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Xu ZY, Han J, Yang K, Zhang GM, Jiao MN, Liang SX, Yan YB, Chen W. HSP27 promotes vasculogenic mimicry formation in human salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma via the AKT-MMP-2/9 pathway. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2024; 137:515-528. [PMID: 38553306 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the role and mechanism of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in SACC VM formation. STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemistry and double staining with cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) were used to detect HSP27 expression and VM in 70 SACC tissue samples separately. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence were used to detect gene and protein expression. HSP27 in SACC cells were overexpression or downregulated by transfecting HSP27 or short hairpin RNA target HSP27 (sh-HSP27). The migration and invasion abilities of SACC cells were detected using wound healing and Transwell invasion assays. The VM formation ability of the cells in vitro was detected using a Matrigel 3-dimensional culture. RESULTS HSP27 expression was positively correlated with VM formation and affected the prognosis of patients. In vitro, HSP27 upregulation engendered VM formation and the invasion and migration of SACC cells. Mechanistically, HSP27 upregulation increased Akt phosphorylation and subsequently increased downstream matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 expressions. CONCLUSION HSP27 may plays an important role in VM formation in SACC via the AKT-MMP-2/9 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yuan Xu
- Department of Oral Medical Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu 241000, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu 241000, China; Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300041, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Oral Implantology, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300041, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300041, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Guan-Meng Zhang
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300041, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Mai-Ning Jiao
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300041, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Su-Xia Liang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300041, China.
| | - Ying-Bin Yan
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300041, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300041, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300041, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300041, China.
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Calabrese EJ, Nascarella M, Pressman P, Hayes AW, Dhawan G, Kapoor R, Calabrese V, Agathokleous E. Hormesis determines lifespan. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102181. [PMID: 38182079 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
This paper addresses how long lifespan can be extended via multiple interventions, such as dietary supplements [e.g., curcumin, resveratrol, sulforaphane, complex phytochemical mixtures (e.g., Moringa, Rhodiola)], pharmaceutical agents (e.g., metformin), caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, exercise and other activities. This evaluation was framed within the context of hormesis, a biphasic dose response with specific quantitative features describing the limits of biological/phenotypic plasticity for integrative biological endpoints (e.g., cell proliferation, memory, fecundity, growth, tissue repair, stem cell population expansion/differentiation, longevity). Evaluation of several hundred lifespan extending agents using yeast, nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), multiple insect and other invertebrate and vertebrate models (e.g., fish, rodents), revealed they responded in a manner [average (mean/median) and maximum lifespans] consistent with the quantitative features [i.e., 30-60% greater at maximum (Hormesis Rule)] of the hormetic dose response. These lifespan extension features were independent of biological model, inducing agent, endpoints measured and mechanism. These findings indicate that hormesis describes the capacity to extend life via numerous agents and activities and that the magnitude of lifespan extension is modest, in the percentage, not fold, range. These findings have important implications for human aging, genetic diseases/environmental stresses and lifespan extension, as well as public health practices and long-term societal resource planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences; University of Massachusetts, Morrill I - Room N344, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Marc Nascarella
- Mass College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University; School of Arts and Sciences, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Pressman
