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Maji A, Paul A, Sarkar A, Nahar S, Bhowmik R, Samanta A, Nahata P, Ghosh B, Karmakar S, Kumar Maity T. Significance of TRAIL/Apo-2 ligand and its death receptors in apoptosis and necroptosis signalling: Implications for cancer-targeted therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 221:116041. [PMID: 38316367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The human immune defensesystem routinely expresses the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), which is the most prevalent element for antitumor immunity. TRAIL associates with its death receptors (DRs), DR4 (TRAIL-R1), and DR5 (TRAIL-R2), in cancer cells to initiate the intracellular apoptosis cascade. Accordingly, numerous academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies havetried to exploreTRAIL's capacity to kill tumourcells by producing recombinant versions of it (rhTRAIL) or TRAIL receptor agonists (TRAs) [monoclonal antibody (mAb), synthetic and natural compounds, etc.] and molecules that sensitize TRAIL signalling pathway for therapeutic applications. Recently, several microRNAs (miRs) have been found to activate or inhibit death receptor signalling. Therefore, pharmacological regulation of these miRs may activate or resensitize the TRAIL DRs signal, and this is a novel approach for developing anticancer therapeutics. In this article, we will discuss TRAIL and its receptors and molecular pathways by which it induces various cell death events. We will unravel potential innovative applications of TRAIL-based therapeutics, and other investigated therapeutics targeting TRAIL-DRs and summarize the current preclinical pharmacological studies and clinical trials. Moreover, we will also emphasizea few situations where future efforts may be addressed to modulate the TRAIL signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Maji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700 032, India.
| | - Abhik Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700 032, India.
| | - Arnab Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700 032, India; Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Sourin Nahar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700 032, India.
| | - Rudranil Bhowmik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700 032, India; Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Ajeya Samanta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700 032, India.
| | - Pankaj Nahata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700 032, India.
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad-500078, India.
| | - Sanmoy Karmakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700 032, India; Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Tapan Kumar Maity
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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Li S, Li J, Shi W, Nie Z, Zhang S, Ma F, Hu J, Chen J, Li P, Xie X. Pharmaceuticals Promoting Premature Termination Codon Readthrough: Progress in Development. Biomolecules 2023; 13:988. [PMID: 37371567 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 11% of all known gene lesions causing human genetic diseases are nonsense mutations that introduce a premature stop codon (PTC) into the protein-coding gene sequence. Drug-induced PTC readthrough is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating hereditary diseases caused by nonsense mutations. To date, it has been found that more than 50 small-molecular compounds can promote PTC readthrough, known as translational readthrough-inducing drugs (TRIDs), and can be divided into two major categories: aminoglycosides and non-aminoglycosides. This review summarizes the pharmacodynamics and clinical application potential of the main TRIDs discovered so far, especially some newly discovered TRIDs in the past decade. The discovery of these TRIDs brings hope for treating nonsense mutations in various genetic diseases. Further research is still needed to deeply understand the mechanism of eukaryotic cell termination and drug-induced PTC readthrough so that patients can achieve the greatest benefit from the various TRID treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juan Li
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetic Study of Hematopathy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ziyan Nie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fengdie Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jun Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Peiqiang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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N JB, Goudgaon N. A comprehensive review on pyrimidine analogs-versatile scaffold with medicinal and biological potential. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dai R, Liu M, Nik Nabil WN, Xi Z, Xu H. Mycomedicine: A Unique Class of Natural Products with Potent Anti-tumour Bioactivities. Molecules 2021; 26:1113. [PMID: 33669877 PMCID: PMC7923288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycomedicine is a unique class of natural medicine that has been widely used in Asian countries for thousands of years. Modern mycomedicine consists of fruiting bodies, spores, or other tissues of medicinal fungi, as well as bioactive components extracted from them, including polysaccharides and, triterpenoids, etc. Since the discovery of the famous fungal extract, penicillin, by Alexander Fleming in the late 19th century, researchers have realised the significant antibiotic and other medicinal values of fungal extracts. As medicinal fungi and fungal metabolites can induce apoptosis or autophagy, enhance the immune response, and reduce metastatic potential, several types of mushrooms, such as Ganoderma lucidum and Grifola frondosa, have been extensively investigated, and anti-cancer drugs have been developed from their extracts. Although some studies have highlighted the anti-cancer properties of a single, specific mushroom, only limited reviews have summarised diverse medicinal fungi as mycomedicine. In this review, we not only list the structures and functions of pharmaceutically active components isolated from mycomedicine, but also summarise the mechanisms underlying the potent bioactivities of several representative mushrooms in the Kingdom Fungi against various types of tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchen Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (R.D.); (M.L.); (W.N.N.N.)
| | - Mengfan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (R.D.); (M.L.); (W.N.N.N.)
| | - Wan Najbah Nik Nabil
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (R.D.); (M.L.); (W.N.N.N.)
