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Cao X, Peng S, Yan Y, Li J, Zhou J, Dai H, Xu J. Alleviation of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis by targeting RIPK1-mediated inflammatory signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e17929. [PMID: 37643315 PMCID: PMC10902568 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA), prevalent in adolescents and the elderly, has serious physical and psychological consequences. TMJOA is a degenerative disease of the cartilage and bone, mostly driven by inflammation, and synoviocytes are the first and most important inflammatory factor releasers. Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase (RIPK1) promotes inflammatory response and cell death during an array of illnesses. This research aimed to explore the impacts of RIPK1 inhibitor therapy in TMJOA and the mechanism of RIPK1 in inducing inflammation during TMJOA. Herein, inhibition of RIPK1 suppressed the elevated levels of inflammatory factors, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), along with markers of apoptosis and necroptosis after tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α/cycloheximide (CHX) treatment in synoviocytes. Moreover, inflammation models were constructed in vivo through complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induction and disc perforation, and the findings supported that RIPK1 inhibition protected TMJ articular cartilage against progressive degradation. RIPK1 regulates NF-κB activation via cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (cIAP), apoptosis via caspase-8, and necroptosis via RIPK3/mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) in synoviocytes, which in turn facilitates TMJOA inflammation progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cao
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesChongqingChina
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher EducationChongqingChina
| | - Sisi Peng
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesChongqingChina
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher EducationChongqingChina
| | - Ying Yan
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesChongqingChina
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher EducationChongqingChina
| | - Jun Li
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesChongqingChina
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher EducationChongqingChina
| | - Jianping Zhou
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesChongqingChina
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher EducationChongqingChina
| | - Hongwei Dai
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesChongqingChina
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher EducationChongqingChina
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesChongqingChina
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher EducationChongqingChina
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Yuan W, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Xiang K, Huang T, Diaby M, Gao J. Apoptotic mechanism of development inhibition in zebrafish induced by esketamine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 482:116789. [PMID: 38103741 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Esketamine, a widely used intravenous general anesthetic, is also employed for obstetric and pediatric anesthesia, and depression treatment. However, concerns regarding esketamine abuse have emerged. Moreover, the potential in vivo toxicity of esketamine on growth and development remains unclear. To address these concerns, we investigated the effects of esketamine exposure on developmental parameters, cell apoptosis, and gene expression in zebrafish. Esketamine exposure concentration-dependently decreased the heart rate and body length of zebrafish embryos/larvae while increasing the hatching rate and spontaneous movement frequency. Developmental retardation of zebrafish larvae, including shallow pigmentation, small eyes, and delayed yolk sac absorption, was also observed following esketamine treatment. Esketamine exposure altered the expression of apoptosis-related genes in zebrafish heads, primarily downregulating bax, caspase9, caspase3, caspase6, and caspase7. Intriguingly, BTSA1, a Bax agonist, reversed the anti-apoptotic and decelerated body growth effects of esketamine in zebrafish. Collectively, our findings suggest that esketamine may hinder embryonic development by inhibiting embryonic apoptosis via the Bax/Caspase9/Caspase3 pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the lethal toxicity of esketamine in zebrafish. We have elucidated the developmental toxic effects of esketamine on zebrafish larvae and its potential apoptotic mechanisms. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the safety of esketamine in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Yuan
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesia, Emergency and Critical Care, Yangzhou University Affiliated Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinggang Xiao
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesia, Emergency and Critical Care, Yangzhou University Affiliated Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesia, Emergency and Critical Care, Yangzhou University Affiliated Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kuilin Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianfeng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesia, Emergency and Critical Care, Yangzhou University Affiliated Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mohamed Diaby
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ju Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesia, Emergency and Critical Care, Yangzhou University Affiliated Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhao W, Song Y, Wang QQ, Han S, Li XX, Cui Y, Gao H, Yuan R, Yang S. Cryptotanshinone Induces Necroptosis through Ca2+ Release and ROS Production in vitro and in vivo. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2022; 15:1009-1023. [PMID: 35086466 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220127112201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necroptosis is a type of programmed necrosis mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinases 1 and 3 (RIP1 and RIP3), which is morphologically characterized by enlarged organelles, ruptured plasma membrane, and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Cryptotanshinone (CPT), a diterpene quinone compound extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has been reported to have significant anticancer activities. However, the detailed mechanism of CPT has not been clearly illustrated. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore the cell death type and mechanisms of CPT-induced in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. METHODS The cytotoxicity of CPT on A549 cells was assessed by MTS assay. Ca2+ release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were detected by flow cytometry. The changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were observed through JC-1 staining. The expressions of p-RIP1, p-RIP3, p-MLKL, and MAPKs pathway proteins were analyzed by western blotting analysis. The efficacy of CPT in vivo was evaluated by the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) xenograft mice model. Blood samples were collected for hematology analysis. ELISA investigated the effects of CPT on tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE) was used to determine the tumor tissues. Proteins' expression of tumor tissues was quantified by western blotting. RESULTS CPT inhibited the cell viability of A549 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, which was reversed by Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1). In addition, CPT treatment increased the expression of p-RIP1, p-RIP3, p-MLKL, the release of Ca2+, ROS generation, and the MAPKs pathway activated in A549 cells. Moreover, animal experiment results showed that intraperitoneal injection of CPT (15 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg) significantly inhibited tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice without affecting the bodyweight and injuring the organs. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that CPT-induced necroptosis via RIP1/RIP3/MLKL signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that CPT may be a promising agent in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentong Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Yuanbo Song
- Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Qin-Qin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Shan Han
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Xin-Xing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Yushun Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Hongwei Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Renyikun Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Shilin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
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Targeting Drug Chemo-Resistance in Cancer Using Natural Products. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101353. [PMID: 34680470 PMCID: PMC8533186 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. The development of drug resistance is the main contributor to cancer-related mortality. Cancer cells exploit multiple mechanisms to reduce the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs, thereby causing chemotherapy failure. Natural products are accessible, inexpensive, and less toxic sources of chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, they have multiple mechanisms of action to inhibit various targets involved in the development of drug resistance. In this review, we have summarized the basic research and clinical applications of natural products as possible inhibitors for drug resistance in cancer. The molecular targets and the mechanisms of action of each natural product are also explained. Diverse drug resistance biomarkers were sensitive to natural products. P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein can be targeted by a large number of natural products. On the other hand, protein kinase C and topoisomerases were less sensitive to most of the studied natural products. The studies discussed in this review will provide a solid ground for scientists to explore the possible use of natural products in combination anticancer therapies to overcome drug resistance by targeting multiple drug resistance mechanisms.
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Yu C, Lei Z, Li X, Huang LH, Li ZQ, Zhu HW, Han D, Huang H, Yu X. Role of HMGB1 in TNF-α Combined with Z-VAD-fmk-Induced L929 Cells Necroptosis. Biochem Genet 2021; 60:598-610. [PMID: 34327615 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study established a necroptosis model in vitro and investigated the role of HMGB1 in cell necroptosis. A combination of tumor necrosis factor-α and z-VAD-fmk was used to induce necroptosis in L929 cells with necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 applied as an intervention. Flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to measure cell necroptosis. Western blotting assay was applied to detect the expression of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) and HMGB1. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was used to confirm the interaction between HMGB1 and RIPK3. Our study demonstrated that HMGB1 migrated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm at the onset of necroptosis and was subsequently released passively to the extracellular matrix. Further experiments determined that the binding of HMGB1 with RIPK3 in the cytoplasm was loose during necroptosis. By contrast, when necroptosis was inhibited, the interaction in the cytoplasm was tight suggesting that this association between HMGB1 and RIPK3 might affect its occurrence. In conclusion, the transfer of HMGB1 from nucleus to cytoplasm, and its interaction with RIPK3 might be potentially involved in necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Yu
- Departments of Intensive Care Unit, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Lei
- Departments of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- Departments of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Huang
- Center for Medical Experiments, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Li
- Departments of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhu
- Departments of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Han
- Departments of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Huang
- Departments of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Departments of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Zhang D, Zhou Z, Yang R, Zhang S, Zhang B, Tan Y, Chen L, Li T, Tu J. Tristetraprolin, a Potential Safeguard Against Carcinoma: Role in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:632189. [PMID: 34026612 PMCID: PMC8138596 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.632189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tristetraprolin (TTP), a well-known RNA-binding protein, primarily affects the expression of inflammation-related proteins by binding to the targeted AU-rich element in the 3' untranslated region after transcription and subsequently mediates messenger RNA decay. Recent studies have focused on the role of TTP in tumors and their related microenvironments, most of which have referred to TTP as a potential tumor suppressor involved in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis of various cancers, as well as tumor immunity, inflammation, and metabolism of the microenvironment. Elevated TTP expression levels could aid the diagnosis and treatment of different cancers, improving the prognosis of patients. The aim of this review is to describe the role of TTP as a potential safeguard against carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwen Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Ruixia Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Sujun Zhang
- Department of Experimental Animals, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yanxuan Tan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lingyao Chen
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Tao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Tu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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7
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Tuoheti Z, Han L, Husaiyin S, Liu X, Ma C, Niyazi M. RIPK1 polymorphisms alter the susceptibility to cervical Cancer among the Uyghur population in China. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:299. [PMID: 32272907 PMCID: PMC7146988 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background RIPK1 (receptor-interacting protein kinase-1) plays a role in cancer development, whereas no clear studies focused on the cervical cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between RIPK1 polymorphisms and cervical cancer risk among the Uyghur population. Methods We performed a case-control study including 342 cervical cancer patients and 498 age-matched healthy controls. Four RIPK1 genetic variants (rs6907943, rs2077681, rs9503400 and rs17548629) were genotyped with Agena MassARRAY platform. The associations between RIPK1 polymorphisms and cervical cancer risk were assessed under Binary logistic regression models. False discovery rate (FDR) was used to improve the results reliability. Results The results showed rs2077681 was significantly associated with cervical cancer risk under various genetic models (codominant: OR = 3.14, 95% CI = 1.40–7.07, p = 0.006, FDR-p = 0.018; recessive: OR = 3.20, 95% CI = 1.43–7.16, p = 0.005, FDR-0.018). The stratified analysis indicated that the relationships of rs6907946, rs9503400 and rs17548629 with cervical cancer risk were statistically significant in the subgroup of clinical stage (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that RIPK1 polymorphisms were associated with cervical cancer susceptibility among the Uyghur population in China, and RIPK1 polymorphisms might be involved in the development of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulipiyamu Tuoheti
- Department of Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No 91 Tianqi Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830001, China
| | - Lili Han
- Department of Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No 91 Tianqi Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830001, China.
