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Zou S, Wang B, Yi K, Su D, Chen Y, Li N, Geng Q. The critical roles of STING in mitochondrial homeostasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115938. [PMID: 38086488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a crucial signaling hub in the immune system's antiviral and antimicrobial defense by detecting exogenous and endogenous DNA. The multifaceted functions of STING have been uncovered gradually during past decades, including homeostasis maintenance and overfull immunity or inflammation induction. However, the subcellular regulation of STING and mitochondria is poorly understood. The main functions of STING are outlined in this review. Moreover, we discuss how mitochondria and STING interact through multiple mechanisms, including the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), modulation of mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) and mitochondrial dynamics, alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondria-related cell death. Finally, we discuss how STING is crucial to disease development, providing a novel perspective on its role in cellular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Zou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Ke Yi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Dandan Su
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Yukai Chen
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China.
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China.
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Chu M, He S, Zhao H, Yin S, Liu Z, Zhang W, Liu X, Bao H. Increasing expression of STING by ERα antagonizes LCN2 downregulation during chronic endometritis. J Reprod Immunol 2023; 160:104167. [PMID: 37952294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2023.104167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic endometritis has a high incidence in infertile women, which is caused by endometrial microbiome infection. In response to microbial infection, the role of defensins during chronic endometritis need explored. Besides, the expression of estrogen and its receptors vary in different menstrual cycles, but their roles in chronic endometritis are still unclear. In this study, we used the human endometrial tissues to examine the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) α-defensin hNP-1 and β-defensins hBD-1, hBD-2, hBD-3, hBD-4 and LCN2. We found the expression of hBD-1 and LCN2 were downregulated in endometritis tissues, while the expressions of hBD-2, hBD-3, hBD-4, hNP-1, and estrogen and ERα were upregulated in chronic endometritis tissues compared to normal tissues. The expression and phosphorylation of STING, which is a crucial mediator of mammalian innate immunity in response to pathogens, was regulated with the treatment of ERα inhibitor raloxifene (Rx). Furthermore, using with the estrogen receptor inhibitor Rx and STING inhibitor H-151 significantly decreases the LCN2 expression. Taken together, these results suggested ERα was upregulated to modulate STING expression inducing LCN2 antimicrobial peptide expression to modulate the mucosal immunity during chronic endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20 Yuhuangding Estern Road, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunzhi He
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20 Yuhuangding Estern Road, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huishan Zhao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20 Yuhuangding Estern Road, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyuan Yin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20 Yuhuangding Estern Road, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenteng Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20 Yuhuangding Estern Road, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20 Yuhuangding Estern Road, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20 Yuhuangding Estern Road, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongchu Bao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20 Yuhuangding Estern Road, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China.
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Ying-Rui M, Bu-Fan B, Deng L, Rong S, Qian-Mei Z. Targeting the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in breast cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1199152. [PMID: 37448962 PMCID: PMC10338072 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1199152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has a high occurrence rate globally and its treatment has demonstrated clinical efficacy with the use of systemic chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade. Insufficient cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration and the accumulation of immunosuppressive cells within tumours are the primary factors responsible for the inadequate clinical effectiveness of breast cancer treatment. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) represents a pivotal protein in the innate immune response. Upon activation, STING triggers the activation and enhancement of innate and adaptive immune functions, resulting in therapeutic benefits for malignant tumours. The STING signalling pathway in breast cancer is influenced by various factors such as deoxyribonucleic acid damage response, tumour immune microenvironment, and mitochondrial function. The use of STING agonists is gaining momentum in breast cancer research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-STING pathway, its agonists, and the latest findings related to their application in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Ying-Rui
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bai Bu-Fan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Deng
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Rong
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Qian-Mei
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
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Vasiyani H, Wadhwa B, Singh R. Regulation of cGAS-STING signalling in cancer: Approach for combination therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188896. [PMID: 37088059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity plays an important role not only during infection but also homeostatic role during stress conditions. Activation of the immune system including innate immune response plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of tumorigenesis. The innate immune sensor recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activates cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) (cGAS-STING) and induces type-1 immune response during viral and bacterial infection. cGAS-STING is regulated differently in conditions like cellular senescence and DNA damage in normal and tumor cells and is implicated in the progression of tumors from different origins. cGAS binds to cytoplasmic dsDNA and synthesize cyclic GMP-AMP (2'3'-cGAMP), which selectively activates STING and downstream IFN and NF-κB activation. We here reviewed the cGAS-STING signalling pathway and its cross-talk with other pathways to modulate tumorigenesis. Further, the review also focused on emerging studies that targeted the cGAS-STING pathway for developing targeted therapeutics and combinatorial regimens for cancer of different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Vasiyani
- Department of Biochemistry, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhumika Wadhwa
- Department of Biochemistry, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India.