- Pharmaceutical Services Program, Ministry of Health, Selangor 46200, Malaysia
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (R.D.); (M.L.); (W.N.N.N.)
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Burn injury induces elevated inflammatory traffic: the role of NF-κB. Inflamm Res 2020; 70:51-65. [PMID: 33245371 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A burn insult generally sustains a hypovolemic shock due to a significant loss of plasma from the vessels. The burn injury triggers the release of various mediators, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines, and inflammatory mediators. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), stemming from foreign microbial discharge and damaged tissue or necrotic cells from the burn-injured site, enter the systemic circulation, activate toll-like receptors (TLRs), and trigger the excessive secretion of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Inflammation plays a vital role in remodeling an injured tissue, detoxifying toxins, and helps in the healing process. A transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), contributes to a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, including immune response, cell death, cell survival, and inflammatory processes. During the pathogenesis of a burn wound, upregulation of various cytokines and growth factors lead to undesirable tissue inflammation. Thus, NF-κB, a dominant moderator of inflammation, needs to be altered to prove beneficial to the treatment of burns or other inflammation-associated diseases. This review addresses the relationship between NF-κB and elevated inflammation in a burn condition that could potentially be altered to induce an early wound-healing mechanism of burn wounds.
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Cai YJ, Ma B, Wang ML, Chen J, Zhao FG, Zhou JD, Guo X, Zheng L, Xu CJ, Wang Y, He YB, Liu J, Xie SN. Impact of Nischarin on EMT regulators in breast cancer cell lines. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:291. [PMID: 33101485 PMCID: PMC7576990 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nischarin is an integrin-binding protein, which is well known as a novel tumor suppressor. In breast cancer, Nischarin serves a critical role in breast cancer cell migration and invasion. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the role of Nischarin remains unclear. Recent findings have demonstrated that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) increases the capacity of cell migration and invasion. As a member of the integrin family, it was hypothesized that Nischarin may regulate cellular processes via various signaling pathways associated with the EMT process. The present study detected the mRNA levels of EMT regulators via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and related protein levels via western blotting in breast cancer cells, following NISCH-overexpression and -knockdown. The results demonstrated that Nischarin inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, when the NISCH gene was overexpressed, the relative mRNA level of E-cadherin was increased, while the relative mRNA levels of several transcription factors, such as Snail, ZEB1, N-cadherin, Slug, Twist1 and vimentin, decreased. When NISCH was silenced, these results were reversed. The present results demonstrated that Nischarin suppresses cell migration and invasion via inhibiting the EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jie Cai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, P.R. China
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Li Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Guang Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, P.R. China
| | - Juan-Di Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, P.R. China
| | - Xu Guo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Jing Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Bo He
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang University Affiliated Hangzhou First People Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Shang-Nao Xie
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang University Affiliated Hangzhou First People Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
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Farooqi AA, de la Roche M, Djamgoz MBA, Siddik ZH. Overview of the oncogenic signaling pathways in colorectal cancer: Mechanistic insights. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 58:65-79. [PMID: 30633978 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a multifaceted disease which is therapeutically challenging. Based on insights gleaned from almost a quarter century of research, it is obvious that deregulation of spatio-temporally controlled signaling pathways play instrumental role in development and progression of colorectal cancer. High-throughput technologies have helped to develop a sharper and broader understanding of the wide ranging signal transduction cascades which also contribute to development of drug resistance, loss of apoptosis and, ultimately, of metastasis. In this review, we have set the spotlight on role of JAK/STAT, TGF/SMAD, Notch, WNT/β-Catenin, SHH/GLI and p53 pathways in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. We have also highlighted recent reports on TRAIL-mediated pathways and molecularly distinct voltage-gated sodium channels in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Marc de la Roche
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom.
| | - Mustafa B A Djamgoz
- Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Cyprus International University, Biotechnology Research Centre, Haspolat, Mersin 10, North Cyprus, Turkey.