- University of Maine, 5728 Fernald Hall, Room 201, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Center for Environmental Occupational Risk Analysis and Management; College of Public Health; University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gaurav Dhawan
- Sri Guru Ram Das (SGRD) University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, India
| | - Rachna Kapoor
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology; Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology; Nanjing 210044, China
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Gu C, Fan X, Yu W. Functional Diversity of Mammalian Small Heat Shock Proteins: A Review. Cells 2023; 12:1947. [PMID: 37566026 PMCID: PMC10417760 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The small heat shock proteins (sHSPs), whose molecular weight ranges from 12∼43 kDa, are members of the heat shock protein (HSP) family that are widely found in all organisms. As intracellular stress resistance molecules, sHSPs play an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the intracellular environment under various stressful conditions. A total of 10 sHSPs have been identified in mammals, sharing conserved α-crystal domains combined with variable N-terminal and C-terminal regions. Unlike large-molecular-weight HSP, sHSPs prevent substrate protein aggregation through an ATP-independent mechanism. In addition to chaperone activity, sHSPs were also shown to suppress apoptosis, ferroptosis, and senescence, promote autophagy, regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, maintain membrane stability, control the direction of cellular differentiation, modulate angiogenesis, and spermatogenesis, as well as attenuate the inflammatory response and reduce oxidative damage. Phosphorylation is the most significant post-translational modification of sHSPs and is usually an indicator of their activation. Furthermore, abnormalities in sHSPs often lead to aggregation of substrate proteins and dysfunction of client proteins, resulting in disease. This paper reviews the various biological functions of sHSPs in mammals, emphasizing the roles of different sHSPs in specific cellular activities. In addition, we discuss the effect of phosphorylation on the function of sHSPs and the association between sHSPs and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoguang Gu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha High-Tech Zone No.2 Road, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinyi Fan
- Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A1, Canada
| | - Wei Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha High-Tech Zone No.2 Road, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Yang Y, Cai X, Shi M, Zhang X, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Ju H, Cao P. Biomimetic retractable DNA nanocarrier with sensitive responsivity for efficient drug delivery and enhanced photothermal therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:46. [PMID: 36759831 PMCID: PMC9909879 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coalition of DNA nanotechnology with diversiform inorganic nanoparticles offers powerful tools for the design and construction of stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems with spatiotemporal controllability, but it remains challenging to achieve high-density oligonucleotides modification close to inorganic nanocores for their sensitive responsivity to optical or thermal signals. RESULTS Inspired by Actinia with retractable tentacles, here we design an artificial nano-Actinia consisted of collapsible DNA architectures attached on gold nanoparticle (AuNP) for efficient drug delivery and enhanced photothermal therapy. The collapsible spheroidal architectures are formed by the hybridization of long DNA strand produced in situ through rolling circle amplification with bundling DNA strands, and contain numerous double-helical segments for the intercalative binding of quercetin as the anti-cancer drug. Under 800-nm light irradiation, the photothermal conversion of AuNPs induces intensive localized heating, which unwinds the double helixes and leads to the disassembly of DNA nanospheres on the surface of AuNPs. The consequently released quercetin can inhibit the expression of heat shock protein 27 and decrease the thermal resistance of tumor cells, thus enhancing photothermal therapy efficacy. CONCLUSIONS By combining the deformable DNA nanostructures with gold nanocores, this Actinia-mimetic nanocarrier presents a promising tool for the development of DNA-AuNPs complex and opens a new horizon for the stimuli-responsive drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhuan Yang
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Xueting Cai
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028 China
| | - Menglin Shi
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Yang Pan
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Peng Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China. .,Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China. .,Zhenjiang Hospital of Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Zhenjiang, 212002, China.