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Huang R, Ning Q, Zhao J, Zhao X, Zeng L, Yi Y, Tang S. Targeting STING for cancer immunotherapy: From mechanisms to translation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tian Z, Zeng Y, Peng Y, Liu J, Wu F. Cancer immunotherapy strategies that target the cGAS-STING pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:996663. [PMID: 36353640 PMCID: PMC9639746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.996663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the cGAS-STING pathway by cytoplasmic DNA induces the production of Type-1 interferons. Recent advances in research suggest that the cGAS-STING pathway is involved in different parts of the cancer-immunity cycle (CIC) to promote or suppress antitumor immune responses. Combination therapy of STING agonists has made certain progress in preclinical as well as clinical trials, but the selection of combination therapy regimens remains a challenge. In this review, we summarize the role of the cGAS-STING in all aspects of CIC, and focus on the combination immunotherapy strategies of STING agonists and current unsolved challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoying Tian
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yurong Peng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Cancer Mega-Data Intelligent Application and Engineering Research Centre, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy in Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Cheng X, Ning J, Xu X, Zhou X. The role of bacterial cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate in the host immune response. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958133. [PMID: 36106081 PMCID: PMC9465037 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is a second messenger which is widely used in signal transduction in bacteria and archaea. c-di-AMP plays an important role in the regulation of bacterial physiological activities, such as the cell cycle, cell wall stability, environmental stress response, and biofilm formation. Moreover, c-di-AMP produced by pathogens can be recognized by host cells for the activation of innate immune responses. It can induce type I interferon (IFN) response in a stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent manner, activate the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, inflammasome, and host autophagy, and promote the production and secretion of cytokines. In addition, c-di-AMP is capable of triggering a host mucosal immune response as a mucosal adjuvant. Therefore, c-di-AMP is now considered to be a new pathogen-associated molecular pattern in host immunity and has become a promising target in bacterial/viral vaccine and drug research. In this review, we discussed the crosstalk between bacteria and host immunity mediated by c-di-AMP and addressed the role of c-di-AMP as a mucosal adjuvant in boosting evoked immune responses of subunit vaccines. The potential application of c-di-AMP in immunomodulation and immunotherapy was also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Ning
- The School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xuedong Zhou,
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Yanase Y, Tsuji G, Nakamura M, Shibata N, Demizu Y. Control of STING Agonistic/Antagonistic Activity Using Amine-Skeleton-Based c-di-GMP Analogues. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126847. [PMID: 35743289 PMCID: PMC9224868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) is a type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-membrane receptor. STING is activated by a ligand binding, which leads to an enhancement of the immune-system response. Therefore, a STING ligand can be used to regulate the immune system in therapeutic strategies. However, the natural (or native) STING ligand, cyclic-di-nucleotide (CDN), is unsuitable for pharmaceutical use because of its susceptibility to degradation by enzymes and its low cell-membrane permeability. In this study, we designed and synthesized CDN derivatives by replacing the sugar-phosphodiester moiety, which is responsible for various problems of natural CDNs, with an amine skeleton. As a result, we identified novel STING ligands that activate or inhibit STING. The cyclic ligand 7, with a cyclic amine structure containing two guanines, was found to have agonistic activity, whereas the linear ligand 12 showed antagonistic activity. In addition, these synthetic ligands were more chemically stable than the natural ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yanase
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.N.); (N.S.)
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Genichiro Tsuji
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.N.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (Y.D.); Tel.: +81-44-270-6579 (G.T.); +81-44-270-6578 (Y.D.)
| | - Miki Nakamura
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.N.); (N.S.)
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Science of Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita 700-8530, Japan
| | - Norihito Shibata
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.N.); (N.S.)
| | - Yosuke Demizu
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.N.); (N.S.)
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Science of Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita 700-8530, Japan
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (Y.D.); Tel.: +81-44-270-6579 (G.T.); +81-44-270-6578 (Y.D.)
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