| | - Sulaiya Husaiyin
- Department of Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No 91 Tianqi Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830001, China
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Ma
- Department of Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No 91 Tianqi Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830001, China
| | - Mayinuer Niyazi
- Department of Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No 91 Tianqi Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830001, China.
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8
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Ablation of RIP3 protects from dopaminergic neurodegeneration in experimental Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:840. [PMID: 31690718 PMCID: PMC6831575 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is driven by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) and striatum. Although apoptosis is considered the main neurodegenerative mechanism, other cell death pathways may be involved. In this regard, necroptosis is a regulated form of cell death dependent on receptor interacting protein 3 (RIP3), a protein also implicated in apoptosis and inflammation independently of its pro-necroptotic activity. Here, we explored the role of RIP3 genetic deletion in in vivo and in vitro PD models. Firstly, wild-type (Wt) and RIP3 knockout (RIP3ko) mice were injected intraperitoneally with MPTP (40 mg/kg, i.p.), and sacrificed after either 6 or 30 days. RIP3ko protected from dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the SN of MPTP-injected mice, but this effect was independent of necroptosis. In keeping with this, necrostatin-1s (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) did not afford full neuroprotection. Moreover, MPTP led to DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, lipid peroxidation and BAX expression in Wt mice, in the absence of caspase-8 cleavage, suggesting intrinsic apoptosis. This was mimicked in primary cortical neuronal cultures exposed to the active MPTP metabolite. RIP3 deficiency in cultured cells and in mouse brain abrogated all phenotypes. Curiously, astrogliosis was increased in the striatum of MPTP-injected Wt mice and further exacerbated in RIP3ko mice. This was accompanied by absence of microgliosis and reposition of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels in the striata of MPTP-injected RIP3ko mice when compared to MPTP-injected Wt mice, which in turn showed a massive GDNF decrease. RIP3ko primary mixed glial cultures also presented decreased expression of inflammation-related genes upon inflammatory stimulation. These findings hint at possible undescribed non-necroptotic roles for RIP3 in inflammation and MPTP-driven cell death, which can contribute to PD progression.
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Protein phosphatase 2A has an essential role in promoting thymocyte survival during selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12422-12427. [PMID: 31152132 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821116116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of thymocytes to mature T cells in the thymus is tightly controlled by cellular selection, in which only a small fraction of thymocytes equipped with proper quality of TCRs progress to maturation. It is pivotal to protect the survival of the few T cells, which pass the selection. However, the signaling events, which safeguard the cell survival in thymus, are not totally understood. In this study, protein Ser/Thr phosphorylation in thymocytes undergoing positive selection is profiled by mass spectrometry. The results revealed large numbers of dephosphorylation changes upon T cell receptor (TCR) activation during positive selection. Subsequent substrate analysis pinpointed protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as the enzyme responsible for the dephosphorylation changes in developing thymocytes. PP2A catalytic subunit α (Ppp2ca) deletion in the T cell lineage in Ppp2ca flox/flox-Lck-Cre mice (PP2A cKO) displayed dysregulated dephosphorylation of apoptosis-related proteins in double-positive (DP) cells and caused substantially decreased numbers of DP CD4+ CD8+ cells. Increased levels of apoptosis in PP2A cKO DP cells were found to underlie aberrant thymocyte development. Finally, the defective thymocyte development in PP2A cKO mice could be rescued by either Bcl2 transgene expression or by p53 knockout. In summary, our work reveals an essential role of PP2A in promoting thymocyte development through the regulation of cell survival.
