hand control and regulate growth, development, and metabolism. It is thus not surprising, therefore, that the immune system and the neuroendocrine system communicate extensively. This article will focus on bi-directional immune-endocrine interactions with particular emphasis on the hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. New findings will be discussed demonstrating the direct process through which the immune system-derived thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) controls thyroid hormone synthesis and bone metamorphosis, particularly in the context of a novel splice variant of TSHβ made by peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). Also presented are the ways whereby the TSHβ splice variant may be a contributing factor in the development and/or perpetuation of autoimmune thyroid disease (AIT), and how systemic infection may elicit immune-endocrine responses. The relationship between non-HPT hormones, in particular adipose hormones, and immunity is discussed.
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Davis PJ, Mousa SA, Lin HY. Nongenomic Actions of Thyroid Hormone: The Integrin Component. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:319-352. [PMID: 32584192 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular domain of plasma membrane integrin αvβ3 contains a cell surface receptor for thyroid hormone analogues. The receptor is largely expressed and activated in tumor cells and rapidly dividing endothelial cells. The principal ligand for this receptor is l-thyroxine (T4), usually regarded only as a prohormone for 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3), the hormone analogue that expresses thyroid hormone in the cell nucleus via nuclear receptors that are unrelated structurally to integrin αvβ3. At the integrin receptor for thyroid hormone, T4 regulates cancer and endothelial cell division, tumor cell defense pathways (such as anti-apoptosis), and angiogenesis and supports metastasis, radioresistance, and chemoresistance. The molecular mechanisms involve signal transduction via mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, differential expression of multiple genes related to the listed cell processes, and regulation of activities of other cell surface proteins, such as vascular growth factor receptors. Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) is derived from T4 and competes with binding of T4 to the integrin. In the absence of T4, tetrac and chemically modified tetrac also have anticancer effects that culminate in altered gene transcription. Tumor xenografts are arrested by unmodified and chemically modified tetrac. The receptor requires further characterization in terms of contributions to nonmalignant cells, such as platelets and phagocytes. The integrin αvβ3 receptor for thyroid hormone offers a large panel of cellular actions that are relevant to cancer biology and that may be regulated by tetrac derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Paulazo MA, Klecha AJ, Sterle HA, Valli E, Torti H, Cayrol F, Barreiro Arcos ML, Cremaschi GA. Hypothyroidism-related zinc deficiency leads to suppression of T lymphocyte activity. Endocrine 2019; 66:266-277. [PMID: 31056723 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypothyroidism has been shown to induce immunosuppression and both the thyroid status and immunity are affected by zinc deficiency. However, the impact of hypothyroidism on zinc metabolism and its possible relationship with the immune status has not yet been deeply explored. Here, our aim was to study whether hypothyroidism may alter zinc metabolism and thus lead to the impairment of T lymphocyte activity. METHODS Variations in the distribution of zinc in the body were evaluated in PTU-treated hypothyroid mice. The effects of hypothyroidism and zinc deficiency were studied on T lymphocyte proliferation after stimulation both in vitro and in vivo. For in vitro assays, thyroid hormone-free or zinc chelator (TPEN or DTPA)-supplemented media were used. For in vivo assays, lymphocyte activity was evaluated in cells from hypothyroid, T3-treated, and zinc-supplemented mice. RESULTS Hypothyroid mice showed lower levels of zinc in femur and lymph nodes than controls. T3 and zinc supplementation reversed these effects. In vitro, both thyroid hormone and zinc deficiency led to a decreased response to mitogen stimulation. However, only zinc deficiency was able to induce lymphocyte apoptosis. Mitogen-stimulated T cells from hypothyroid mice showed impaired proliferation, accompanied by decreased activation of PKC and lower levels of p-ERK, effects that were reversed by T3 replacement or zinc supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Our results show an important role of zinc deficiency in hypothyroid-mediated T-cell suppression and suggest the importance of evaluating zinc levels and restoring them when necessary to maintain an efficient immune response in hypothyroid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra Paulazo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso (1107 AAZ), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Juana Klecha
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso (1107 AAZ), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Física, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Helena Andrea Sterle
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso (1107 AAZ), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Valli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso (1107 AAZ), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio Torti
- Cátedra de Física, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Cayrol
