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Yuan PP, Li M, Zhang Q, Zeng MN, Ke YY, Wei YX, Fu Y, Zheng XK, Feng WS. 2-phenylacetamide Separated from the seed of Lepidium apetalum Willd. inhibited renal fibrosis via MAPK pathway mediated RAAS and oxidative stress in SHR Rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:207. [PMID: 37353787 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04012-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal fibrosis with Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation and oxidative stress are one of the major complications in hypertension. 2-phenylacetamide (PA), a major active component of Lepidium apetalum Willd. (L.A), has numerous pharmacological effects. Its analogues have the effect of anti-renal fibrosis and alleviating renal injury. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanism of PA for regulating the renal fibrosis in SHR based on the MAPK pathway mediated RAAS and oxidative stress. METHODS The SHR rats were used as the hypertension model, and the WKY rats were used as the control group. The blood pressure (BP), urine volume were detected every week. After PA treatment for 4 weeks, the levels of RAAS, inflammation and cytokines were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbnent Assay (ELISA). Hematoxylin-Eosin staining (HE), Masson and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to observe the renal pathology, collagen deposition and fibrosis. Western blot was used to examine the MAPK pathway in renal. Finally, the SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) antagonism assay in the high NaCl-induced NRK52e cells was used, together with In-Cell Western (ICW), Flow Cytometry (FCM), High Content Screening (HCS) and ELISA to confirm the potential pharmacological mechanism. RESULTS PA reduced the BP, RAAS, inflammation and cytokines, promoted the urine, and relieved renal pathological injury and collagen deposition, repaired renal fibrosis, decreased the expression of NADPH Oxidase 4 (NOX4), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), SMAD3 and MAPK signaling pathway in SHR rats. Meanwhile,,the role of PA could be blocked by p38 antagonist SB203580 effectively in the high NaCl-induced NRK52e cells. Moreover, molecular docking indicated that PA occupied the ligand binding sites of p38 MAPK. CONCLUSION PA inhibited renal fibrosis via MAPK signalling pathway mediated RAAS and oxidative stress in SHR Rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Meng-Nan Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ying-Ying Ke
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ya-Xin Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yang Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiao-Ke Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Wei-Sheng Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Zeng M, Li M, Li M, Zhang B, Li B, Zhang L, Feng W, Zheng X. 2-Phenylacetamide Isolated from the Seeds of Lepidium apetalum and Its Estrogen-Like Effects In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092293. [PMID: 30205508 PMCID: PMC6225176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the estrogen-like effects of 2-phenylacetamide (PA), which is the main compound isolated from the seeds of Lepidium apetalum Willd (LA). Results showed that LA and PA could promote the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. The mouse uterine weight test showed that, LA and PA could increase the uterus index of immature female mice, and the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estrogen (E2). LA could increase the expression of ERα and ERβ, while PA could increase the expression of ERα, ERβ and GPR30 in the uterus and MCF-7 cells. In addition, co-incubation of the estrogen receptor blocker with LA or PA abolished the inductive effect of the proliferation. PA has estrogenic activities and was the material basis of LA that played the estrogenic effect. LA and PA might be used for the treatment of perimenopause syndrome in a novel application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Zeng
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Benke Li
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Weisheng Feng
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Buß O, Voss M, Delavault A, Gorenflo P, Syldatk C, Bornscheuer U, Rudat J. β-Phenylalanine Ester Synthesis from Stable β-Keto Ester Substrate Using Engineered ω-Transaminases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051211. [PMID: 29783679 PMCID: PMC6100204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful synthesis of chiral amines from ketones using ω-transaminases has been shown in many cases in the last two decades. In contrast, the amination of β-keto acids is a special and relatively new challenge, as they decompose easily in aqueous solution. To avoid this, transamination of the more stable β-keto esters would be an interesting alternative. For this reason, ω-transaminases were tested in this study, which enabled the transamination of the β-keto ester substrate ethyl benzoylacetate. Therefore, a ω-transaminase library was screened using a coloring o-xylylenediamine assay. The ω-transaminase mutants 3FCR_4M and ATA117 11Rd show great potential for further engineering experiments aiming at the synthesis of chiral (S)- and (R)-β-phenylalanine esters. This alternative approach resulted in the conversion of 32% and 13% for the (S)- and (R)-enantiomer, respectively. Furthermore, the (S)-β-phenylalanine ethyl ester was isolated by performing a semi-preparative synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Buß
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Moritz Voss
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - André Delavault
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Pascal Gorenflo
