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Genetic diversity in 10 populations of domestic Turkeys by using microsatellites markers. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102311. [PMID: 36495620 PMCID: PMC9758563 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic turkey is a native breed in danger of extinction due to the introduction of new breeds specializing in meat production and yield. Turkeys have lost some prominence in urban areas, and only certain breeds of turkeys are preserved in rural areas. Wild and domestic turkeys are different; rural or indigenous turkeys, with black plumage, were domesticated from Mexican turkeys and have been reproduced throughout Latin America. Some of them were taken to Europe in the 16th century and later arrived in North America, where they crossed with another wild species, from which the bronze turkey emerged: the ancestor of all commercial turkeys. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the genetic diversity in 10 populations of domestic turkeys worldwide by using breeds from Europe: Spain and Italy; America: Mexico, United States and Brazil; and the Near East: Iran and Egypt. A total of 522 blood samples of both sexes were collected from domestic turkey populations. Thirty-four microsatellites were used to obtain genetic parameters, and genetic diversity was evaluated. All microsatellites used were polymorphic, and a total of 427 alleles were detected across the 34 markers investigated. In this study, a mean number of 13.44 alleles was found. The four most diverse breeds were from the Andalusia, Mexico, United States, and wild populations, which had the highest mean heterozygosity expected (0.619, 0.612, 0.650, and 0.773) and heterozygosity observed (0.422, 0.521, 0.429, and 0.627), respectively. The MNT348 marker deviated from the HWE in all populations. Our study has shown that the populations close to the species origin are more diverse than those resulting from posterior expansions. Mexican birds were the most diverse, followed by the Spanish populations because Spain imported a large number of turkeys coming from America. Such information can be complementary to other genotypic data required to validate the evolutionary relationships among turkey populations.
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Canales Vergara AM, Landi V, Delgado Bermejo JV, Martínez AM, Cervantes Acosta P, Pons Barros A, Bigi D, Sponenberg P, Helal M, Banabazi MH, Camacho Vallejo ME. Design and development of a multiplex microsatellite panel for the genetic characterisation and diversity assessment of domestic turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo). ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1745695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Landi
- Animal Breeding Consulting S.L. Parque Científico Tecnológico de Córdoba c/Astrónoma Cecilia Payne, Córdoba, España
| | | | - Amparo Martínez Martínez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Animal Breeding Consulting S.L. Parque Científico Tecnológico de Córdoba c/Astrónoma Cecilia Payne, Córdoba, España
| | | | | | - Daniele Bigi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Phillip Sponenberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Mostafa Helal
- Department of Animal Production, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Hossein Banabazi
- Department of Biotechnology, Animal Science Research Institute of IRAN (ASRI), Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Stover KK, Weinreich DM, Roberts TJ, Brainerd EL. Patterns of musculoskeletal growth and dimensional changes associated with selection and developmental plasticity in domestic and wild strain turkeys. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:3229-3239. [PMID: 29607020 PMCID: PMC5869219 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestication is a type of experimental evolution in which humans have artificially selected for specific desired traits. Selected strain animals can be utilized to identify correlated responses by comparing them to the wild strain. In particular, domestic turkeys have been selected for increased body mass and high‐growth rate, most significantly over the past 60 years. Yet it remains unclear how artificial selection has affected the morphology and evolution of the musculoskeletal system as a whole. Here, we compare growth rate over 21 weeks, hind limb bone scaling across ontogeny via in vivo CT scanning, and muscle proportions in wild and domestic turkeys to identify differences in structural scaling and the potential contributions of selection and developmental plasticity to whole‐organism morphology. The domestic turkeys grew at a higher rate (0.14 kg/day vs. 0.05 kg/day) and reached over 3 times the body mass of wild birds. Comparing the proportional muscle masses in adult turkeys, only the trunk had a greater mass ratio in the domestic turkey, driven solely by M. pectoralis (2.8 times larger). The proportional increase in only breast meat and no other muscles highlights the surgical precision attainable with artificial selection. The domestic turkey femur and tibiotarsus displayed increases in polar moment of area, apparently maintaining torsional strength as body mass increased. The lack of dimensional change in the more vertically held tarsometatarsus is consistent with the pattern expected due to developmental plasticity. These results from the domestic turkey emphasize that there are morphological limits to preserving the balance between growth and function, and varying rates of trait evolution can further complicate this equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Stover
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Daniel M Weinreich
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Thomas J Roberts
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
