1
|
Zhdanov VV, Miroshnichenko LA, Zyuz'kov GN, Udut EV, Polyakova TY, Simanina EV, Sherstoboev EY, Stavrova LA, Agafonov VI, Minakova MY, Chaikovskii AV, Dygai AM. Involvement of Signaling Cascades in Granulocytopoiesis Regulation under Conditions of Cytostatic Treatment. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 169:426-430. [PMID: 32889566 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of the production of granulocytic CSF under the effect of 5-fluorouracyl is related to disorders in the NF-κB-, cAMP-dependent signaling pathways and MAPK cascade. These secondary messengers are involved in the regulation of functional activity of nonadherent myelokaryocytes starting from day 10 of the experiment (initial period of the hemopoietic granulocytic stem regeneration after antimetabolite challenge). Granulocytic CSF does not play essential role in the formation of colony-stimulating activity of cells of the adherent and nonadherent fractions of the bone marrow. Only cAMP-dependent pathway is involved in the regulation of the realization of the granulocytic precursor growth potential in response to the challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V V Zhdanov
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.,National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - L A Miroshnichenko
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - G N Zyuz'kov
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E V Udut
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - T Yu Polyakova
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E V Simanina
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E Yu Sherstoboev
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - L A Stavrova
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V I Agafonov
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M Yu Minakova
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A V Chaikovskii
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A M Dygai
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zyuz'kov GN, Udut EV, Miroshnichenko LA, Polyakova TY, Simanina EV, Stavrova LA, Chaikovskii AV, Agafonov VI, Borodulina EV, Timofeev MS, Zyuz'kova YN, Danilets MG, Zhdanov VV, Udut VV. Particular Role of JAK/STAT3 Signaling in Functional Control of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 164:316-319. [PMID: 29308566 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-3980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The role of JAK/STAT3-mediated signaling pathway in the realization of the growth potential of mesenchymal precursor cells was examined in vitro. The stimulating role of JAKs and STAT3 towards proliferating activity of progenitor cells and their different role in the regulation of differentiation of the progenitor elements were demonstrated. Inhibitors of JAKs and STAT3 reduced the yield of fibroblast CFU and their mitotic activity. Blockade of JAKs accelerated and selective inactivation of STAT3 decelerated differentiation of progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G N Zyuz'kov
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia. .,Laboratory of Physical Processes Modeling in Biology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - E V Udut
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - L A Miroshnichenko
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - T Yu Polyakova
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E V Simanina
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - L A Stavrova
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A V Chaikovskii
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V I Agafonov
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E V Borodulina
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M S Timofeev
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Yu N Zyuz'kova
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M G Danilets
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V V Zhdanov
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V V Udut
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Physical Processes Modeling in Biology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Psychopharmacological Effects of JNK Inhibitor in Posthypoxic Encephalopathy and Mechanisms of Their Development. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 163:18-21. [PMID: 28580519 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Psychopharmacological effects of JNK inhibitor were studied using a mouse model of posthypoxic encephalopathy. The preparation exhibited a pronounced cerebroprotective effect manifested in normalization of orientation and exploratory behavior and conditioned responses in posthypoxic mice. These effects were accompanied by marked elevation of neural stem cell content in the paraventricular region of the brain.
Collapse
|
4
|
Involvement of JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3 in Stimulation of Functional Activity of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells by Fibroblast Growth Factor. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 162:240-243. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
5
|
Zyuz'kov GN, Zhdanov VV, Udut EV, Miroshnichenko LA, Simanina EV, Polyakova TY, Chaikovskii AV, Stavrova LA, Udut VV, Agafonov VI, Burmina YV, Danilets MG, Minakova MY, Dygai AM. Implication of JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3 in the Realization of Proliferation and Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells In Vitro. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:224-7. [PMID: 27383175 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of individual JAK kinases in the realization of growth potential of mesenchymal progenitor cells was examined in vitro. Important role of JAK2 and JAK3 in determining the initial level of mitotic activity of progenitor cells was established. The yield of fibroblast CFUF was suppressed under the effect of specific inhibitors of JAK kinases. Blockade of JAK3 increased the rate of progenitor element differentiation. JAK1 had no effect on proliferation and differentiation status of progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G N Zyuz'kov
- E.D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia. .,National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - V V Zhdanov
- E.D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E V Udut
- E.D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - L A Miroshnichenko
- E.D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E V Simanina
- E.D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - T Yu Polyakova
- E.D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A V Chaikovskii
- E.D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - L A Stavrova
- E.D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V V Udut
- E.D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia.,National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V I Agafonov
- E.D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ya V Burmina
- E.D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M G Danilets
- E.D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M Yu Minakova
- E.D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A M Dygai
- E.D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zyuz’kov GN, Losev EA, Chaikovskii AV, Suslov NI, Zhdanov VV, Udut EV, Miroshnichenko LA, Simanina EV, Polyakova TY, Povet’eva TN, Nesterova YV, Stavrova LA, Udut VV, Minakova MY, Dygai AM. Psychopharmacological Effects of Alkaloid Z77 under Conditions of Posthypoxic Encephalopathy and Mechanisms of Their Development. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:45-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
7
|