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Uwe Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Jens Rudat
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Ehrenworth AM, Haines MA, Wong A, Peralta-Yahya P. Quantifying the efficiency of Saccharomyces cerevisiae translocation tags. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2628-2636. [PMID: 28688209 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Compartmentalization of metabolic pathways into organelles of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used to improve chemical production. Pathway compartmentalization aids chemical production by bringing enzymes into close proximity to one another, placing enzymes near key starting metabolites or essential co-factors, increasing the effective concentration of metabolic intermediates, and providing a more suitable chemical environment for enzymatic activity. Although several translocation tags have been used to localize enzymes to different yeast organelles, their translocation efficiencies have not been quantified. Here, we systematically quantify the translocation efficiencies of 10 commonly used S. cerevisiae tags by localizing green fluorescent protein (GFP) into three yeast organelles: the mitochondrion (4 tags), the vacuole (3 tags), and the peroxisome (3 tags). Further, we investigate whether plasmid copy number or mRNA levels vary with tag translocation efficiency. Quantification of the efficiencies of S. cerevisiae translocation tags provides an important resource for bioengineering practitioners when choosing a tag to compartmentalize their desired protein. Finally, these efficiencies can be used to determine the percentage of enzyme compartmentalization and, thus, help better quantify effects of compartmentalization on metabolic pathway efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Ehrenworth
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mitchell A Haines
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amy Wong
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pamela Peralta-Yahya
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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Shon M, Shanmugavel R, Shin G, Mathew S, Lee SH, Yun H. Enzymatic synthesis of chiral γ-amino acids using ω-transaminase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:12680-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44864a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu W, Luo J, Zhuang X, Shen W, Zhang Y, Li S, Hu Y, Huang H. Efficient preparation of enantiopure l-tert-leucine through immobilized penicillin G acylase catalyzed kinetic resolution in aqueous medium. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Current state and perspectives of penicillin G acylase-based biocatalyses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2867-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Efficient production of S-(+)-2-chlorophenylglycine by immobilized penicillin G acylase in a recirculating packed bed reactor. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Naksang C, Sunsandee N, Thamphiphit N, Pancharoen U, Ramakul P, Leepipatpiboon N. Synergistic Enantioseparation of Rac-Phenylalanine via Hollow Fiber Supported Liquid Membrane. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2012.719255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Li D, Ji L, Wang X, Wei D. ENANTIOSELECTIVE ACYLATION OF β-PHENYLALANINE ACID AND ITS DERIVATIVES CATALYZED BY PENICILLIN G ACYLASE FROMAlcaligenes faecalis. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 43:207-16. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2012.719847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Gong X, Su E, Wang P, Wei D. Alcaligenes faecalis penicillin G acylase-catalyzed enantioselective acylation of dl-phenylalanine and derivatives in aqueous medium. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Bea HS, Park HJ, Lee SH, Yun H. Kinetic resolution of aromatic β-amino acids by ω-transaminase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5894-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11528f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Rehdorf J, Mihovilovic M, Bornscheuer U. Durch Nutzen der Regioselektivität von Baeyer-Villiger- Monooxygenasen zu β-Aminosäuren und β-Aminoalkoholen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Rehdorf J, Mihovilovic M, Bornscheuer U. Exploiting the Regioselectivity of Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases for the Formation of β-Amino Acids and β-Amino Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:4506-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Promotion of multipoint covalent immobilization through different regions of genetically modified penicillin G acylase from E. coli. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cox BM, Bilsborrow JB, Walker KD. Enhanced Conversion of Racemic α-Arylalanines to (R)-β-Arylalanines by Coupled Racemase/Aminomutase Catalysis. J Org Chem 2009; 74:6953-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9009563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brad M. Cox
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Joshua B. Bilsborrow
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Kevin D. Walker
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Heck T, Seebach D, Osswald S, ter Wiel MKJ, Kohler HPE, Geueke B. Kinetic Resolution of Aliphatic β-Amino Acid Amides by β-Aminopeptidases. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1558-61. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Grundmann P, Fessner WD. One-Pot, Regioselective Synthesis of Substituted Arylglycines for Kinetic Resolution by Penicillin G Acylase. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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