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Snowden RJ, Gray NS, Uzzell KS. Implicit Sexual Cognitions in Women with Ambiphilic Sexual Attractions: A Comparison to Androphilic and Gynephilic Women. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:141-152. [PMID: 37932461 PMCID: PMC10794405 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous research using indirect cognitive measures (sometimes referred to as implicit measures) of sexual attraction have shown that women who are attracted to men (androphilic women) show category non-specific responses, whereas those who are attracted to women (gynephilic) show a category-specific bias to women. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether women who explicitly report approximately equal attraction to men and women (ambiphilic) would show similar non-category specific attraction at this implicit level or whether their responses would be more similar to those of gynephilic women. An implicit association task and a priming task were given to 169 women alongside measures of their self-labelled sexual orientation and an explicit measure of their sexual attraction to men and women. The results replicated previous findings of little bias towards either gender in androphilic women and of a strong bias towards females in gynephilic women. The ambiphilic women also showed a strong bias towards females. The findings clearly show that early automatic associations to sex are biased towards females in ambiphilic women and are not consistent with their explicit statements of preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Snowden
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales, UK.
| | - Nicola S Gray
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Bridgend, UK
| | - Katie S Uzzell
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
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2
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Snowden RJ, Mitchell E, Ojo SK, Preedy-Lunt R, Gray NS. Spatial Attention to Emotional Images and Psychopathic Personality Traits. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-022-10012-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPsychopathy has often been thought to be associated with a deficit in processing of the affective content of stimuli. This hypothesis was tested by examining if stimuli that depicted a threat to the viewer, or stimuli that depicted distressing scenes, would produce an automatic shift in spatial attention, and whether this effect would be modified by individual differences in trait psychopathy as conceptualised by the triarchic model of psychopathy. Using a large mixed gender community sample (N = 286) it was found that spatial attention was averted away from threat stimuli for both short (200 ms) and long (500 ms) periods from cue to target, while the distress cues did not produce any spatial attention shifts. The trait of Meanness was found to be associated with a reduction in the effect of threat stimuli, while the trait of Disinhibition was found to be associated with an increase in this threat effect. However, the dot-probe task showed poor reliability. We conclude that the callous unemotional aspects of psychopathy, as captured by the Meanness scale, are underpinned by a lack of response to affective information, whereas impulsive/irresponsible traits of psychopathy, as captured by the Disinhibition scale, are underpinned by an exaggerated response to such affective information.
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3
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Ziogas A, Habermeyer B, Kawohl W, Habermeyer E, Mokros A. Automaticity of Early Sexual Attention: An Event-Related Potential Study. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2022; 34:507-536. [PMID: 34235992 PMCID: PMC9260476 DOI: 10.1177/10790632211024241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A promising line of research on forensic assessment of paraphilic sexual interest focuses on behavioral measures of visual attention using sexual stimuli as distractors. The present study combined event-related potentials (ERPs) with behavioral measures to investigate whether detection of a hidden sexual preference can be improved with ERPs. Normal variants of sexual orientation were used for a proof-of-concept investigation. Accordingly, 40 heterosexual and 40 gay men participated in the study. Within each group, half of the participants were instructed to hide their sexual orientation. The results showed that a match between sexual orientation and stimulus delays responses and influences ERP before motor responses. Late ERP components showed higher potential in differentiating hidden sexual preferences than motor responses, thereby showing how ERPs can be used in combination with reaction time measures to potentially facilitate the detection of hidden sexual preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benedikt Habermeyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,
Psychiatric Services Aargau, Brugg, Switzerland
| | - Wolfram Kawohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,
Psychiatric Services Aargau, Brugg, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and
Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Mokros
- University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich,
Switzerland
- FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany
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4
