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Koizumi Y, Nakajima Y, Tanaka Y, Matsui K, Sakabe M, Maeda K, Sato M, Koshino H, Sato S, Kimura M, Takahashi-Ando N. A Role in 15-Deacetylcalonectrin Acetylation in the Non-Enzymatic Cyclization of an Earlier Bicyclic Intermediate in Fusarium Trichothecene Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4288. [PMID: 38673874 PMCID: PMC11050026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium begins with the cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate to trichodiene, followed by subsequent oxygenation to isotrichotriol. This initial bicyclic intermediate is further cyclized to isotrichodermol (ITDmol), a tricyclic precursor with a toxic trichothecene skeleton. Although the first cyclization and subsequent oxygenation are catalyzed by enzymes encoded by Tri5 and Tri4, the second cyclization occurs non-enzymatically. Following ITDmol formation, the enzymes encoded by Tri101, Tri11, Tri3, and Tri1 catalyze 3-O-acetylation, 15-hydroxylation, 15-O-acetylation, and A-ring oxygenation, respectively. In this study, we extensively analyzed the metabolites of the corresponding pathway-blocked mutants of Fusarium graminearum. The disruption of these Tri genes, except Tri3, led to the accumulation of tricyclic trichothecenes as the main products: ITDmol due to Tri101 disruption; a mixture of isotrichodermin (ITD), 7-hydroxyisotrichodermin (7-HIT), and 8-hydroxyisotrichodermin (8-HIT) due to Tri11 disruption; and a mixture of calonectrin and 3-deacetylcalonectrin due to Tri1 disruption. However, the ΔFgtri3 mutant accumulated substantial amounts of bicyclic metabolites, isotrichotriol and trichotriol, in addition to tricyclic 15-deacetylcalonectrin (15-deCAL). The ΔFgtri5ΔFgtri3 double gene disruptant transformed ITD into 7-HIT, 8-HIT, and 15-deCAL. The deletion of FgTri3 and overexpression of Tri6 and Tri10 trichothecene regulatory genes did not result in the accumulation of 15-deCAL in the transgenic strain. Thus, the absence of Tri3p and/or the presence of a small amount of 15-deCAL adversely affected the non-enzymatic second cyclization and C-15 hydroxylation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Koizumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Yuya Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Kosuke Matsui
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Masato Sakabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan;
| | - Kazuyuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Masayuki Sato
- Plant & Microbial Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute (DRI) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- Molecular Structure Characterization Unit, Technology Platform Division, Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Soichi Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan;
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
- Plant & Microbial Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute (DRI) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Naoko Takahashi-Ando
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan;
- Plant & Microbial Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute (DRI) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
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Permana D, Kitaoka T, Ichinose H. Conversion and synthesis of chemicals catalyzed by fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases: A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023. [PMID: 37139574 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (also called CYPs or P450s) are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases. They are distributed in all biological kingdoms. Most fungi have at least two P450-encoding genes, CYP51 and CYP61, which are housekeeping genes that play important roles in the synthesis of sterols. However, the kingdom fungi is an interesting source of numerous P450s. Here, we review reports on fungal P450s and their applications in the bioconversion and biosynthesis of chemicals. We highlight their history, availability, and versatility. We describe their involvement in hydroxylation, dealkylation, oxygenation, C═C epoxidation, C-C cleavage, C-C ring formation and expansion, C-C ring contraction, and uncommon reactions in bioconversion and/or biosynthesis pathways. The ability of P450s to catalyze these reactions makes them promising enzymes for many applications. Thus, we also discuss future prospects in this field. We hope that this review will stimulate further study and exploitation of fungal P450s for specific reactions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Permana
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, The National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN)), Bandung Advanced Science and Creative Engineering Space (BASICS), Kawasan Sains dan Teknologi (KST) Prof. Dr. Samaun Samadikun, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Takuya Kitaoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Chtioui W, Balmas V, Delogu G, Migheli Q, Oufensou S. Bioprospecting Phenols as Inhibitors of Trichothecene-Producing Fusarium: Sustainable Approaches to the Management of Wheat Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020072. [PMID: 35202101 PMCID: PMC8875213 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium spp. are ubiquitous fungi able to cause Fusarium head blight and Fusarium foot and root rot on wheat. Among relevant pathogenic species, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum cause significant yield and quality loss and result in contamination of the grain with mycotoxins, mainly type B trichothecenes, which are a major health concern for humans and animals. Phenolic compounds of natural origin are being increasingly explored as fungicides on those pathogens. This review summarizes recent research activities related to the antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic activity of natural phenolic compounds against Fusarium, including studies into the mechanisms of action of major exogenous phenolic inhibitors, their structure-activity interaction, and the combined effect of these compounds with other natural products or with conventional fungicides in mycotoxin modulation. The role of high-throughput analysis tools to decipher key signaling molecules able to modulate the production of mycotoxins and the development of sustainable formulations enhancing potential inhibitors’ efficacy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiem Chtioui
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-079-229-297
