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Radiobiological Studies of Microvascular Damage through In Vitro Models: A Methodological Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051182. [PMID: 33803333 PMCID: PMC7967181 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is used in radiotherapy as a treatment to destroy cancer. Such treatment also affects other tissues, resulting in the so-called normal tissue complications. Endothelial cells (ECs) composing the microvasculature have essential roles in the microenvironment's homeostasis (ME). Thus, detrimental effects induced by irradiation on ECs can influence both the tumor and healthy tissue. In-vitro models can be advantageous to study these phenomena. In this systematic review, we analyzed in-vitro models of ECs subjected to IR. We highlighted the critical issues involved in the production, irradiation, and analysis of such radiobiological in-vitro models to study microvascular endothelial cells damage. For each step, we analyzed common methodologies and critical points required to obtain a reliable model. We identified the generation of a 3D environment for model production and the inclusion of heterogeneous cell populations for a reliable ME recapitulation. Additionally, we highlighted how essential information on the irradiation scheme, crucial to correlate better observed in vitro effects to the clinical scenario, are often neglected in the analyzed studies, limiting the translation of achieved results.
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Mao XW, Nishiyama NC, Byrum SD, Stanbouly S, Jones T, Holley J, Sridharan V, Boerma M, Tackett AJ, Willey JS, Pecaut MJ, Delp MD. Spaceflight induces oxidative damage to blood-brain barrier integrity in a mouse model. FASEB J 2020; 34:15516-15530. [PMID: 32981077 PMCID: PMC8191453 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001754r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many factors contribute to the health risks encountered by astronauts on missions outside Earth's atmosphere. Spaceflight-induced potential adverse neurovascular damage and late neurodegeneration are a chief concern. The goal of the present study was to characterize the effects of spaceflight on oxidative damage in the mouse brain and its impact on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Ten-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were launched to the International Space Station (ISS) for 35 days as part of Space-X 12 mission. Ground control (GC) mice were maintained on Earth in flight hardware cages. Within 38 ± 4 hours after returning from the ISS, mice were euthanized and brain tissues were collected for analysis. Quantitative assessment of brain tissue demonstrated that spaceflight caused an up to 2.2-fold increase in apoptosis in the hippocampus compared to the control group. Immunohistochemical analysis of the mouse brain revealed an increased expression of aquaporin4 (AQP4) in the flight hippocampus compared to the controls. There was also a significant increase in the expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) and a decrease in the expression of the BBB-related tight junction protein, Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). These results indicate a disturbance of BBB integrity. Quantitative proteomic analysis showed significant alterations in pathways responsible for neurovascular integrity, mitochondrial function, neuronal structure, protein/organelle transport, and metabolism in the brain after spaceflight. Changes in pathways associated with adhesion and molecular remodeling were also documented. These data indicate that long-term spaceflight may have pathological and functional consequences associated with neurovascular damage and late neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao W Mao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University School of Medicine and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Nina C Nishiyama
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University School of Medicine and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie D Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Seta Stanbouly
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University School of Medicine and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Tamako Jones
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University School of Medicine and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Holley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University School of Medicine and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Alan J Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Willey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University School of Medicine and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Michael D Delp
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Molinari C, Morsanuto V, Ruga S, Notte F, Farghali M, Galla R, Uberti F. The Role of BDNF on Aging-Modulation Markers. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E285. [PMID: 32397504 PMCID: PMC7287884 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An important link between brain aging and a class of growth/survival factors called neurotrophins has recently been demonstrated. In particular, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a fundamental role during age-related synaptic loss, preventing cerebral atrophy and cognitive decline. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the use of low dose BDNF sequentially kinetic activated (SKA) was able to counteract some mechanisms underlying the degeneration and aging of nervous tissue by increasing endogenous protection mechanisms. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to assess the ability of BDNF SKA to protect and regenerate survival-related molecular pathways, studying intestinal absorption in vitro and brain function in vivo. Our pioneering results show that BDNF SKA is able to induce the endogenous production of BDNF, using its receptor TrkB and influencing the apolipoprotein E expression. Moreover, BDNF SKA exerted effects on β-Amyloid and Sirtuin 1 proteins, confirming the hypothesis of a fine endogenous regulatory effect exerted by BDNF SKA in maintaining the health of both neurons and astrocytes. For this reason, a change in BDNF turnover is considered as a positive factor against brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesca Uberti
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.M.); (V.M.); (S.R.); (F.N.); (M.F.); (R.G.)