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10
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Liang S, Lv ZT, Zhang JM, Wang YT, Dong YH, Wang ZG, Chen K, Cheng P, Yang Q, Guo FJ, Lu WW, Zhu WT, Chen AM. Necrostatin-1 Attenuates Trauma-Induced Mouse Osteoarthritis and IL-1β Induced Apoptosis via HMGB1/TLR4/SDF-1 in Primary Mouse Chondrocytes. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1378. [PMID: 30542285 PMCID: PMC6277802 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) is a specific small molecule inhibitor of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) that specifically inhibits phosphorylation of RIPK1. RIPK1 regulates inflammation and cell death by interacting with receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinases 3(RIPK3). We hypothesized that Nec-1 may have anti-inflammatory efficacy in patients with osteoarthritis (OA), as the pathophysiology of OA involves the activation of inflammation-related signaling pathways and apoptosis. In this study, we explored the effects of Nec-1 on interleukin (IL)-1β-induced inflammation in mouse chondrocytes and the destabilised medial meniscus (DMM) mouse model. Inhibiting RIPK1 with Nec-1 dramatically suppressed catabolism both in vivo and in vitro, but did not inhibit changes in subchondral bone. Nec-1 abolished the in vitro increases in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 5 (ADAMTs5) expression induced by IL-1β. However, adding high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) partially abrogated this effect, indicating the essential role of HMGB1 and Nec-1 in the protection of primary chondrocytes. Furthermore, Nec-1 decreased the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), and attenuated the interaction between TLR4 and HMGB1. Western blot results suggested that Nec-1 significantly suppressed IL-1β-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity, but not MAPK pathway. Micro-computed tomography, immunohistochemical staining, and Safranin O/Fast Green staining were used in vivo to assess the degree of destruction of OA cartilage. The results show that NEC-1 can significantly reduce the degree of destruction of OA cartilage. Therefore, Nec-1 may be a novel therapeutic candidate to treat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Tao Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jia-Ming Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Ting Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-Hui Dong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Gang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng-Jing Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Wei Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Tao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - An-Min Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
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11
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Koszinowski S, La Padula V, Edlich F, Krieglstein K, Busch H, Boerries M. Bid Expression Network Controls Neuronal Cell Fate During Avian Ciliary Ganglion Development. Front Physiol 2018; 9:797. [PMID: 30008673 PMCID: PMC6034111 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian ciliary ganglion (CG) development involves a transient execution phase of apoptosis controlling the final number of neurons, but the time-dependent molecular mechanisms for neuronal cell fate are largely unknown. To elucidate the molecular networks regulating important aspects of parasympathetic neuronal development, a genome-wide expression analysis was performed during multiple stages of avian CG development between embryonic days E6 and E14. The transcriptome data showed a well-defined sequence of events, starting from neuronal migration via neuronal fate cell determination, synaptic transmission, and regulation of synaptic plasticity to growth factor associated signaling. In particular, we extracted a neuronal apoptosis network that characterized the cell death execution phase at E8/E9 and apoptotic cell clearance at E14 by combining the gene time series analysis with network synthesis from the chicken interactome. Network analysis identified TP53 as key regulator and predicted involvement of the BH3 interacting domain death agonist (BID). A virus-based RNAi knockdown approach in vivo showed a crucial impact of BID expression on the execution of ontogenetic programmed cell death (PCD). In contrast, Bcl-XL expression did not impact PCD. Therefore, BID-mediated apoptosis represents a novel cue essential for timing within CG maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Koszinowski
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Veronica La Padula
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Edlich
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Luebeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Lactobacillus casei Strain Shirota Enhances the In Vitro Antiproliferative Effect of Geniposide in Human Oral Squamous Carcinoma HSC-3 Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051069. [PMID: 29751513 PMCID: PMC6099796 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the enhanced antiproliferative effect of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) on geniposide actions in human oral squamous carcinoma HSC-3 cells. An MTT assay, flow cytometry, qPCR assay, western blot and HPLC were used for this study. The concentration of 1.0 × 106 CFU/mL of LcS had no effect on the HOK normal oral epithelial cells and HSC-3 cancer cells. The 25 and 50 µg/mL geniposide concentrations also had no impact on HOK normal oral epithelial cells, but they had remarkable inhibitory effects on the growth of HSC-3 cancer cells, which are enhanced in the presence of LcS. By the flow cytometry assay, the LcS-geniposide-H (1.0 × 106 CFU/mL LcS and 50 µg/mL geniposide)-treated HSC-3 cancer cells had the largest number of cells undergoing apoptosis compared to cells treated with other combinationsand obviously more than cells treated with only geniposide-H (50 µg/mL geniposide). Geniposide-H could increase the mRNA and protein expressions of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Bax, p53, p21, IκB-α, Fas, FasL, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 as well as decrease those of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, HIAP-1, HIAP-2, NF-κB, COX-2, iNOS, MMP-2, and MMP-9 compared to other groups of cells, and LcS further enhanced these changes, with results that are greater than for the cells treated with only a high concentration of geniposide. The results of this study show thatLcS enhanced the antiproliferative effect of geniposide in HSC-3 cancer cells.