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Xu H, Takashi E, Liang J, Chen Y, Yuan Y, Fan J. Effect of Heat Shock Preconditioning on Pressure Injury Prevention via Hsp27 Upregulation in Rat Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168955. [PMID: 36012220 PMCID: PMC9408952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure injury (PI) prevention is a huge industry and involves various interventions. Temperature and moisture are important factors for wound healing; however, the active mechanism by which “moist heat” affects PI prevention has not yet been clarified. Thus, we explored the protective and therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy on PI based on the preconditioning (PC) principle, which might be useful for clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate the preventive mechanisms of heat shock preconditioning on PIs in rat models. The experiment was performed in the basic medical laboratory of Nagano College of Nursing in Japan. Ten rats were divided into two groups, with five rats in each group. Rats in the control group were not bathed. Rats in the preconditioning group (PC group) were bathed with hot tap-water. Bathing was conducted thrice a week. After bathing for 4 weeks, the PI model was constructed on the rats’ dorsal skin. The skin temperature, skin moisture, and area of ulcers were compared between the two groups. In vitro, we investigated the expression of heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) in 6, 12, and 24 h after the PI model was constructed through Western blot analysis. Ulcers occurred in the control group 24 h after the PI model constructed, wheras the PC group exhibited ulcers after 36 h. The ulcer area was larger in the control group than that in the PC group after 24 h (all p < 0.05). The temperatures of PI wounds in the control group decreased and were lower than those in the PC group after 1, 6, 12, 36, and 48 h (all p < 0.05). However, the skin moisture levels of PI wounds increased in the control group and were higher than those in the PC group at the same time (all p < 0.05). Using Western blot analysis, hydrotherapy preconditioning showed the potential to increase Hsp27 expression after pressure was released (p < 0.05). We determine that heat shock preconditioning had a preventive effect on PIs in rat models, a result that may be associated with their actions in the upregulation of Hsp27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Xu
- Division of Basic & Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Nursing, Nagano College of Nursing, Komagane, Nagano 399-4117, Japan
- School of Nursing & Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - En Takashi
- Division of Basic & Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Nursing, Nagano College of Nursing, Komagane, Nagano 399-4117, Japan
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (J.L.)
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (J.L.)
| | - Yajie Chen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Tokyo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Division of Basic & Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Nursing, Nagano College of Nursing, Komagane, Nagano 399-4117, Japan
- School of Nursing & Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Tokyo 409-3898, Japan
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Mehdi MM, Solanki P, Singh P. Oxidative stress, antioxidants, hormesis and calorie restriction: The current perspective in the biology of aging. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2021; 95:104413. [PMID: 33845417 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging, in a large measure, has long been defined as the resultant of oxidative stress acting on the cells. The cellular machinery eventually malfunctions at the basic level by the damage from the processes of oxidation and the system starts slowing down because of intrinsic eroding. To understand the initial destruction at the cellular level spreading outward to affect tissues, organs and the organism, the relationship between molecular damage and oxidative stress is required to understand. Retarding the aging process is a matter of cumulatively decreasing the rate of oxidative damage to the cellular machinery. Along with the genetic reasons, the decrease of oxidative stress is somehow a matter of lifestyle and importantly of diet. In the current review, the theories of aging and the understanding of various levels of molecular damage by oxidative stress have been emphasized. A broader understanding of mechanisms of aging have been elaborated in terms of effects of oxidative at molecular, mitochondrial, cellular and organ levels. The antioxidants supplementation, hormesis and calorie restriction as the prominent anti-aging strategies have also been discussed. The relevance and the efficacy of the antiaging strategies at system level have also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Murtaza Mehdi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bio-engineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Preeti Solanki
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Prabhakar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, 222003, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Navarro-Zaragoza J, Cuenca-Bermejo L, Almela P, Laorden ML, Herrero MT. Could Small Heat Shock Protein HSP27 Be a First-Line Target for Preventing Protein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3038. [PMID: 33809767 PMCID: PMC8002365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (HSPs), such as HSP27, are ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperones and are essential for cellular homeostasis. The major functions of HSP27 include chaperoning misfolded or unfolded polypeptides and protecting cells from toxic stress. Dysregulation of stress proteins is associated with many human diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is characterized by the presence of aggregates of α-synuclein in the central and peripheral nervous system, which induces the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and in the autonomic nervous system. Autonomic dysfunction is an important non-motor phenotype