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Belinskaia DA, Savelieva EI, Karakashev GV, Orlova OI, Leninskii MA, Khlebnikova NS, Shestakova NN, Kiskina AR. Investigation of Bemethyl Biotransformation Pathways by Combination of LC-MS/HRMS and In Silico Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169021. [PMID: 34445727 PMCID: PMC8396642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bemethyl is an actoprotector, an antihypoxant, and a moderate psychostimulant. Even though the therapeutic effectiveness of bemethyl is well documented, there is a gap in knowledge regarding its metabolic products and their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Since 2018, bemethyl is included to the Monitoring Program of the World Anti-Doping Agency, which highlights the challenge of identifying its urinary metabolites. The objective of the study was to investigate the biotransformation pathways of bemethyl using a combination of liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry and in silico studies. Metabolites were analyzed in a 24 h rat urine collected after oral administration of bemethyl at a single dose of 330 mg/kg. The urine samples were prepared for analysis by a procedure developed in the present work and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. For the first time, nine metabolites of bemethyl with six molecular formulas were identified in rat urine. The most abundant metabolite was a benzimidazole–acetylcysteine conjugate; this biotransformation pathway is associated with the detoxification of xenobiotics. The BioTransformer and GLORY computational tools were used to predict bemethyl metabolites in silico. The molecular docking of bemethyl and its derivatives to the binding site of glutathione S-transferase has revealed the mechanism of bemethyl conjugation with glutathione. The findings will help to understand the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of actoprotectors and to improve antihypoxant and adaptogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A. Belinskaia
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-921-580-6919
| | - Elena I. Savelieva
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Kapitolovo Station, G/P Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Region, 188663 Kuzmolovsky, Russia
| | - Georgy V. Karakashev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Kapitolovo Station, G/P Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Region, 188663 Kuzmolovsky, Russia
| | - Olga I. Orlova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Kapitolovo Station, G/P Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Region, 188663 Kuzmolovsky, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Leninskii
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Kapitolovo Station, G/P Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Region, 188663 Kuzmolovsky, Russia
| | - Nataliia S. Khlebnikova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Kapitolovo Station, G/P Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Region, 188663 Kuzmolovsky, Russia
| | - Natalia N. Shestakova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Alexandra R. Kiskina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Kapitolovo Station, G/P Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Region, 188663 Kuzmolovsky, Russia
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Lin CC, Su TH, Wang TS. Protein carbonylation in THP-1 cells induced by cigarette smoke extract via a copper-catalyzed pathway. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1232-8. [PMID: 19456128 DOI: 10.1021/tx900008h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a mixture of chemicals that cause direct or indirect oxidative stress in different cell lines. We investigated the effect of nonfractionated cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on protein carbonylation in human THP-1 cells. Cells were exposed to various concentrations (2.5-20%) of CSE for 30 min, and protein carbonylation was assessed by use of the sensitive 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine immuno-dot blot assay. CSE-induced protein carbonylation exhibited a dose-response relation with CSE concentrations. However, with prolonged exposure to CSE, significant decrements were observed when compared with the 30 min exposure. Cotreatment of THP-1 cells with antioxidants (N-acetyl-cysteine, S-allyl-cysteine, and alpha-tocopherol) and copper(II) ion chelators (d-penicillamine) during CSE exposure significantly reduced protein carbonylation, whereas cotreatment with antioxidants (vitamin C and trolox) and a metal chelator (EDTA), iron chelator (1,10-phenanthroline), or copper(I) chelator (neocuprin) did not decrease CSE-induced protein carbonylation in THP-1 cells. These results suggest that protein carbonylation is induced by CSE in THP-1 cells via a copper(II)-catalyzed reaction and not an iron-catalyzed reaction. Furthermore, the copper(II) ions involved in this CSE-induced protein carbonylation are derived from the intracellular pool, not via uptake from the extracellular medium. We speculate that natural copper(II) chelators may prevent some of the health problems caused by cigarette smoking, including lung disease, renal failure, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Cheng Lin
- Chest Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
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