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Interested in serial killers? Morbid curiosity in college students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Lalumière ML, Sawatsky ML, Dawson SJ, Suschinsky KD. The Empirical Status of the Preparation Hypothesis: Explicating Women's Genital Responses to Sexual Stimuli in the Laboratory. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:709-728. [PMID: 32026221 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Research conducted in our laboratory and in other laboratories has revealed that (1) women's genital responses to visual and auditory stimuli are strongly affected by the presence of sexual cues, but that (2) specific sexual cues (e.g., gender of actors, the presence of sexual violence) often have little impact on the magnitude of the responses-that is, similar genital responses are observed to very different sexual stimuli. In addition, (3) women's genital responses do not strongly correspond with self-reported sexual partner and activity preferences, or (4) with self-reported sexual arousal during the presentation of sexual stimuli. Taken together, these facts represent a puzzle, especially considering that men's genital responses are highly affected by specific sexual cues and strongly correspond to stated preferences and self-reported sexual arousal. One hypothesis to explain female low cue-specificity and low concordance (relative to men) is the preparation hypothesis: Women's indiscriminate genital responses serve a protective function. That is, they do not indicate or necessarily promote sexual interest and motivation, but rather prepare the vaginal lumen for possible sexual activity and therefore prevent injuries that may occur as a result of penetration. We review evidence for and against this hypothesis. We conclude that the evidence is favorable but not entirely convincing, and more work is required to reach a firm conclusion. We offer directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Lalumière
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Megan L Sawatsky
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Samantha J Dawson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kelly D Suschinsky
- Substance Abuse and Concurrent Disorders Program, The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Han Y, Tan Z, Zhuang H, Qian J. Contrasting effects of exogenous and endogenous attention on size perception. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND : 1953) 2021; 113:153-175. [PMID: 34435351 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although neuroimaging studies have shown that exogenous and endogenous attention are dissociable, only a few behavioural studies have explored their differential effects on visual sensitivity, and none have directly focused on visual appearance. Here, we show that exogenous and endogenous attention produces contrasting effects on apparent size. Participants performed a spatial pre-cueing comparative judgement task that had been frequently used to test the attentional effects on visual perception. The results showed that a smaller stimulus within the focus of exogenous attention was perceived to be equal in size as a larger unattended stimulus, whereas a larger stimulus within the focus of endogenous attention was perceived to be equal in size as a smaller unattended stimulus. In other words, exogenous attention increased the perceived size while endogenous attention decreased the perceived size. The contrasting effects may be attributed to the mechanism that exogenous attention favours parvocellular processing for which more neurons with smaller receptive fields (RFs) are activated for a given size, whereas endogenous attention favours magnocellular processing for which fewer neurons with larger RFs are activated. This finding shows that exogenous and endogenous attention acts differentially on size perception, and provides supportive evidence for the distinct mechanisms underlying the two types of attentional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Han
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihao Tan
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huang Zhuang
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiehui Qian
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Attention Bias and Recognition of Sexual Images in Depression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168880. [PMID: 34444629 PMCID: PMC8395037 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Depression greatly affects sexuality. Theoretical and empirical evidence account for the existence of attention bias to sex-related stimuli. This attention bias might be impaired in depression, resulting in sexual problems. A sample of 13 patients with depression and 13 matched healthy controls were tested using the dot-probe and picture recognition task to measure attention to erotic images. No difference in attention to sex-related stimuli (ω2 = 0, p = 0.22) and in memory bias (ω2 = 0, p = 0.72) was found between the two groups. Explorative analyses were conducted to identify the sexual content-induced delay effect in the data, assess variability differences, and compare trial-level bias score-based indexes between groups. Across all analyses, there was little evidence for depression affecting sexual-related cognitive processing, and even this might be explained by other means. Our results suggest that restrained attention is probably not the main factor behind sexual problems in depression.