| | - Zahid H Siddik
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Aras A, Khalid S, Jabeen S, Farooqi AA, Xu B. Regulation of cancer cell signaling pathways by mushrooms and their bioactive molecules: Overview of the journey from benchtop to clinical trials. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:206-214. [PMID: 29680270 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mushrooms represent a tremendous source of biologically useful and pharmacologically active molecules. Recent breakthroughs in cancer genetics, genomics, proteomics and translational research have helped us to develop a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms which are contributory in cancer development and progression. Different signaling pathways particularly, Wnt, SHH, TGF/SMAD and JAK/STAT have been shown to modulate cancer progression and development. Increasingly it is being realized that genetic/epigenetic mutations and loss of apoptosis also mandate a 'multi-molecular' perspective for the development of therapies to treat cancer. In this review we attempted to provide an overview of the regulation of different signaling pathways by mushrooms and their bioactive compounds. Regulation of Wnt and JAK-STAT pathways by mushrooms is deeply studied but we do not have comprehensive information about regulation of TGF/SMAD, Notch and TRAIL induced signaling pathways because of superficially available data. There are outstanding questions related to modulation of oncogenic and tumor suppressor microRNAs by mushrooms in different cancers. Therefore, detailed mechanistic insights related to targeting of multiple pathways by extracts or bioactive compounds from mushrooms will be helpful in bridging our current knowledge gaps and translation of medicinally precious bioactive molecules to clinically effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliye Aras
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34460, Turkey
| | - Sumbul Khalid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saima Jabeen
- Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Sub-Campus, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China.
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Phan CW, Wang JK, Cheah SC, Naidu M, David P, Sabaratnam V. A review on the nucleic acid constituents in mushrooms: nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:762-777. [PMID: 29124970 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1399102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mushrooms have become increasingly important as a reliable food source. They have also been recognized as an important source of bioactive compounds of high nutritional and medicinal values. The nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides found in mushrooms play important roles in the regulation of various physiological processes in the human body via the purinergic and/or pyrimidine receptors. Cordycepin, a 3'-deoxyadenosine found in Cordyceps sinensis has received much attention as it possesses many medicinal values including anticancer properties. In this review, we provide a broad overview of the distribution of purine nucleobases (adenine and guanine); pyrimidine nucleobases (cytosine, uracil, and thymine); nucleosides (uridine, guanosine, adenosine and cytidine); as well as novel nucleosides/tides in edible and nonedible mushrooms. This review also discusses the latest research focusing on the successes, challenges, and future perspectives of the analytical methods used to determine nucleic acid constituents in mushrooms. Besides, the exotic taste and flavor of edible mushrooms are attributed to several nonvolatile and water-soluble substances, including the 5'-nucleotides. Therefore, we also discuss the total flavor 5'-nucleotides: 5'-guanosine monophosphate (5'-GMP), 5'-inosine monophosphate (5'-IMP), and 5'-xanthosine monophosphate (5'-XMP) in edible mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Phan
- a Mushroom Research Centre , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.,b Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Joon-Keong Wang
- c Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , UCSI University , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Shiau-Chuen Cheah
- c Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , UCSI University , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Murali Naidu
- a Mushroom Research Centre , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.,b Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Pamela David
- a Mushroom Research Centre , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.,b Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Vikineswary Sabaratnam
- a Mushroom Research Centre , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.,d Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Liu Y, Zhou Q, Zhou D, Huang C, Meng X, Li J. Secreted frizzled-related protein 2-mediated cancer events: Friend or foe? Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:403-408. [PMID: 28273499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Secreted frizzled-related protein (SFRP)2, an identified member of the SFRPs family of molecules, is often methylated in human cancers and its down-regulation is closely related to Wnt signaling activity and tumor progression. Although the blocker of the Wnt signaling has not been fully used in clinical trial, interest has been further enhanced by the realization of SFRPs' potential as targets to modulate Wnt signaling and cancer cell growth. Emerging evidence showed that SFRP2 was an anti-oncogene, however, a steady flow of research has indicated that it may also have tumor promotion effects in some cancer types. Furthermore, SFRP2 methylation was shown to accelerate cancer cell invasion and growth in tumor progression. In this review, we define recent understanding of the diverse roles of SFRP2 in tumorigenesis, and it might promote the development of novel drugs for curing cancer by targeting SFRP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Dexi Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiaoming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei 230032, China.
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