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Guan X, Silva P, Gyenai K, Xu J, Geng T, Smith E. Mitochondrial DNA-Based Analyses of Relatedness Among Turkeys, Meleagris gallopavo. Biochem Genet 2015; 53:29-41. [PMID: 25820210 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-015-9668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The domesticated turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, is believed to be a single breed with several varieties whose relatedness and origins remain poorly understood. Using the mitochondrial genome sequence (GenBank accession no. EF153719) that our group first reported, we investigated the relationships among 15 of the most widely occurring turkey varieties using D-loop and 16S RNA sequences. We included, as a non-traditional outgroup, mtDNA sequence information from wild turkey varieties. A total of 24 SNPs, including 18 in the D-loop and 6 in the 16S rRNA, was identified, validated and used. Of the 15 haplotypes detected based on these SNPs, 7 were unique to wild turkeys. Nucleotide diversity estimates were relatively low when compared to those reported for chickens and other livestock. Network and phylogenetic analyses showed a closer relationship among heritage varieties than between heritage and wild turkeys. The mtDNA data provide additional evidence that suggest a recent divergence of turkey varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Guan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA,
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Alpha-class glutathione S-transferases in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo): characterization and role in resistance to the carcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60662. [PMID: 23613737 PMCID: PMC3628786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) are one of the most susceptible animals known to the toxic effects of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a potent human hepatocarcinogen, and universal maize contaminant. We have demonstrated that such susceptibility is associated with the inability of hepatic glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) to detoxify the reactive electrophilic metabolite exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO). Unlike their domestic counterparts, wild turkeys, which are relatively AFB1-resistant, possess hepatic GST-mediated AFBO conjugating activity. Here, we characterized the molecular and functional properties of hepatic alpha-class GSTs (GSTAs) from wild and domestic turkeys to shed light on the differences in resistance between these closely related strains. Six alpha-class GST genes (GSTA) amplified from wild turkeys (Eastern and Rio Grande subspecies), heritage breed turkeys (Royal Palm) and modern domestic (Nicholas strain) turkeys were sequenced, and catalytic activities of heterologously-expressed recombinant enzymes determined. Alpha-class identity was affirmed by conserved GST domains and four signature motifs. All GSTAs contained single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in their coding regions: GSTA1.1 (5 SNPs), GSTA1.2 (7), GSTA1.3 (3), GSTA2 (3), GSTA3 (1) and GSTA4 (2). E. coli-expressed GSTAs possessed varying activities toward GST substrates 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB), ethacrynic acid (ECA), cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). As predicted by their relative resistance, livers from domestic turkeys lacked detectable GST-mediated AFBO detoxification activity, whereas those from wild and heritage birds possessed this critical activity, suggesting that intensive breeding and selection resulted in loss of AFB1-protective alleles during domestication. Our observation that recombinant tGSTAs detoxify AFBO, whereas their hepatic forms do not, implies that the hepatic forms of these enzymes are down-regulated, silenced, or otherwise modified by one or more mechanisms. These data may inform of possible molecular mechanisms of resistance to AFB1, and may also have the benefit of identifying genetic markers which could be used to enhance AFB1 resistance in modern domestic strains.
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Aslam ML, Bastiaansen JWM, Elferink MG, Megens HJ, Crooijmans RPMA, Blomberg LA, Fleischer RC, Van Tassell CP, Sonstegard TS, Schroeder SG, Groenen MAM, Long JA. Whole genome SNP discovery and analysis of genetic diversity in Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). BMC Genomics 2012; 13:391. [PMID: 22891612 PMCID: PMC3496629 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is an important agricultural species and the second largest contributor to the world’s poultry meat production. Genetic improvement is attributed largely to selective breeding programs that rely on highly heritable phenotypic traits, such as body size and breast muscle development. Commercial breeding with small effective population sizes and epistasis can result in loss of genetic diversity, which in turn can lead to reduced individual fitness and reduced response to selection. The presence of genomic diversity in domestic livestock species therefore, is of great importance and a prerequisite for rapid and accurate genetic improvement of selected breeds in various environments, as well as to facilitate rapid adaptation to potential changes in breeding goals. Genomic selection requires a large number of genetic markers such as e.g. single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) the most abundant source of genetic variation within the genome. Results Alignment of next generation sequencing data of 32 individual turkeys from different populations was used for the discovery of 5.49 million SNPs, which subsequently were used for the analysis of genetic diversity among the different populations. All of the commercial lines branched from a single node relative to the heritage varieties and the South Mexican turkey population. Heterozygosity of all individuals from the different turkey populations ranged from 0.17-2.73 SNPs/Kb, while heterozygosity of populations ranged from 0.73-1.64 SNPs/Kb. The average frequency of heterozygous SNPs in individual turkeys was 1.07 SNPs/Kb. Five genomic regions with very low nucleotide variation were identified in domestic turkeys that showed state of fixation towards alleles different than wild alleles. Conclusion The turkey genome is much less diverse with a relatively low frequency of heterozygous SNPs as compared to other livestock species like chicken and pig. The whole genome SNP discovery study in turkey resulted in the detection of 5.49 million putative SNPs compared to the reference genome. All commercial lines appear to share a common origin. Presence of different alleles/haplotypes in the SM population highlights that specific haplotypes have been selected in the modern domesticated turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad L Aslam