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13
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Lusthaus M, Mazkereth N, Donin N, Fishelson Z. Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinases 1 and 3, and Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like Protein Are Activated by Sublytic Complement and Participate in Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29527209 PMCID: PMC5829068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system participates in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Complement activation produces several active protein complexes and peptides, including the terminal C5b-9 complexes. It was reported that C5b-9 complexes insert into the plasma membrane and cause membrane perturbation, intracellular calcium surge, metabolic depletion, and osmotic lysis. Previously, we showed that complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is regulated by JNK and Bid. Here, we demonstrate that three mediators in TNFα-induced necroptosis (regulated necrosis), the receptor-interacting protein kinases, receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), are activated by complement and contribute to CDC. Cell treatment with necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a RIPK1 inhibitor, GSK’872, a RIPK3 inhibitor, or necrosulfonamide and GW806742X, MLKL inhibitors, restrain CDC. These findings were confirmed by using specific siRNAs targeting the synthesis of these proteins. Mouse fibroblasts lacking RIPK3 or MLKL were found to be less sensitive to C5b-9 than were wild-type (WT) fibroblasts. Enhanced CDC was achieved by RIPK1 or RIPK3 overexpression but not by the overexpression of a RHIM-RIPK1 mutant nor by a kinase-dead RIPK3 mutant. Nec-1 reduces the CDC of WT but not of RIPK3-knockout fibroblasts. Cells treated with a sublytic dose of complement exhibit co-localization of RIPK3 with RIPK1 in the cytoplasm and co-localization of RIPK3 and MLKL with C5b-9 at the plasma membrane. Data supporting cooperation among the RIP kinases, MLKL, JNK, and Bid in CDC are presented. These results provide a deeper insight into the cell death process activated by complement and identify potential points of cross talk between complement and other inducers of inflammation and regulated necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Lusthaus
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Niv Mazkereth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Natalie Donin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zvi Fishelson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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14
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Chen R, Xu J, She Y, Jiang T, Zhou S, Shi H, Li C. Necrostatin-1 protects C2C12 myotubes from CoCl2-induced hypoxia. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2565-2572. [PMID: 29436688 PMCID: PMC5846651 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) is a selective and potent allosteric inhibitor of necroptosis by specifically inhibiting the activity of receptor-interacting protein (RIP) 1 kinase. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Nec-1 on an anoxia model comprising mouse skeletal C2C12 myotubes. In the present study, a hypoxic mimetic reagent, cobalt chloride (CoCl2), was used to induce hypoxia in C2C12 myotubes. The cytotoxic effects of CoCl2-induced hypoxia were determined by a Cell Counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the morphological characteristics of dead cells at the ultrastructural level. To clarify the signaling pathways in CoCl2-mediated cell death, the expression levels of RIP1, RIP3, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and B cell lymphoma-2 adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) were investigated by western blotting. Oxidative stress was determined using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate to measure intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the fluorescent dye JC-1 was used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). The results showed that the ratios of apoptotic and necrotic C2C12 cells were increased following CoCl2 treatment, typical necroptotic morphological characteristics were able to observe by TEM, whereas Nec-1 exhibited a protective effect against CoCl2-induced oxidative stress. Treatment with Nec-1 significantly decreased the levels of RIP1, p-ERK1/2, HIF-1α, BNIP3 and ROS induced by CoCl2, and promoted C2C12 differentiation. Nec-1 reversed the CoCl2-induced decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Together, these findings suggested that Nec-1 protected C2C12 myotubes under conditions of CoCl2-induced hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Guangdong Traditional Medical and Sports Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Jiehua Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yanling She
- Guangdong Traditional Medical and Sports Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Shanyao Zhou
- Guangdong Traditional Medical and Sports Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Huacai Shi
- Guangdong Traditional Medical and Sports Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Li
- Guangdong Traditional Medical and Sports Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
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15
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Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family proteins gather at the biologic cross-roads of renal cell survival: the outer mitochondrial membrane. Despite shared sequence and structural features, members of this conserved protein family constantly antagonize each other in a life-and-death battle. BCL-2 members innocently reside within renal cells until activated or de-activated by physiologic stresses caused by common nephrotoxins, transient ischemia, or acute glomerulonephritis. Recent experimental data not only illuminate the intricate mechanisms of apoptosis, the most familiar form of BCL-2-mediated cell death, but emphasizes their newfound roles in necrosis, necroptosis, membrane pore transition regulated necrosis, and other forms of acute cell demise. A major paradigm shift in non-cell death roles of the BCL-2 family has occurred. BCL-2 proteins also regulate critical daily renal cell housekeeping functions including cell metabolism, autophagy (an effective means for recycling cell components), mitochondrial morphology (organelle fission and fusion), as well as mitochondrial biogenesis. This article considers new concepts in the biochemical and structural regulation of BCL-2 proteins that contribute to membrane pore permeabilization, a universal feature of cell death. Despite these advances, persistent BCL-2 family mysteries continue to challenge cell biologists. Given their interface with many intracellular functions, it is likely that BCL-2 proteins determine cell viability under many pathologic circumstances relevant to the nephrologist and, as a consequence, represent an ideal therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Borkan
- Evans Biomedical Research Center, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA.