of PD, which includes cardiovascular dysregulation, among others. Nowadays, the therapies for PD focus on dopamine (DA) replacement. However, certain non-motor symptoms with a great impact on quality of life do not respond to dopaminergic drugs; therefore, the development and testing of new treatments for non-motor symptoms of PD remain a priority. Since small HSP27 was shown to prevent α-synuclein aggregation and cytotoxicity, this protein might constitute a suitable target to prevent or delay the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. In the first part of our review, we focus on the cardiovascular dysregulation observed in PD patients. In the second part, we present data on the possible role of HSP27 in preventing the accumulation of amyloid fibrils and aggregated forms of α-synuclein. We also include our own studies, highlighting the possible protective cardiac effects induced by L-DOPA treatment through the enhancement of HSP27 levels and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Navarro-Zaragoza
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.N.-Z.); (M.-L.L.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorena Cuenca-Bermejo
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NICE), Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Pilar Almela
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.N.-Z.); (M.-L.L.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - María-Luisa Laorden
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.N.-Z.); (M.-L.L.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - María-Trinidad Herrero
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NICE), Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
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Less Can Be More: The Hormesis Theory of Stress Adaptation in the Global Biosphere and Its Implications. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030293. [PMID: 33805626 PMCID: PMC8000639 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A dose-response relationship to stressors, according to the hormesis theory, is characterized by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition. It is non-linear with a low-dose optimum. Stress responses by cells lead to adapted vitality and fitness. Physical stress can be exerted through heat, radiation, or physical exercise. Chemical stressors include reactive species from oxygen (ROS), nitrogen (RNS), and carbon (RCS), carcinogens, elements, such as lithium (Li) and silicon (Si), and metals, such as silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). Anthropogenic chemicals are agrochemicals (phytotoxins, herbicides), industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Biochemical stress can be exerted through toxins, medical drugs (e.g., cytostatics, psychopharmaceuticals, non-steroidal inhibitors of inflammation), and through fasting (dietary restriction). Key-lock interactions between enzymes and substrates, antigens and antibodies, antigen-presenting cells, and cognate T cells are the basics of biology, biochemistry, and immunology. Their rules do not obey linear dose-response relationships. The review provides examples of biologic stressors: oncolytic viruses (e.g., immuno-virotherapy of cancer) and hormones (e.g., melatonin, stress hormones). Molecular mechanisms of cellular stress adaptation involve the protein quality control system (PQS) and homeostasis of proteasome, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. Important components are transcription factors (e.g., Nrf2), micro-RNAs, heat shock proteins, ionic calcium, and enzymes (e.g., glutathion redox enzymes, DNA methyltransferases, and DNA repair enzymes). Cellular growth control, intercellular communication, and resistance to stress from microbial infections involve growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and their respective receptors. The effects of hormesis during evolution are multifarious: cell protection and survival, evolutionary flexibility, and epigenetic memory. According to the hormesis theory, this is true for the entire biosphere, e.g., archaia, bacteria, fungi, plants, and the animal kingdoms.
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Fukuda APM, Camandona VDL, Francisco KJM, Rios-Anjos RM, Lucio do Lago C, Ferreira-Junior JR. Simulated microgravity accelerates aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2021; 28:32-40. [PMID: 33612178 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The human body experiences physiological changes under microgravity environment that phenocopy aging on Earth. These changes include early onset osteoporosis, skeletal muscle atrophy, cardiac dysfunction, and immunosenescence, and such adaptations to the space environment may pose some risk to crewed missions to Mars. To investigate the effect of microgravity on aging, many model organisms have been used such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and mice. Herein we report that the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae show decreased replicative lifespan (RLS) under simulated microgravity in a clinostat. The reduction of yeast lifespan is not a result of decreased tolerance to heat shock or oxidative stress and could be overcome either by deletion of FOB1 or calorie restriction, two known interventions that extend yeast RLS. Deletion of the sirtuin gene SIR2 worsens the simulated microgravity effect on RLS, and together with the fob1Δ mutant phenotype, it suggests that simulated microgravity augments the formation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles, which accumulate in yeast during aging. We also show that the chronological lifespan in minimal medium was not changed when cells were grown in the clinostat. Our data suggest that the reduction in longevity due to simulated microgravity is conserved in yeast, worms, and flies, and these findings may have potential implications for future crewed missions in space, as well as the use of microgravity as a model for human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Claudimir Lucio do Lago
- Departamento de Química Fundamental - Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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