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso (1107 AAZ), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Barreiro Arcos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso (1107 AAZ), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Alicia Cremaschi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso (1107 AAZ), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Cátedra de Física, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Oxidative Stress Produced by Hyperthyroidism Status Induces the Antioxidant Enzyme Transcription through the Activation of the Nrf-2 Factor in Lymphoid Tissues of Balb/c Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7471890. [PMID: 31281590 PMCID: PMC6589208 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7471890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterized by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Thyroid hormones exert pleiotropic actions on numerous tissues and induce an overall increase in metabolism, with an increase in energy demand and oxygen consumption. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hyperthyroidism on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lymph node and spleen cells of euthyroid and hyperthyroid mice, analyzing antioxidant mechanisms involved in the restitution of the cellular redox state. For this, thirty female Balb/c (H-2d) mice were randomly divided into two groups: euthyroid (by treatment with placebo) and hyperthyroid (by treatment with 12 mg/l of T4 in drinking water for 30 days). We found a significant increase in ROS and an increase in the genomic and protein expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) in lymph node and spleen cells of hyperthyroid mice. In vitro treatment with H2O2 (250 μM) of the lymphoid cells of euthyroid mice increased the expression levels of CAT and GPx-1. The hyperthyroidism increased the phosphorylation levels of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor) and the kinase activity of protein kinase C (PKC) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Additionally, we found an increase in the expression of the classic isoenzymes of PKCα, β and γ. In conclusion, these results indicated that the increase in ROS found in the hyperthyroid state induces the antioxidant enzyme transcription through the activation of the Nrf-2 factor in lymphoid tissues. This shows the influence of hyperthyroidism on the regulation of the cellular antioxidant system.
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Cayrol F, Sterle HA, Díaz Flaqué MC, Barreiro Arcos ML, Cremaschi GA. Non-genomic Actions of Thyroid Hormones Regulate the Growth and Angiogenesis of T Cell Lymphomas. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:63. [PMID: 30814977 PMCID: PMC6381017 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell lymphomas (TCL) are a heterogeneous group of aggressive clinical lymphoproliferative disorders with considerable clinical, morphological, immunophenotypic, and genetic variation, including ~10-15% of all lymphoid neoplasms. Several evidences indicate an important role of the non-neoplastic microenvironment in promoting both tumor growth and dissemination in T cell malignancies. Thus, dysregulation of integrin expression and activity is associated with TCL survival and proliferation. We found that thyroid hormones acting via the integrin αvβ3 receptor are crucial factors in tumor microenvironment (TME) affecting the pathophysiology of TCL cells. Specifically, TH-activated αvβ3 integrin signaling promoted TCL proliferation and induced and an angiogenic program via the up-regulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This was observed both on different TCL cell lines representing the different subtypes of human hematological malignancy, and in preclinical models of TCL tumors xenotransplanted in immunodeficient mice as well. Moreover, development of solid tumors by inoculation of murine TCLs in syngeneic hyperthyroid mice, showed increased tumor growth along with increased expression of cell cycle regulators. The genomic or pharmacological inhibition of integrin αvβ3 decreased VEGF production, induced TCL cell death and decreased in vivo tumor growth and angiogenesis. Here, we review the non-genomic actions of THs on TCL regulation and their contribution to TCL development and evolution. These actions not only provide novel new insights on the endocrine modulation of TCL, but also provide a potential molecular target for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cayrol
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Helena A Sterle
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Celeste Díaz Flaqué
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Laura Barreiro Arcos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela A Cremaschi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Cátedra de Física, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Thyroid hormones and their membrane receptors as therapeutic targets for T cell lymphomas. Pharmacol Res 2016; 109:55-63. [PMID: 26855318 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are important regulators of metabolism, differentiation and cell proliferation. They can modify the physiology of human and murine T cell lymphomas (TCL). These effects involve genomic mechanisms, mediated by specific nuclear receptors (TR), as well as nongenomic mechanisms, that lead to the activation of different signaling pathways through the activation of a membrane receptor, the integrin αvβ3. Therefore, THs are able to induce the survival and growth of TCL. Specifically, the signaling induced by THs through the integrin αvβ3 activates proliferative and angiogenic programs, mediated by the regulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The genomic or pharmacologic inhibition of integrin αvβ3 reduces the production of VEGF and induces cell death both in vitro and in xenograft models of human TCL. Here we review the mechanisms involved in the modulation of the physiology of TCL induced by THs, the analysis of the interaction between genomic and nongenomic actions of THs and their contribution to T cell lymphomagenesis. These actions of THs suggest a novel mechanism for the endocrine modulation of the physiopathology of TCL and they provide a potential molecular target for its treatment.