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16
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Chang X, Wang L, Wang Z, Wu S, Zhu X, Hu S, Wang Y, Yu J, Chen G. TRADD mediates the tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis of L929 cells in the absence of RIP3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16111. [PMID: 29170425 PMCID: PMC5701027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) is a critical initiator in mediating necroptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in L929 cells, so knockdown of RIP3 inhibits TNFα-induced L929 cell necroptosis. However, RIP3 knockdown was shown to switch TNFα-induced necroptosis to apoptosis in L929 cells in other studies. Therefore, whether RIP3 knockdown blocks the TNFα-induced death of L929 cells is controversial. In this study, TNFα activated caspase pathway and induced cell death in RIP3 knockdown L929 cells, and the RIP3-independent cell death had been blocked by Z-VAD-FMK (pan-caspase inhibitor) or caspase 8 knockdown, demonstrating that RIP3 knockdown switched TNFα-induced necroptosis to caspase-dependent apoptosis. Although both TNF receptor type 1-associated death domain protein (TRADD) and RIP1 have been reported to mediate TNFα-induced apoptosis, the knockdown of TRADD, but not RIP1, suppressed TNFα-induced activation of the caspase pathway and subsequent apoptosis in RIP3 knockdown L929 cells. In addition, TRADD bound and activated caspase 8 during the RIP3-independent apoptosis process, indicating that TRADD initiates RIP3-independent apoptosis by activating the caspase pathway. Collectively, we identified the target and mechanism underlying RIP3-independent apoptosis and elucidated the coordinated roles of RIP3 and TRADD in mediating the programmed cell death of L929 cells following TNFα stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Chang
- Department of Frontier for Biological Treatment, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Frontier for Biological Treatment, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Frontier for Biological Treatment, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Frontier for Biological Treatment, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhu
- Department of Frontier for Biological Treatment, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shiping Hu
- Department of Frontier for Biological Treatment, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Frontier for Biological Treatment, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jiyun Yu
- Department of Frontier for Biological Treatment, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Guozhu Chen
- Department of Frontier for Biological Treatment, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, 100850, China.
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17
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Jiang Q, Yang M, Qu Z, Zhou J, Zhang Q. Resveratrol enhances anticancer effects of paclitaxel in HepG2 human liver cancer cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:477. [PMID: 28978315 PMCID: PMC5628430 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1956-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this in vitro study was to measure the enhanced anticancer effects of Res (resveratrol) on PA (paclitaxel) in HepG2 human liver cancer cells. METHODS The MTT (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide), flow cytometry, qPCR (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction) and western blot assay were used for cells growth inhibitory effects, cells apoptosis (DNA content of sub-G1), mRNA and protein expressions, respectively. RESULTS The 10 μg/mL of Res had no growth inhibitory effect on Nthy-ori 3-1 normal cells or HepG2 cancer cells meanwhile the 5 or 10 μg/mL of PA also had no growth inhibitory effect on Nthy-ori 3-1 normal cells. Where as PA-L (5 μg/mL) and PA-H (10 μg/mL) had the growth inhibitory effects in HepG2 cancer cells, and Res increase these growth inhibitory effects. By flow cytometry experiment, after Res (5 μg/mL) + PA-H (10 μg/mL) treatment, the HepG2 cells showed the most apoptosis in cells as compared to other treatments groups, and after additionally treated with Res, both the apoptosis cells of two concentrations PA were raised. As PA raised it also raised the mRNA and protein expressions of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Bax (Bcl-2 assaciated X protein), p53, p21, IκB-α (inhibitor of NF-κB alpha), Fas (factor associated suicide), FasL (factor associated suicide ligand), TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1), TIMP-2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2) and decrease Bcl-2 (B cell leukemia 2), Bcl-xL (B cell leukemia extra large), HIAP-1 (cIAP-1, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1), HIAP-2 (cIAP-2, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2), NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B), COX-2 (cyclooxygenase 2), iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), MMP-2 (metalloproteinase 2), MMP-9 (metalloproteinase 9), EGF (epidermal growth factor), EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), Fit-1 (VEGFR-1, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1). Meanwhile, the 5 μg/mL of Res could enhance these mRNA expressions changes as compared to the control cells. CONCLUSION From these results, we can conclude that Res could raise the anticancer effects of PA in HepG2 cells, Res could be used as a good sensitizing agent for PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jiang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Manyi Yang
- National Hepatobiliary & Enteric Surgery Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Zhan Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Jixiang Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
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18
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Chen L, Xiong YQ, Xu J, Wang JP, Meng ZL, Hong YQ. Juglanin inhibits lung cancer by regulation of apoptosis, ROS and autophagy induction. Oncotarget 2017; 8:93878-93898. [PMID: 29212196 PMCID: PMC5706842 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Juglanin (Jug) is obtained from the crude extract of Polygonum aviculare, exerting suppressive activity against cancer cell progression in vitro and in vivo. Juglanin administration causes apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in different types of cells through regulating various signaling pathways. In our study, the effects of juglanin on non-small cell lung cancer were investigated. A significant role of juglanin in suppressing lung cancer growth was observed. Juglanin promoted apoptosis in lung cancer cells through increasing Caspase-3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, which is regulated by TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand/Death receptors (TRAIL/DRs) relied on p53 activation. Anti-apoptotic members Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl were reduced, and pro-apoptotic members Bax and Bad were enhanced in cells and animals receiving juglanin. Additionally, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation were inhibited by juglanin. Further, juglanin improved ROS and induced autophagy. ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) reversed apoptosis induced by juglanin in cancer cells. The formation of autophagic vacoules and LC3/autophagy gene7 (ATG7)/Beclin1 (ATG6) over-expression were observed in juglanin-treated cells. Also, juglanin administration to mouse xenograft models inhibited lung cancer progression. Our study demonstrated that juglanin could be a promising candidate against human lung cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Respiration, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Xiong