Mechanisms of Erythropoietin-Stimulating Action of Anti-Erythropoietin Release-Active Antibodies in Complex Treatment of Experimental Anemia during Gestation. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 160:737-41. [PMID: 27165080 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied the mechanisms of erythropoiesis stimulation and effectiveness of Poetam, a preparation containing release-active anti-erythropoietin antibodies as a supplement treatment for experimental iron deficiency anemia during gestation. The results confirmed potency of combined therapy to stimulate erythropoiesis, which was more efficacious in comparison with monotherapy as assessed by the count of erythrokaryocytes and erythroid progenitors in the hematopoietic tissue as well as by the content of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the peripheral blood. Activation of erythropoiesis is related to the modulatory effect of Poetam on proliferative activity and differentiation of erythroid precursors, which in most aspects results from stimulatory action of Poetam on secretion of the hematopoietically active factors by adherent elements of the hematopoietic microenvironment.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhdanov VV, Udut EV, Sotnikova LS, Burmina YV, Miroshnichenko LA, Simanina EV, Polyakova TY, Zyuz'kov GN, Chaikovskii AV, Stavrova LA, Fedorova EP, Dygai AM. Pathogenetic Evaluation of Dysfunction in the Erythron System of Experimental Animals during Modeling of Iron Deficiency Anemia in the Gestation Period. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 160:417-20. [PMID: 26902349 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied the dynamics of erythropoiesis in CBA mice during gestation against the background of treatment with iron-binding drug. The mechanisms of suppression of the bone marrow erythroid stem were evaluated. Administration of deferoxamine in a dose of 1 g/kg induced hypoplasia of the erythroid hemopoietic lineage. Suppression of bone marrow erythropoiesis manifested in a decrease of hemoglobin concentration and counts of reticulocytes, erythrocytes, and erythrokaryocytes. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in functional activity of erythropoietic precursors and secretion of erythropoietically active humoral factors by bone marrow myelokaryocytes. These data indicate that deferoxamine can be used for modeling of iron defi ciency anemia in pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V V Zhdanov
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E V Udut
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - L S Sotnikova
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ya V Burmina
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - L A Miroshnichenko
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E V Simanina
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - T Yu Polyakova
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - G N Zyuz'kov
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A V Chaikovskii
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - L A Stavrova
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E P Fedorova
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A M Dygai
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mechanisms of Psychopharmacological Effects of Alkaloid Z77 Under Conditions of Brain Ischemia. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 158:762-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
10
|
Role of NF-κB/IKK-Dependent Signaling in Functional Stimulation of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells by Alkaloid Songorine. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 158:624-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2822-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Dygai AM, Zhdanov VV, Miroshnichenko LA, Udut EV, Zyuz'kov GN, Simanina EV, Chaikovskii AV, Stavrova LA, Trofimova ES, Burmina YV. Participation of signaling cascades in the regulation of erythropoiesis under conditions of cytostatic treatment. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 158:304-7. [PMID: 25578863 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the role of signaling pathways in the regulation of erythropoiesis against the background of myelosuppression caused by administration of 5-fluorouracil. The important role of cyclic AMP in the maturation of erythroid progenitors after cytostatic treatment was demonstrated. The secretory activity of myelokaryocytes during the period of erythroid hemopoiesis recovery is mainly regulated via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway; non-erythropoietin factors are involved in the formation of erythropoietic activity of adherent cells of the microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Dygai
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russia,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dygai AM, Zhdanov VV, Zyuz'kov GN, Udut EV, Miroshnichenko LA, Simanina EV, Chaikovskii AV, Stavrova LA, Danilets MG, Agafonov VI, Khrichkova TY. Involvement of NF-κB-dependent signaling and p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the regulation of hemopoiesis during restrain stress. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:548-51. [PMID: 25257409 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase p38 was shown to contribute to the increase in production of granulocyte CSF by microenvironmental cells under conditions of restraint stress. Stimulation of colony-forming activity was not accompanied by the increase in maturation of clonogenic structures in the bone marrow granulocytic stem. This process was realized with the involvement of NF-κB-dependent signaling and p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Our study showed that the p38 MAPK signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of granulocytopoiesis, but not of erythropoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Dygai
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russia,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Role of cAMP and IKK-2-dependent signaling in the realization of growth potential of mesenchymal progenitor cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 156:228-31. [PMID: 24319755 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the role of cAMP- and IKK-2-mediated pathways in the realization of growth potential of mesenchymal progenitor cells in vitro. It had been found that adenylate cyclase inhibitor 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine had no effect on the proliferation and differentiation of fibroblastic CFU. A decrease in differentiation rate of progenitor cells was observed after the treatment with specific IKK-2 blocker inhibitor-kinase complex.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zyuz’kov GN, Danilets MG, Ligacheva AA, Zhdanov VV, Udut EV, Miroshnichenko LA, Simanina EV, Chaikovskii AV, Trofimova ES, Minakova MY, Udut VV, Dygai AM. PI3K, MAPK EPK1/2 and p38 are Involved in the Realization of Growth Potential of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells under the Infl uence of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:436-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
15
|
Role of NF-κB-Dependent Signaling in the Growth Capacity of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells Under the Influence of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:353-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
16
|
Zyuz'kov GN, Zhdanov VV, Danilets MG, Udut EV, Miroshnichenko LA, Ligacheva AA, Simanina EV, Chaikovskii AV, Trofimova ES, Minakova MY, Udut VV, Dygai AM. Involvement of cAMP- and IKK-2-dependent signal pathways in the growth capacity of mesenchymal progenitor cells under the influence of basic fibroblast growth factor. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:224-7. [PMID: 24952490 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied the role of cAMP- and IKK-2-dependent pathways under conditions of functional stimulation of mesenchymal progenitor cells by basic fibroblast growth factor. An adenylate cyclase inhibitor 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine had no effect on functional activity of early (primitive) mesenchymal precursors. This agent produced a stimulatory effect on proliferation of stromal precursor cells. Mitotic activity of mesenchymal progenitor cells was shown to decrease after treatment with a specific blocker of the IKK-2 kinase-inhibitor complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G N Zyuz'kov
- E. D. Gol'dberg Research Institute of Pharmacology, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russia,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|