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Peng X, Wu B, Zhang S, Li M, Jiang X. Transcriptome Dynamics Underlying Chlamydospore Formation in Trichoderma virens GV29-8. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:654855. [PMID: 34168625 PMCID: PMC8217873 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.654855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are widely used biocontrol agents which are antagonistic to a variety of plant pathogens. Chlamydospores are a type of propagules produced by many fungi that have thick walls and are highly resistant to adverse environmental conditions. Chlamydospore preparations of Trichoderma spp. can withstand various storage conditions, have a longer shelf life than conidial preparations and have better application potential. However, large-scale production of chlamydospores has proven difficult. To understand the molecular mechanisms governing chlamydospore formation (CF) in Trichoderma fungi, we performed a comprehensive analysis of transcriptome dynamics during CF across 8 different developmental time points, which were divided into 4 stages according to PCA analysis: the mycelium growth stage (S1), early and middle stage of CF (S2), flourishing stage of CF (S3), and late stage of CF and mycelia initial autolysis (S4). 2864, 3206, and 3630 DEGs were screened from S2 vs S1, S3 vs S2, and S4 vs S3, respectively. We then identified the pathways and genes that play important roles in each stage of CF by GO, KEGG, STC and WGCNA analysis. The results showed that DEGs in the S2 vs S1 were mainly enriched in organonitrogen compound metabolism, those in S3 vs S2 were mainly involved in secondary metabolite, cell cycle, and N-glycan biosynthesis, and DEGs in S4 vs S3 were mainly involved in lipid, glycogen, and chitin metabolic processes. We speculated that mycelial assimilation and absorption of exogenous nitrogen in the early growth stage (S1), resulted in subsequent nitrogen deficiency (S2). At the same time, secondary metabolites and active oxygen free radicals released during mycelial growth produced an adverse growth environment. The resulting nitrogen-deficient and toxin enriched medium may stimulate cell differentiation by initiating cell cycle regulation to induce morphological transformation of mycelia into chlamydospores. High expression of genes relating to glycogen, lipid, mannan, and chitin synthetic metabolic pathways during the flourishing (S3) and late stages (S4) of CF may be conducive to energy storage and cell wall construction in chlamydospores. For further verifying the functions of the amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism (tre00520) pathway in the CF of T. virens GV29-8 strain, the chitin synthase gene (TRIVIDRAFT_90152), one key gene of the pathway, was deleted and resulted in the dysplasia of mycelia and an incapability to form normal chlamydospores, which illustrated the pathway affecting the CF of T. virens GV29-8 strain. Our results provide a new perspective for understanding the genetics of biochemical pathways involved in CF of Trichoderma spp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mei Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiliang Jiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Han SH, Song MH, Keum YS. Effects of Azole Fungicides on Secreted Metabolomes of Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5309-5317. [PMID: 32315172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, gray mold, is one of the most notorious phytopathgens, causing serious economic loss in the agricultural industry. The phytotoxic effects are mainly derived from secreted virulence proteins and terpenoid-type secondary metabolites. Azole fungicides are commonly used to manage the disease. However, their biochemical effects other than sterol biosynthesis were not documented, especially toxic secreted metabolites. In this study, six azole fungicides were treated with in vitro and in vivo conditions. Comprehensive profiles of primary and secondary metabolites in culture media were evaluated to assess the fungal metabolomes under pesticide-stressed conditions. The results indicated that extensive metabolic differentiation was induced by azole fungicides. Epoxiconazole clearly reduced the extracellular phytotoxin concentrations, while the level of indole-3-acetic acid was increased. In addition, significant differentiation of primary metabolism could be deduced from secreted metabolite profiles, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle and aromatic amino acid catabolism. Cellular lipid profiles, including fatty acids and sterol, have been altered drastically by azoles, which indicate extensive changes of cellular lipid metabolism. These system-wide metabolic alterations resulted in reduced plant damages, proven by the in vivo assay with tomato. Overall, azole fungicides induced significant changes of endo- and exometabolomes and could reduce the fungal infection. The experimental results will provide a more detailed understanding of physiological changes of phytopathogens under pesticide treatment and information for new pesticide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Hee Han
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Song
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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6
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Tanaka Y, Nakajima Y, Maeda K, Matsuyama M, Kanamaru K, Kobayashi T, Ohsato S, Kimura M. Inhibition of Fusarium trichothecene biosynthesis by yeast extract components extractable with ethyl acetate. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 289:24-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Maeda K, Ichikawa H, Nakajima Y, Motoyama T, Ohsato S, Kanamaru K, Kobayashi T, Nishiuchi T, Osada H, Kimura M. Identification and Characterization of Small Molecule Compounds That Modulate Trichothecene Production by Fusarium graminearum. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1260-1269. [PMID: 29565558 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