- Department of Respiration, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Respiration, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Ji-Peng Wang
- Department of Respiration, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Zi-Li Meng
- Department of Respiration, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Yong-Qing Hong
- Department of Respiration, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
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19
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Cheng Z, Xu H, Wang X, Liu Z. Lactobacillus raises in vitro anticancer effect of geniposide in HSC-3 human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4586-4594. [PMID: 29104666 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study determined the ability of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strain (LGG) to enhance the anticancer effects of geniposide on HSC-3 human oral squamous carcinoma cells. LGG (1.0×103 CFU/ml) on its own had no impact on human oral keratinocytes and HSC-3 cancer cells. Geniposide (25 or 50 µg/ml) had no impact on human oral keratinocytes, but exerted growth inhibitory effects on HSC-3 cancer cells, which were increased in the presence of LGG. Flow cytometric analysis and a nuclear staining assay with DAPI revealed that HSC-3 cancer cells treated with LGG-geniposide (1.0×103 CFU/ml LGG and 50 µg/ml geniposide) had a higher apoptotic rate than cells in other treatment groups, particularly that treated with geniposide (50 µg/ml) only. Geniposide also increased the mRNA and protein expression of caspase-3, -8 and -9 as well as B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein, p53, p21, inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) α, Fas and Fas ligand, while decreasing Bcl-2, Bcl extra large protein, inhibitor of apoptosis-1 and -2, NF-κB, cyclooxigenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in HSC-3 cells, which was increased in the presence of LGG. These results indicated that LGG enhanced the anticancer effects of geniposide in HSC-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Cheng
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Zuoye Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Yeda Hospital of Yantai, Yantai, Shandong 264006, P.R. China
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20
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Guamán-Ortiz LM, Orellana MIR, Ratovitski EA. Natural Compounds As Modulators of Non-apoptotic Cell Death in Cancer Cells. Curr Genomics 2017; 18:132-155. [PMID: 28367073 PMCID: PMC5345338 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160803150639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is an innate capability of cells to be removed from microenvironment, if and when they are damaged by multiple stresses. Cell death is often regulated by multiple molecular pathways and mechanism, including apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. The molecular network underlying these processes is often intertwined and one pathway can dynamically shift to another one acquiring certain protein components, in particular upon treatment with various drugs. The strategy to treat human cancer ultimately relies on the ability of anticancer therapeutics to induce tumor-specific cell death, while leaving normal adjacent cells undamaged. However, tumor cells often develop the resistance to the drug-induced cell death, thus representing a great challenge for the anticancer approaches. Numerous compounds originated from the natural sources and biopharmaceutical industries are applied today in clinics showing advantageous results. However, some exhibit serious toxic side effects. Thus, novel effective therapeutic approaches in treating cancers are continued to be developed. Natural compounds with anticancer activity have gained a great interest among researchers and clinicians alike since they have shown more favorable safety and efficacy then the synthetic marketed drugs. Numerous studies in vitro and in vivo have found that several natural compounds display promising anticancer potentials. This review underlines certain information regarding the role of natural compounds from plants, microorganisms and sea life forms, which are able to induce non-apoptotic cell death in tumor cells, namely autophagy and necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Guamán-Ortiz
- 1 Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador ; 2 Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Isabel Ramirez Orellana
- 1 Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador ; 2 Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edward A Ratovitski
- 1 Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador ; 2 Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Chan FKM, Kroemer G. Necroptosis: Mechanisms and Relevance to Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 12:103-130. [PMID: 27959630 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that critically depends on receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) and generally manifests with morphological features of necrosis. The molecular mechanisms that underlie distinct instances of necroptosis have just begun to emerge. Nonetheless, it has already been shown that necroptosis contributes to cellular demise in various pathophysiological conditions, including viral infection, acute kidney injury, and cardiac ischemia/reperfusion. Moreover, human tumors appear to obtain an advantage from the downregulation of key components of the molecular machinery for necroptosis. Although such an advantage may stem from an increased resistance to adverse microenvironmental conditions, accumulating evidence indicates that necroptosis-deficient cancer cells are poorly immunogenic and hence escape natural and therapy-elicited immunosurveillance. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms and relevance to disease of necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065; .,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; .,INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; .,INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France;
| | | | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; .,INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; .,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
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22
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Shikonin induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and enhances chemotherapeutic sensitivity of gastric cancer through reactive oxygen species. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38267. [PMID: 27905569 PMCID: PMC5131274 DOI: 10.1038/srep38267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of gastric cancer remains poor due to clinical drug resistance. Novel drugs are urgently needed. Shikonin (SHK), a natural naphthoquinone, has been reported to trigger cell death and overcome drug resistance in anti-tumour therapy. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness and molecular mechanisms of SHK in treatment with gastric cancer. In vitro, SHK suppresses proliferation and triggers cell death of gastric cancer cells but leads minor damage to gastric epithelial cells. SHK induces the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), depolarizes the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ultimately triggers mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. We confirmed that SHK induces apoptosis of gastric cancer cells not only in a caspase-dependent manner which releases Cytochrome C and triggers the caspase cascade, but also in a caspase-independent manner which mediates the nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor and Endonuclease G. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SHK enhanced the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data show that SHK may be a novel therapeutic agent in the clinical treatment of gastric cancer.
