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Trindade Mazala T, Costa Viana M, Carneiro G, Lee Nelson D, de Freitas-Marques MB, De Martinis BS, Florêncio J, Mazzé FM, da Silva SGD, Barbosa SL. Purification and use of crude green glycerol from the transesterification of triglycerides in the formulation of an alcohol gel hand sanitizer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5510. [PMID: 38448502 PMCID: PMC10917745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to produce an alcohol gel hand sanitizer containing green glycerol. Crude glycerol was purified using chemical and physical treatments. The sanitizer was prepared using 71.100 g of 99.3° GL ethanol, 28.0 g H2O, 0.5 g of Carboxypolymethylene [Carbopol 940® or Carbomer], 5 drops of triethanolamine (pH 5-7), and glycerol (1.5% w/w). The thermal behavior of the ethanol, carbopol, triethanolamine, glycerol, and alcohol gels were evaluated using Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis. The apparent viscosity was obtained using a rotary viscometer. The determination of in vitro spreadability was achieved by an adaptation of the Knorst method. The ethanol content was measured by headspace gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector. The thermal behavior of the gels was influenced by the presence of glycerol, which confirms the possible network interactions formed. The relative densities of the samples were between 0.887 and 0.890 g/cm3. No alteration of the pH of the formulation resulted from the incorporation of glycerol. The apparent viscosities of the alcohol gels were greater than 20,000 cP. No alteration in the in vitro spreadability of the gel alcohol (530.6 mm2) resulted from the addition of glycerol. Hand sanitizer was produced using glycerol from a transesterification reaction. It represents an alternative use for the glycerol being produced in biodiesel processes. The product satisfied the requirements of WHO that preconize a formulation containing 1.45% glycerol as an humectant to protect skin against dryness and dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassio Trindade Mazala
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri-UFVJM, Campus JK, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, n° 5.000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Mateus Costa Viana
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri-UFVJM, Campus JK, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, n° 5.000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri-UFVJM, Campus JK, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, n° 5.000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - David Lee Nelson
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri-UFVJM, Campus JK, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, n° 5.000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Maria B de Freitas-Marques
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
- Curso de Farmácia. Faculdade de Minas, Faminas-BH, Av. Cristiano Machado, 12001, Vila Clóris, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31744-007, Brazil
| | - Bruno Spinosa De Martinis
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Jacques Florêncio
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Marur Mazzé
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078-900, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro L Barbosa
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri-UFVJM, Campus JK, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, n° 5.000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil.
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Zhang S, Cheng Y. Boronic acid-engineered gold nanoparticles for cytosolic protein delivery. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:3741-3750. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00679c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Boronic acid-engineered gold nanoparticles for effective cytosolic protein delivery with the help of hypertonicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
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Parra-Acero H, Ros-Rocher N, Perez-Posada A, Kożyczkowska A, Sánchez-Pons N, Nakata A, Suga H, Najle SR, Ruiz-Trillo I. Transfection of Capsaspora owczarzaki, a close unicellular relative of animals. Development 2018; 145:dev.162107. [PMID: 29752387 PMCID: PMC6001378 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
How animals emerged from their unicellular ancestor remains a major evolutionary question. New genome data from the closest unicellular relatives of animals have provided important insights into the evolution of animal multicellularity. We know that the unicellular ancestor of animals had an unexpectedly complex genetic repertoire, including many genes that are key to animal development and multicellularity. Thus, assessing the function of these genes among unicellular relatives of animals is key to understanding how they were co-opted at the onset of the Metazoa. However, such analyses have been hampered by the lack of genetic tools. Progress has been made in choanoflagellates and teretosporeans, two of the three lineages closely related to animals, whereas no tools are yet available for functional analysis in the third lineage: the filastereans. Importantly, filastereans have a striking repertoire of genes involved in transcriptional regulation and other developmental processes. Here, we describe a reliable transfection method for the filasterean Capsaspora owczarzaki. We also provide a set of constructs for visualising subcellular structures in live cells. These tools convert Capsaspora into a unique experimentally tractable organism to use to investigate the origin and evolution of animal multicellularity. Summary: Development of genetic tools in a close unicellular relative of animals, the filasterean Capsaspora owczarzaki, will open new opportunities for functional studies to understand the transition to animal multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Parra-Acero
