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Wang W, Qin JJ, Rajaei M, Li X, Yu X, Hunt C, Zhang R. Targeting MDM2 for novel molecular therapy: Beyond oncology. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:856-880. [PMID: 31587329 DOI: 10.1002/med.21637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The murine double minute 2 (MDM2) oncogene exerts major oncogenic activities in human cancers; it is not only the best-documented negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor, but also exerts p53-independent activities. There is an increasing interest in developing MDM2-based targeted therapies. Several classes of MDM2 inhibitors have been evaluated in preclinical models, with a few entering clinical trials, mainly for cancer therapy. However, noncarcinogenic roles for MDM2 have also been identified, demonstrating that MDM2 is involved in many chronic diseases and conditions such as inflammation and autoimmune diseases, dementia and neurodegenerative diseases, heart failure and cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, diabetes, obesity, and sterility. MDM2 inhibitors have been shown to have promising therapeutic efficacy for treating inflammation and other nonmalignant diseases in preclinical evaluations. Therefore, targeting MDM2 may represent a promising approach for treating and preventing these nonmalignant diseases. In addition, a better understanding of how MDM2 works in nonmalignant diseases may provide new biomarkers for their diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and monitoring of therapeutic outcome. In this review article, we pay special attention to the recent findings related to the roles of MDM2 in the pathogenesis of several nonmalignant diseases, the therapeutic potential of its downregulation or inhibition, and its use as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Mehrdad Rajaei
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaoyi Yu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Courtney Hunt
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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Su C, Chen Y, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Li L, Lu Q, Liu H, Luo X, Zhu J. Effect of electroacupuncture at the ST36 and GB39 acupoints on apoptosis by regulating the p53 signaling pathway in adjuvant arthritis rats. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4101-4110. [PMID: 31545441 PMCID: PMC6797960 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 and mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) serve key regulatory roles in the apoptosis of synovial cells. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at the 'Zusanli' (ST36) and 'Xuanzhong' (GB39) acupoints on apoptosis in an adjuvant arthritis (AA) rat model. A total of 40 male Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into Control, AA, AA + EA and AA + sham EA groups (n=10 rats in each group). Rats in all the groups, with the exception of the control group, were injected with Complete™ Freund's adjuvant into the bilateral hindlimb footpad to establish the AA model. Rats in the AA + EA group were treated with EA at the ST36 and GB39 acupoints. Rats in the AA + sham EA group were treated with percutaneous electrical stimulation at a position of 5 mm away from the ST36 and GB39 acupoints. The arthritis index scores and hindlimb paw volumes of the rats in each group were recorded. Subsequently, pathological changes in the synovial tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and the apoptotic rate of the synovial cells was detected by TUNEL staining. In addition, the expression levels of the apoptosis‑associated proteins, Bax, phorbol‑12‑myristate‑13‑acetate‑induced protein 1 (Noxa) and p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), were determined by western blot analysis. The expression of both the gene and protein of p53 and MDM2 in synovial tissue was detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. The results indicated that the arthritis index scores and hindlimb paw volumes upon EA stimulation were significantly decreased compared with those of the AA group (P<0.05). H&E staining revealed that the synovial inflammation of EA stimulation was significantly decreased compared with the AA group (P<0.05). The TUNEL assay results indicated that the apoptotic rate of synovial cells in the AA + EA group was significantly increased compared with that in the AA group (P<0.05). Furthermore, an increased expression of proapoptotic proteins was confirmed by the increased expression levels of Bax, Noxa and PUMA in the AA + EA group. The results of RT‑qPCR and western blot analysis demonstrated that, compared with the AA group, EA stimulation led to a marked increase in p53 (P<0.05) and a significant decrease in MDM2 (P<0.05) gene and protein expression. Taken together, these results demonstrated that EA performed on the ST36 and GB39 acupoints led to a significant amelioration in AA injury of model rats, by regulating the p53 signaling pathway and inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengguo Su
- Department of Acupuncture‑Moxibustion and Tuina, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhou Chen
- Department of Acupuncture‑Moxibustion and Tuina, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Yin Zhou
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Lianbo Li
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Qunwen Lu
- Department of Acupuncture‑Moxibustion and Tuina, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Huahui Liu
- Department of Acupuncture‑Moxibustion and Tuina, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochao Luo
- Department of Acupuncture‑Moxibustion and Tuina, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Acupuncture‑Moxibustion and Tuina, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
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