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Novák O, Bártová K, Vagenknecht V, Klapilová K. Attention Bias and Recognition of Sexual Images. Front Psychol 2020; 11:556071. [PMID: 33224052 PMCID: PMC7667049 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.556071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention to sexual stimuli is necessary for the development of sexual response, yet while there is some evidence of attention bias in favor of sexual stimuli, the direction and magnitude of the effect remain unknown. A high-powered sample of 113 participants was tested using the dot-probe task (DPT) and picture recognition task (PRT) to measure visuospatial attention to erotic images. Participants showed no attention bias in the DPT (rB = 0.201, p = 0.064) but were significantly better at recognizing erotic rather than neutral or training pictures (d = 1.445 and 1.461, respectively, both p < 0.001). This indicates that spatial attention bias to sexual pictures is small, negligible, possibly even non-existent, or else the DPT is not a reliable tool to assess it. Results of the PRT, on the other hand, show that sexual stimuli are prioritized in memory and this should be explored in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Novák
- Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Laboratory of Evolutionary Sexology and Psychopathology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Klára Bártová
- Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Kateřina Klapilová
- Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Laboratory of Evolutionary Sexology and Psychopathology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
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Han L, Sun R, Sun Y, Gao F, Xie D, Jou M. Reactions and gender differences to online pictures of covered sexual organs among heterosexual young adults—Studies based on behavior, eye movement and ERP. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Imhoff R, Barker P, Schmidt AF. To What Extent Do Erotic Images Elicit Visuospatial versus Cognitive Attentional Processes? Consistent Support for a (Non-Spatial) Sexual Content-Induced Delay. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:531-550. [PMID: 31696350 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is almost a cultural truism that erotic images attract our attention, presumably because paying attention to erotic stimuli provided our ancestors with mating benefits. Attention, however, can be narrowly defined as visuospatial attention (keeping such stimuli in view) or more broadly as cognitive attention (such stimuli taking up one's thoughts). We present four independent studies aiming to test the extent to which erotic images have priority in capturing visuospatial versus cognitive attention. Whereas the former would show in quicker reactions to stimuli presented in locations where erotic images appeared previously, the latter causes delayed responding after erotic images, independent of their location). To this end, we specifically modified spatial cueing tasks to disentangle visuospatial attention capture from general sexual content-induced delay (SCID) effects-a major drawback in the previous literature. Consistently across all studies (total N = 399), we found no evidence in support of visuospatial attention capture but reliably observed an unspecific delay of responding for trials in which erotic images appeared (irrespective of cue location). This SCID is equally large for heterosexual men and women and reliably associated with their self-reported sexual excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Imhoff
- Social and Legal Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Binger Str. 14-16, 55122, Mainz, Germany.
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Paul Barker
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander F Schmidt
- Social and Legal Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Binger Str. 14-16, 55122, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Snowden RJ, Fitton E, McKinnon A, Gray NS. Sexual Attraction to Both Genders in Ambiphilic Men: Evidence from Implicit Cognitions. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:503-515. [PMID: 31691075 PMCID: PMC7031175 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ambiphilic (or bisexual) men describe feelings of sexual attraction to both men and women. However, physiological measures of arousal have failed to show a consistent pattern of arousal to both genders. We measured men's automatic associations between the concept of sex (represented by words) and the concepts of men versus women (represented by images) via the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and a priming task. On the IAT, gynephilic men (N = 32) were faster for women-sex pairings, androphilic men (N = 18) were faster for men-sex pairings, while ambiphilic men (N = 20) showed no bias toward either gender. We then isolated the concepts of "men" and "women" by comparing them separately against neutral images. In contrast to both the gynephilic or androphilic men, ambiphilic men showed sexual associations to both men and women. On the priming task, ambiphilic men showed faster responses to sex words, but slower responses to not-sex words, when primed with pictures of either men or women compared to when primed by neutral images. The results from all the experimental tasks suggest that ambiphilic men have a pattern of sexual association that is different from both gynephilic and androphilic men and represents a sexual attraction to both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Snowden
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Ellen Fitton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Aimee McKinnon
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Nicola S Gray
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Abertawe Bro-Morgannwg University Health Board, Bridgend, UK