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Sterle HA, Barreiro Arcos ML, Valli E, Paulazo MA, Méndez Huergo SP, Blidner AG, Cayrol F, Díaz Flaqué MC, Klecha AJ, Medina VA, Colombo L, Rabinovich GA, Cremaschi GA. The thyroid status reprograms T cell lymphoma growth and modulates immune cell frequencies. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 94:417-29. [PMID: 26564151 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In spite of considerable evidence on the regulation of immunity by thyroid hormones, the impact of the thyroid status in tumor immunity is poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the antitumor immune responses evoked in mice with different thyroid status (euthyroid, hyperthyroid, and hypothyroid) that developed solid tumors or metastases after inoculation of syngeneic T lymphoma cells. Hyperthyroid mice showed increased tumor growth along with increased expression of cell cycle regulators compared to hypothyroid and control tumor-bearing mice. However, hypothyroid mice showed a higher frequency of metastases than the other groups. Hyperthyroid mice bearing tumors displayed a lower number of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes, lower percentage of functional IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) T cells, and higher percentage of CD19(+) B cells than euthyroid tumor-bearing mice. However, no differences were found in the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) or spleens among different experimental groups. Interestingly, hypothyroid TDLN showed an increased percentage of regulatory T (Treg) cells, while hyperthyroid mice displayed increased number and activity of splenic NK cells, which frequency declined in spleens from hypothyroid mice. Moreover, a decreased number of splenic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were found in tumor-bearing hyperthyroid mice as compared to hypothyroid or euthyroid mice. Additionally, hyperthyroid mice showed increased cytotoxic activity, which declined in hypothyroid mice. Thus, low levels of intratumoral cytotoxic activity would favor tumor local growth in hyperthyroid mice, while regional and systemic antitumor response may contribute to tumor dissemination in hypothyroid animals. Our results highlight the importance of monitoring the thyroid status in patients with T cell lymphomas. KEY MESSAGES T cell lymphoma phenotype is paradoxically influenced by thyroid status. Hyperthyroidism favors tumor growth and hypothyroidism rises tumor dissemination. Thyroid status affects the distribution of immune cell types in the tumor milieu. Thyroid status also modifies the nature of local and systemic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Sterle
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M L Barreiro Arcos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Valli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M A Paulazo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S P Méndez Huergo
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A G Blidner
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Cayrol
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M C Díaz Flaqué
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A J Klecha
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (FFyB), UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V A Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (FFyB), UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Colombo
- Area de Investigación, Instituto de Oncología "Angel H. Roffo", UBA, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G A Rabinovich
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G A Cremaschi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (FFyB), UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Han Y, Jiang Q, Gao H, Fan J, Wang Z, Zhong F, Zheng Y, Gong Z, Wang C. The Anti-apoptotic Effect of Polypeptide from Chlamys farreri (PCF) in UVB-Exposed HaCaT Cells Involves Inhibition of iNOS and TGF-β1. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 71:1105-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sterle HA, Valli E, Cayrol F, Paulazo MA, Martinel Lamas DJ, Diaz Flaqué MC, Klecha AJ, Colombo L, Medina VA, Cremaschi GA, Barreiro Arcos ML. Thyroid status modulates T lymphoma growth via cell cycle regulatory proteins and angiogenesis. J Endocrinol 2014; 222:243-55. [PMID: 24928937 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have shown in vitro that thyroid hormones (THs) regulate the balance between proliferation and apoptosis of T lymphoma cells. The effects of THs on tumor development have been studied, but the results are still controversial. Herein, we show the modulatory action of thyroid status on the in vivo growth of T lymphoma cells. For this purpose, euthyroid, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid mice received inoculations of EL4 cells to allow the development of solid tumors. Tumors in the hyperthyroid animals exhibited a higher growth rate, as evidenced by the early appearance of palpable solid tumors and the increased tumor volume. These results are consistent with the rate of cell division determined by staining tumor cells with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester. Additionally, hyperthyroid mice exhibited reduced survival. Hypothyroid mice did not differ significantly from the euthyroid controls with respect to these parameters. Additionally, only tumors from hyperthyroid animals had increased expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and active caspase 3. Differential expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins was also observed. The levels of cyclins D1 and D3 were augmented in the tumors of the hyperthyroid animals, whereas the cell cycle inhibitors p16/INK4A (CDKN2A) and p27/Kip1 (CDKN1B) and the tumor suppressor p53 (TRP53) were increased in hypothyroid mice. Intratumoral and peritumoral vasculogenesis was increased only in hyperthyroid mice. Therefore, we propose that the thyroid status modulates the in vivo growth of EL4 T lymphoma through the regulation of cyclin, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, and tumor suppressor gene expression, as well as the stimulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Sterle