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria Ros-Rocher
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alberto Perez-Posada
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Kożyczkowska
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria Sánchez-Pons
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Azusa Nakata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Nanatsuka 5562, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Nanatsuka 5562, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
| | - Sebastián R Najle
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda s/n, Rosario S2000FHQ, Argentina
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain .,Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Boehm D, Ott M. Flow Cytometric Analysis of HIV-1 Transcriptional Activity in Response to shRNA Knockdown in A2 and A72 J-Lat Cell Lines. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2314. [PMID: 29082287 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The main obstacle to eradicating HIV-1 from patients is post-integration latency (Finzi et al., 1999). Antiretroviral treatments target only actively replicating virus, while latent infections that have low or no transcriptional activity remain untreated (Sedaghat et al., 2007). To eliminate viral reservoirs, one strategy focuses on reversing HIV-1 latency via 'shock and kill' (Deeks, 2012). The basis of this strategy is to overcome the molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 latency by therapeutically inducing viral gene and protein expression under antiretroviral therapy and to cause selective cell death via the lytic properties of the virus, or the immune system now recognizing the infected cells. Recently, a number of studies have described the therapeutic potential of pharmacologically inhibiting members of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family of human bromodomain proteins (Filippakopoulos et al., 2010; Dawson et al., 2011; Delmore et al., 2011) that include BRD2, BRB3, BRD4 and BRDT. Small-molecule BET inhibitors, such as JQ1 (Filippakopoulos et al., 2010; Delmore et al., 2011), I-BET (Nicodeme et al., 2010), I-Bet151 (Dawson et al., 2011), and MS417 (Zhang et al., 2012) successfully activate HIV transcription and reverse viral latency in clonal cell lines and certain primary T-cell models of latency. To identify the mechanism by which BET proteins regulate HIV-1 latency, we utilized small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) that target BRD2, BRD4 and Cyclin T1, which is a component of the critical HIV-1 cofactor positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and interacts with BRD2, and tested them in the CD4+ J-Lat A2 and A72 cell lines. The following protocol describes a flow cytometry-based method to determine the amount of transcriptional activation of the HIV-1 LTR upon shRNA knockdown. This protocol is optimized for studying latently HIV-1-infected Jurkat (J-Lat) cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Boehm
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Jensen PW, Falconi M, Kristoffersen EL, Simonsen AT, Cifuentes JB, Marcussen LB, Frøhlich R, Vagner J, Harmsen C, Juul S, Ho YP, Withers MA, Lupski JR, Koch J, Desideri A, Knudsen BR, Stougaard M. Real-time detection of TDP1 activity using a fluorophore-quencher coupled DNA-biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 48:230-7. [PMID: 23693093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Real-time detection of enzyme activities may present the easiest and most reliable way of obtaining quantitative analyses in biological samples. We present a new DNA-biosensor capable of detecting the activity of the potential anticancer drug target tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) in a very simple, high throughput, and real-time format. The biosensor is specific for Tdp1 even in complex biological samples, such as human cell extracts, and may consequently find future use in fundamental studies as well as a cancer predictive tool allowing fast analyses of diagnostic cell samples such as biopsies. TDP1 removes covalent 3'DNA adducts in DNA single-strand break repair. This enzymatic activity forms the basis of the design of the TDP1-biosensor, which consists of a short hairpin-forming oligonucleotide having a 5'fluorophore and a 3'quencher brought in close proximity by the secondary structure of the biosensor. The specific action of TDP1 removes the quencher, thereby enabling optical detection of the fluorophore. Since the enzymatic action of TDP1 is the only "signal amplification" the increase in fluorescence may easily be followed in real-time and allows quantitative analyses of TDP1 activity in pure enzyme fractions as well as in crude cell extracts. In the present study we demonstrate the specificity of the biosensor, its ability to quantitatively detect up- or down-regulated TDP1 activity, and that it may be used for measuring and for analyzing the mechanism of TDP1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia W Jensen
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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Islam MA, Yun CH, Choi YJ, Shin JY, Arote R, Jiang HL, Kang SK, Nah JW, Park IK, Cho MH, Cho CS. Accelerated gene transfer through a polysorbitol-based transporter mechanism. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9908-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Arote RB, Lee ES, Jiang HL, Kim YK, Choi YJ, Cho MH, Cho CS. Efficient Gene Delivery with Osmotically Active and Hyperbranched Poly(ester amine)s. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:2231-41. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900184k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohidas B. Arote