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12
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Strahler J, Baranowski AM, Walter B, Huebner N, Stark R. Attentional bias toward and distractibility by sexual cues: A meta-analytic integration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 105:276-287. [PMID: 31415866 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective, sexual stimuli are highly salient and are assumed to be processed with high priority. Hence, attentional processing of sexual cues is expected to not only bias attention but to also distract from other cognitive (foreground) tasks. It is, however, unclear to what extent these stimuli capture attention and whether there are differences between men and women. This meta-analysis combined the results of 32 studies employing experiments of attentional bias toward and distraction by sexual stimuli. From these, 13 studies provided data to examine gender differences. Overall, attentional bias and distractibility was lower than anticipated (gz = 0.43, p < .001) and there was support for the assumption of higher attention bias/interference in men (gs = 0.29, p = .031). Importantly, there was evidence for the presence of publication bias. With this in mind, findings are discussed in the context of stimulus features, the impact of provoked sexual arousal and motivational state, and gender-specific and -nonspecific neural processing of sexual stimuli which influence attention toward them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Strahler
- Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
| | - A M Baranowski
- Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - B Walter
- Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - N Huebner
- Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - R Stark
- Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
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13
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Snowden RJ, McKinnon A, Fitoussi J, Gray NS. Pupillary Responses to Static Images of Men and Women: A Possible Measure of Sexual Interest? JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2019; 56:74-84. [PMID: 29220579 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1394959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The pupil dilates to images that are arousing. In Experiment 1, we examined if the pupil's response to brief presentations (2,000 ms) of static images could be used to identify individuals' sexual orientation. Participants were grouped according to their self-reported gender and sexual orientation (male heterosexual, N = 20; male bisexual, N = 13; male homosexual, N = 19; female heterosexual, N = 28; female bisexual, N = 21; female homosexual, N = 17). Pupil size was monitored to images of men in seminude poses, women in seminude poses, or neutral images. Every group showed the same pattern of responses, with the greatest dilation to male images, then female images, and least dilation to the neutral images. Experiment 2 used more tightly controlled stimuli and tested at two different image durations (150 and 3,000 ms). Both heterosexual men (N = 18) and women (N = 20) showed greater pupil dilation to images of nude men than to nude women. However, in Experiment 3, where we reduced the erotic content by using images of clothed models, both heterosexual men and women showed greater pupil dilation to images of women. The results showed that while the pupil does dilate strongly to sexual imagery, its response to these brief static images does not correspond to a person's sexual orientation in a simple manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicola S Gray
- c Department of Psychology, Swansea University; and Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper reviews recent research into four different approaches to the assessment of offense-related sexual deviance. RECENT FINDINGS Two of these approaches, structured rating scales and phallometry, have a sufficient basis in research for clinical use but have undergone significant refinements in recent years. One approach, the use of cognitive tasks to indirectly assess sexual deviance, is approaching the point where it has a sound research basis for clinical use though too many promising tasks have yet to make the transition from laboratory to clinical practice. This approach has however begun to map the earlier stages of sexual response including preconscious processes. The final approach, assessment through neuroimaging, is at the earliest stage of development with research findings having yet to reach sufficient stability for clinical application. Existing assessment technologies, despite their limitations, allow professionals to assess offense-related sexual deviance. New approaches, currently being developed, potentially allow a better understanding of underlying processes and, when sufficiently mature, will be more therapeutically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thornton
- Sand Ridge Research Unit, 301 Troy Dr - Bldg 14, Madison, WI, 53704, USA.
| | - Gina Ambroziak
- Sand Ridge Research Unit, 301 Troy Dr - Bldg 14, Madison, WI, 53704, USA
| | - Rachel E Kahn
- Sand Ridge Research Unit, 301 Troy Dr - Bldg 14, Madison, WI, 53704, USA
| | - James Mundt
- Sand Ridge Research Unit, 301 Troy Dr - Bldg 14, Madison, WI, 53704, USA
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15
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Keogh E, Cheng F, Wang S. Exploring attentional biases towards facial expressions of pain in men and women. Eur J Pain 2018; 22:1617-1627. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Keogh
- Department of Psychology; University of Bath; UK
- Centre for Pain Research; University of Bath; UK
| | - F. Cheng
- Department of Psychology; University of Bath; UK
| | - S. Wang
- Department of Psychology; University of Bath; UK
- Centre for Pain Research; University of Bath; UK
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