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Gamma Radiation-Induced Disruption of Cellular Junctions in HUVECs Is Mediated through Affecting MAPK/NF- κB Inflammatory Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1486232. [PMID: 31467629 PMCID: PMC6701340 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1486232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation-induced cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been well documented. However, the mechanisms of CVD genesis are still not fully understood. In this study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to gamma irradiation at different doses ranging from 0.2 Gy to 5 Gy. Cell viability, migration ability, permeability, oxidative and nitrosative stresses, inflammation, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) pathway activation were evaluated postirradiation. It was found that gamma irradiation at doses ranging from 0.5 Gy to 5 Gy inhibited the migration ability of HUVECs without any significant effects on cell viability at 6 h and 24 h postirradiation. The decreased transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), increased permeability, and disruption of cellular junctions were observed in HUVECs after gamma irradiation accompanied by the lower levels of junction-related proteins such as ZO-1, occludin, vascular endothelial- (VE-) cadherin, and connexin 40. The enhanced oxidative and nitrosative stresses, e.g., ROS and NO2 - levels and inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were demonstrated in HUVECs after gamma irradiation. Western blot results showed that protein levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway molecules p38, p53, p21, and p27 increased after gamma irradiation, which further induced the activation of the NF-κB pathway. BAY 11-7085, an inhibitor of NF-κB activation, was demonstrated to partially block the effects of gamma radiation in HUVECs examined by TEER and FITC-dextran permeability assay. We therefore concluded that the gamma irradiation-induced disruption of cellular junctions in HUVECs was through the inflammatory MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Role of Combined Lipoic Acid and Vitamin D3 on Astrocytes as a Way to Prevent Brain Ageing by Induced Oxidative Stress and Iron Accumulation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2843121. [PMID: 30944691 PMCID: PMC6421749 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2843121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain ageing is a complex multifactorial process characterized by gradual and continuous loss of neuronal functions. It is hypothesized that at the basis of brain ageing as well as age-related diseases, there is an impairment of the antioxidant defense system leading to an increase of oxidative stress. In this study, two different biological aspects involved in brain ageing and neurodegeneration have been investigated: oxidative stress and iron accumulation damage. In primary mouse astrocytes, the stimulation with 50 μM lipoic acid (LA) and 100 nM vitamin D (vitD) was first investigated in a time-course study to determine the dosages to be used in combination and then in a permeability test using an in vitro blood-brain barrier. In a second set of experiments, the role of oxidative stress was investigated pretreating astrocytes with 200 μM H2O2 for 30 min. The ability of vitD and LA alone and combined together to prevent or repair the damage caused by oxidative stress was investigated after 24 h of stimulation by the MTT test, mitochondrial membrane potential measurement, and Western blot analysis. To induce neurodegeneration, cells were pretreated with 300 μM catalytic iron for 6 days and then treated with vitD and LA alone and combined for additional 6 days to investigate the protection exerted by combination, analyzing viability, ROS production, iron concentration, and activation of intracellular pathways. In our study, the combination of LA and vitD showed beneficial effects on viability of astrocytes, since the substances are able to cross the brain barrier. In addition, combined LA and vitD attenuated the H2O2-induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial-mediated pathway. The combination was also able to counteract the adverse conditions caused by iron, preventing its accumulation. All these data support the hypothesis of the synergistic and cooperative activity exerted by LA and vitD in astrocytes indicating a possible new strategy to slow down ageing.
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Kishimoto M, Akashi M, Kakei Y, Kusumoto J, Sakakibara A, Hasegawa T, Furudoi S, Sasaki R, Komori T. Ionizing Radiation Enhances Paracellular Permeability Through Alteration of Intercellular Junctions in Cultured Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. Lymphat Res Biol 2018; 16:390-396. [PMID: 29862914 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2017.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A problematic complication after radiation therapy is lymphedema. Development of lymphedema is associated with an increase in lymphatic paracellular permeability. The current study investigated the effects of radiation on intercellular junctions and paracellular permeability in cultured human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs). METHODS AND RESULTS Double immunofluorescence staining with vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin and actin immediately after X-ray irradiation (5 or 20 Gy) was performed. Morphological changes induced by irradiation were assessed. Cell viability and paracellular permeability after irradiation were also evaluated. Broad junctions in which VE-cadherin was accumulated at cell-cell contacts and almost colocalized with actin were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in confluent and sparse irradiated HDLECs. Irradiation shortened the width of VE-cadherin-positive areas at the cell-cell contacts. Actin filaments did not colocalize with VE-cadherin after 20 Gy irradiation. Although cell viability was not affected by irradiation, paracellular permeability significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS A dose of 5 or 20 Gy irradiation in HDLECs does not affect cell viability, but changes VE-cadherin mediated intercellular junctions and actin structure, resulting in an increase of paracellular permeability. Further investigations on the regulatory proteins involved in radiation-induced changes, which were observed in the current study, may contribute to development of lymphedema therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kishimoto
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaya Akashi
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kakei
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe, Japan
| | - Junya Kusumoto
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe, Japan
| | - Akiko Sakakibara
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe, Japan
| | - Takumi Hasegawa
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe, Japan
| | - Shungo Furudoi
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sasaki
- 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahide Komori
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe, Japan
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Hérodin F, Voir D, Vilgrain I, Courçon M, Drouet M, Boittin FX. Soluble Vascular Endothelial Cadherin as a New Biomarker of Irradiation in Highly Irradiated Baboons with Bone Marrow Protection. HEALTH PHYSICS 2016; 110:598-605. [PMID: 27115227 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cadherin is the main component of adherens junctions enabling cohesion of the endothelial monolayer in vessels. The extracellular part of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) can be cleaved, releasing soluble fragments in blood (sVE-cadherin). In some diseases with endothelial dysfunction, a correlation between increased blood sVE-cadherin levels and disease state has been proposed. Irradiation is known to induce endothelial damage, but new serum biomarkers are needed to evaluate endothelial damage after irradiation. Here, the authors investigated whether sVE-cadherin may be an interesting biomarker of irradiation in highly irradiated baboons with bone marrow protection. sVE-cadherin was detected in the plasma of young as well as old baboons. Plasma sVE-cadherin levels significantly decrease a few days after irradiation but recover in the late time after irradiation. Kinetic analysis of plasma sVE-cadherin levels suggests a correlation with white blood cell counts in both the acute phase of irradiation and during hematopoietic recovery, suggesting that plasma sVE-cadherin levels may be partly linked to the disappearance and recovery of white blood cells. Interestingly, after hematopoietic recovery was completed, sVE-cadherin levels were found to exceed control values, suggesting that plasma sVE-cadherin may represent a new biomarker of endothelial damage or neovascularization in the late time after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Hérodin
- *Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; †Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institute of Life Science Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; University of Grenoble Alpes, Unité mixte de recherche-S1036, 17, rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
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