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Eun-Sun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Hu-Lin Jiang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - You-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Myung-Haing Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
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Arote RB, Hwang SK, Yoo MK, Jere D, Jiang HL, Kim YK, Choi YJ, Nah JW, Cho MH, Cho CS. Biodegradable poly(ester amine) based on glycerol dimethacrylate and polyethylenimine as a gene carrier. J Gene Med 2008; 10:1223-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy to combat genetic or acquired diseases at their root cause rather than just treating symptoms. It is well recognised that there is an urgent need for non-toxic and efficient gene delivery vectors to fully exploit the current potential of gene therapy in molecular medicine. Cell-specific targeting of bioactive nucleotides is a prerequisite to attain the concentration of nucleic acids required for therapeutic efficacy in the target tissue. Many metal ions such as Mg2+, Mn2+, Ba2+ and, most importantly, Ca2+ have been demonstrated to have significant roles in gene delivery. These inorganic cations show low toxicity, good biocompatibility and promise for controlled delivery properties, thus presenting a new alternative to toxic and immunogenic carriers. Recently, inorganic nanoparticles alone, or in combination with a colloidal particulate system such as nanoliposome, an advanced approach to gene delivery, were found to exert a positive effect on gene transfer. In this report, the role of the divalent cations in nucleic acid delivery, particularly with respect to the potential improvement of transfection efficiency of nanolipoplexes, is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reza Mozafari
- Riddet Centre, Private Bag 11-222, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Sun X, Hia HC, Goh PE, Yap MGS. High-density transient gene expression in suspension-adapted 293 EBNA1 cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 99:108-16. [PMID: 17630648 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale transient gene expression (TGE) in mammalian cells is an attractive method to rapidly produce recombinant proteins for pre-clinical studies, with some processes reported to reach 100 L. However, the yield remains low, hardly over 20 mg protein/L, mainly because the current TGEs have been performed at low cell density (approximately 5 x 10(5) cells/mL). In this study, the strategy to improve TGE focuses on facilitating transfection at high cell density. A high-density perfusion culture of 293 EBNA1 cells was established in 2-L bioreactor using Freestyle 293 expression medium (Invitrogen, Singapore) to grow the cells for transfection. Transfection was then carried out at 1 x 10(7) cells/mL using polyethylenimine (PEI) as DNA carrier, at the optimized conditions of 6 microg DNA/10(7) cells and 1:3 DNA to PEI mass ratio. During the post-transfection phase, 80.8 mg/L of the model protein, EPO was obtained at day 5.5 post-transfection (130 mg total EPO production) using a fed-batch culture mode. In comparison, perfusion cultures using an enriched SFM II medium resulted in a longer post-transfection production phase (8 days), and 227 mg of EPO was produced in 10.7 L medium, showing that high-density TGE enables the production of several hundreds of milligrams of protein in a 2 L bioreactor. In addition, a protocol for economical plasmid preparation based on anion exchange was also established to satisfy TGE's demand in terms of quality and quantity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of transient transfections at a high cell density of up to 1 x 10(7) cells/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Sun
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros 138668, Singapore.
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Bertschinger M, Backliwal G, Schertenleib A, Jordan M, Hacker DL, Wurm FM. Disassembly of polyethylenimine-DNA particles in vitro: Implications for polyethylenimine-mediated DNA delivery. J Control Release 2006; 116:96-104. [PMID: 17079047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Here a simple in vitro assay was used to investigate the disassembly of nanoparticles of polyethylenimine (PEI) and DNA. Particles were formed with various PEIs, allowed to mature for 10 min, and then exposed to different competitors (RNA, DNA, BSA or heparin) or to different conditions of pH or osmolarity. DNA release was determined by gel electrophoresis or spectroscopy. The presence of heparin or high salt yielded complete particle disassembly for all PEIs tested. The addition of RNA to particles formed with linear PEIs or branched 2 kDa PEI resulted in rapid DNA release, but RNA induced only partial disassembly of particles formed with large branched PEIs. In the presence of competitor DNA, slow disassembly was observed with particles made with linear PEIs or branched 2 kDa PEI but not for particles made with larger branched PEIs. The presence of BSA resulted in partial disassembly of PEI-DNA particles, but acidic pH did not affect particle stability. If particles were allowed to mature longer than 10 min in NaCl, subsequent heparin-mediated DNA release decreased as the incubation time and the PEI:DNA ratio increased. However, particles that matured in culture medium were disassembled by heparin independently of maturation time or PEI:DNA ratio. It was concluded that branched PEIs have a higher affinity for DNA than linear PEIs, that the intracellular disassembly of PEI-DNA particles may involve interactions between PEI and cellular RNA, and that extended maturation of PEI-DNA particles in NaCl prior to transfection may limit the intracellular release of plasmid DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bertschinger
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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