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Karabağ K, Balcioğlu MS. Genetic Diversity Among Selected Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Lines Using RAPD Markers. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2010.9707176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Yip PY, Chau CF, Mak CY, Kwan HS. DNA methods for identification of Chinese medicinal materials. Chin Med 2007; 2:9. [PMID: 17803808 PMCID: PMC2042497 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
As adulterated and substituted Chinese medicinal materials are common in the market, therapeutic effectiveness of such materials cannot be guaranteed. Identification at species-, strain- and locality-levels, therefore, is required for quality assurance/control of Chinese medicine. This review provides an informative introduction to DNA methods for authentication of Chinese medicinal materials. Technical features and examples of the methods based on sequencing, hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are described and their suitability for different identification objectives is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Ying Yip
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Fai Chau
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chun Yin Mak
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi Shan Kwan
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Kamara D, Gyenai KB, Geng T, Hammade H, Smith EJ. Microsatellite marker-based genetic analysis of relatedness between commercial and heritage turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Poult Sci 2007; 86:46-9. [PMID: 17179414 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The turkey is second only to the chicken in importance as an agriculturally important poultry species. Unlike the chicken, however, genetic studies of the turkey continue to be limited. For example, to date, many genomic investigations have been conducted to characterize genetic relationships between commercial (CO) and non-CO chicken breeds, whereas the nature of the genetic relatedness between CO and heritage turkeys remains unknown. The objective of the current research was to use microsatellites to analyze the genetic relatedness between CO and heritage domestic turkeys including Narragansett, Bourbon Red, Blue Slate, Spanish Black, and Royal Palm. Primer pairs specific for 10 previously described turkey microsatellite markers were used. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the Blue Slate, Bourbon Red, and Narragansett were genetically closely related to the CO strain, with a Nei distance of 0.30, and the Royal Palm and Spanish Black were the least related to the CO strain, with Nei distances of 0.41 and 0.40, respectively. The present work provides a foundation for the basis of using heritage turkeys to genetically improve CO populations by introgression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kamara
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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Lin KC, Gyenai K, Pyle RL, Geng T, Xu J, Smith EJ. Candidate gene expression analysis of toxin-induced dilated cardiomyopathy in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Poult Sci 2007; 85:2216-21. [PMID: 17135679 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.12.2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a heart disease, affects many vertebrates including humans and poultry. The disease can be either idiopathic (IDCM) or toxin-induced (TIDCM). Although genetic and other studies of IDCM are extensive, the specific etiology of TIDCM is still unknown. In this study, we compared mRNA levels of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and phospholamban (PLN) in turkeys affected and unaffected by TIDCM. Cardiac TnT and PLN were chosen because their altered expression has been observed in IDCM-affected birds. A total of 72 birds, 44 affected and 28 unaffected with TIDCM, were used. Differences in the mRNA levels of cTnT and PLN between affected and unaffected turkeys were significant only for cTnT. The sequence of the turkey PLN showed significant similarity at the nucleotide level to the reference chicken sequence and to those of other species. In addition to implicating cTnT in TIDCM, the present work describes a partial turkey PLN coding sequence that could be useful for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-C Lin
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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Hartman S, Taleb SA, Geng T, Gyenai K, Guan X, Smith E. Comparison of Plasma Uric Acid Levels in Five Varieties of the Domestic Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo. Poult Sci 2006; 85:1791-4. [PMID: 17012170 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.10.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma uric acid (PUA) is a consensus physiological biomarker for many phenotypes in vertebrates because it is a reliable indicator for processes such as oxidative stress and tubular function. In birds, it is considered a major antioxidant and is also the primary endproduct of nitrogen metabolism. Despite this importance, knowledge of baseline levels of PUA in physiologically normal birds, including the turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, is limited. Here, we compared PUA levels in a total of 106 apparently normal male and female birds at 8 and 32 wk of age from 5 strains of the domestic turkey, including Bourbon Red, Narragansett, Blue Slate, Royal Palm, and Spanish Black. Though differences in PUA were not significant at 8 and 32 wk of age, BW, variety, and sex effects were highly significant. When adjusted for BW, female birds had, on average, a higher PUA per kilogram of BW than male birds. When adjusted for both sex and BW, Royal Palm birds had the lowest average PUA, and Blue Slate had the highest PUA. Results of these investigations represent the first comparative analysis of PUA in physiologically normal turkey varieties. They suggest that differences in basal plasma levels of uric acid in physiologically normal turkeys are influenced by sex, weight, and genetic background but may be independent of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hartman
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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