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. A. Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso, 1107AFF Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de RadioisótoposFacultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaArea de InvestigaciónInstituto de Oncología 'Angel H. Roffo', Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Valli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. A. Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso, 1107AFF Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de RadioisótoposFacultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaArea de InvestigaciónInstituto de Oncología 'Angel H. Roffo', Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Cayrol
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. A. Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso, 1107AFF Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de RadioisótoposFacultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaArea de InvestigaciónInstituto de Oncología 'Angel H. Roffo', Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M A Paulazo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. A. Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso, 1107AFF Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de RadioisótoposFacultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaArea de InvestigaciónInstituto de Oncología 'Angel H. Roffo', Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D J Martinel Lamas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. A. Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso, 1107AFF Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de RadioisótoposFacultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaArea de InvestigaciónInstituto de Oncología 'Angel H. Roffo', Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M C Diaz Flaqué
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. A. Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso, 1107AFF Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de RadioisótoposFacultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaArea de InvestigaciónInstituto de Oncología 'Angel H. Roffo', Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A J Klecha
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. A. Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso, 1107AFF Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de RadioisótoposFacultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaArea de InvestigaciónInstituto de Oncología 'Angel H. Roffo', Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Colombo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. A. Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso, 1107AFF Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de RadioisótoposFacultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaArea de InvestigaciónInstituto de Oncología 'Angel H. Roffo', Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V A Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. A. Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso, 1107AFF Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de RadioisótoposFacultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaArea de InvestigaciónInstituto de Oncología 'Angel H. Roffo', Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G A Cremaschi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. A. Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso, 1107AFF Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de RadioisótoposFacultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaArea de InvestigaciónInstituto de Oncología 'Angel H. Roffo', Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. A. Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso, 1107AFF Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de RadioisótoposFacultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaArea de InvestigaciónInstituto de Oncología 'Angel H. Roffo', Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M L Barreiro Arcos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. A. Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso, 1107AFF Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de RadioisótoposFacultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaArea de InvestigaciónInstituto de Oncología 'Angel H. Roffo', Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Av. A. Moreau de Justo 1600, 3er piso, 1107AFF Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de RadioisótoposFacultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaArea de InvestigaciónInstituto de Oncología 'Angel H. Roffo', Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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