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Zhang M, Zeng J, Zhao Z, Liu Z. Loss of MiR-424-3p, not miR-424-5p, confers chemoresistance through targeting YAP1 in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:821-832. [PMID: 27500472 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
MiR-424 has been discovered to be involved in the chemoresistance of lung cancer. However, the underlying mechanism by which miR-424 played role in chemoresistance has been unknown. Here, in our study, to investigate the role of miR-424 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we have detected the expression of miR-424-3p and -5p in NSCLC tissues and paired normal control. Moreover, to explore the role of miR-424-3p in NSCLC cells, miR-424-3p and -5p were both re-expressed and knocked down using transient transfection with their respective mimics and inhibitors. Cell viability, migration, and invasion were evaluated using MTT, wound-healing and Transwell assays, respectively. It was found that down-regulation of miR-424-3p was pronouncedly associated with NSCLC progression and overall prognosis; and that both miR-424-3p and -5p were markedly capable of preventing the proliferation, migration, and invasion in NSCLC cells. Additionally, it is miR-424-3p but not miR-424-5p that enhances the chemo-sensitivity of NSCLC cells through targeting YAP1. Mechanistically, YAP1 was identified as down-stream target of miR-424-3p. Together, it was for the first time in our study found that it is loss of miR-424-3p not miR-424-5p that enables chemoresistance through targeting YAP1 in NSCLC, supporting that miR-424-3p could be used as therapeutic target in the curing of NSCLC with chemoresistance. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ziwen Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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24
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Shan B, Ma F, Wang M, Xu X. Down-Regulating Receptor Interacting Protein Kinase 1 (RIP1) Promotes Oxaliplatin-Induced Tca8113 Cell Apoptosis. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:3089-94. [PMID: 26460489 PMCID: PMC4610685 DOI: 10.12659/msm.894184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxaliplatin is a crucial chemotherapy drug that plays an important role in colorectal cancer and oral cancer treatment. However, the molecular mechanism of oxaliplatin in killing tongue squamous cell cancer cells is still unknown. This paper investigates the mechanism of by which oxaliplatin regulates tongue squamous cell carcinoma Tca8113 cell survival and death. Material/Methods Tca8113 was treated with 1 μmol/L oxaliplatin for 24 h. Tca8113 cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined by MTT method and flow cytometry, respectively. Western blot was applied to detect receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) level. Tca8113 was transfected with siRNA RIP1 and then treated with 1 μmol/L oxaliplatin, and the cell apoptosis was detected. Results We found that 1 μmol/L oxaliplatin could inhibit Tca8113 cell growth (cell survival rate was 19.3%), reduce mitochondrial membrane potential (reduce 82.3%) and phosphatidylserine eversion (positive rate was 62.7%), and activate caspase-3 (increased 2.6 times). We also found that 1 μmol/L oxaliplatin treatment could increase RIP1 expression in Tca8113 cells. Cell apoptosis rate increased after siRNA RIP1 and 1 μmol/L oxaliplatin treatment (apoptosis rate was 90.2%). Conclusions Down-regulating RIP1 promotes oxaliplatin induced Tca8113 cells apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- BaoZhong Shan
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Feng Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - MingGuo Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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25
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Wu QQ, Xu M, Yuan Y, Li FF, Yang Z, Liu Y, Zhou MQ, Bian ZY, Deng W, Gao L, Li H, Tang QZ. Cathepsin B deficiency attenuates cardiac remodeling in response to pressure overload via TNF-α/ASK1/JNK pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H1143-54. [PMID: 25713304 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00601.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CTSB), a member of the lysosomal cathepsin family that is expressed in both murine and human hearts, was previously shown to participate in apoptosis, autophagy, and the progression of certain types of cancers. Recently, CTSB has been linked to myocardial infarction. Given that cathepsin L, another member of the lysosomal cathepsin family, ameliorates pathological cardiac hypertrophy, we hypothesized that CTSB plays a role in pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling. Here we report that CTSB was upregulated in cardiomyocytes in response to hypertrophic stimuli both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, knockout of CTSB attenuated pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, dysfunction, and apoptosis. Furthermore, the aortic banding-induced activation of TNF-α, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK), c-Jun, and release of cytochrome c was blunted by CTSB deficiency, which was further confirmed in in vitro studies induced by angiotensin II. In cardiomyocytes pretreatment with SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, suppressed the cardiomyocytes hypertrophy by inhibiting the ASK1/JNK pathway. Altogether, these data indicate that the CTSB protein functions as a necessary modulator of hypertrophic response by regulating TNF-α/ASK1/JNK signaling pathway involved in cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Man Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Meng-Qiao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Zhou-Yan Bian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
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