From the RIKEN Natural Products Depository (NPDepo) chemical library, we identified small molecules that alter trichothecene 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) production by Fusarium graminearum. Among trichothecene production activators, a furanocoumarin NPD12671 showed the strongest stimulatory activity on 15-ADON production by the fungus cultured in a 24-well plate. NPD12671 significantly increased the transcription of Tri6, a transcription factor gene necessary for trichothecene biosynthesis, in both trichothecene-inducing and noninducing culture conditions. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was identified as the most effective inhibitor of trichothecene production in 24-well plate culture; DHA inhibited trichothecene production (>50% inhibition at 1 μM) without affecting fungal mass by suppressing Tri6 expression. To determine the effect of DHA on trichothecene pathway Tri gene expression, we generated a constitutively Tri6-overexpressing strain that produced 15-ADON in YG_60 medium in Erlenmeyer flasks, conditions under which no trichothecenes are produced by the wild-type. While 5 μM DHA failed to inhibit trichothecene biosynthesis by the overexpressor in trichothecene-inducing YS_60 culture, trichothecene production was suppressed in the YG_60 culture. Regardless of a high Tri6 transcript level in the constitutive overexpressor, the YG_60 culture showed reduced accumulation of Tri5 and Tri4 mRNA upon treatment with 5 μM DHA. Deletion mutants of FgOs2 were also generated and examined; both NPD12671 and DHA modulated trichothecene production as they did in the wild-type strain. These results are discussed in light of the mode of actions of these chemicals on trichothecene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hinayo Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohsato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanamaru
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Bilska K, Stuper-Szablewska K, Kulik T, Buśko M, Załuski D, Jurczak S, Perkowski J. Changes in Phenylpropanoid and Trichothecene Production by Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum Sensu Stricto via Exposure to Flavonoids. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10030110. [PMID: 29510600 PMCID: PMC5869398 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a group of hydroxylated polyphenolic compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Biosynthesis of these compounds involves type III PKSs, whose presence has been recently predicted in some fungal species through genome sequencing efforts. In this study, for the first time it was found that Fusaria produce flavonoids on solid YES medium. Naringenin, as the central precursor of all flavonoids, was produced at highest quantities, followed by quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin and luteolin. In plants, flavonoids are involved in the protection of cereals to a wide range of stresses, including host defense against Fusaria. Under in vitro conditions, strains of Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum sensu stricto were incubated at levels of flavonoids close to amounts produced by cereals in response to fungal infection. The amounts of exogenous naringenin, apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol and quercetin were reduced and converted by fungi to the other flavonoid derivatives. Treatment of fungi with naringenin derivatives led to the inhibition of naringenin production. Correspondingly, the production of fungal-derived phenolic acids decreased in flavonoid treated samples, although this effect appeared to be dependent on the strain, flavonoid molecule and its concentration. Fusaria showed high variability in trichothecene production in response to flavonoids. With emphasis on quercetin, mycotoxin accumulation in the media was significantly decreased by luteolin, kaempferol, naringenin and apigenin. However, in some cases, apigenin led to the increase of mycotoxin content in the media. Gene expression experiments of Tri genes responsible for trichothecene biosynthesis (Tri4, Tri5 and Tri10) proved that the inhibition of mycotoxin production by flavonoids occurred at the transcriptional level. However, the changes in Tri transcript levels were not significant in most apigenin and all kaempferol-treated cultures. In this study, a link was established between antioxidant and antiradical properties of flavonoids and their effects on fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bilska
- Department of Microbiology and Mycology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Kinga Stuper-Szablewska
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Microbiology and Mycology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maciej Buśko
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Załuski
- Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Jurczak
- Department of Microbiology and Mycology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Juliusz Perkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
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Maeda K, Nakajima Y, Motoyama T, Kondoh Y, Kawamura T, Kanamaru K, Ohsato S, Nishiuchi T, Yoshida M, Osada H, Kobayashi T, Kimura M. Identification of a trichothecene production inhibitor by chemical array and library screening using trichodiene synthase as a target protein. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 138:1-7. [PMID: 28456298 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins often accumulate in apparently normal grains of cereal crops. In an effort to develop an agricultural chemical to reduce trichothecene contamination, we screened trichothecene production inhibitors from the compounds on the chemical arrays. By using the trichodiene (TDN) synthase tagged with hexahistidine (rTRI5) as a target protein, 32 hit compounds were obtained from chemical library of the RIKEN Natural Product Depository (NPDepo) by chemical array screening. At 10μgmL-1, none of the 32 chemicals inhibited trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum in liquid culture. Against the purified rTRI5 enzyme, however, NPD10133 [progesterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime amide-bonded to phenylalanine] showed weak inhibitory activity at 10μgmL-1 (18.7μM). For the screening of chemicals inhibiting trichothecene accumulation in liquid culture, 20 analogs of NPD10133 selected from the NPDepo chemical library were assayed. At 10μM, only NPD352 [testosterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime amide-bonded to phenylalanine methyl ester] inhibited rTRI5 activity and trichothecene production. Kinetic analysis suggested that the enzyme inhibition was of a mixed-type. The identification of NPD352 as a TDN synthase inhibitor lays the foundation for the development of a more potent inhibitor via systematic introduction of wide structural diversity on the gonane skeleton and amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Maeda
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kondoh
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Kawamura
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanamaru
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohsato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
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L-Threonine and its analogue added to autoclaved solid medium suppress trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:945-952. [PMID: 28357472 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum produces trichothecene mycotoxins under certain nutritional conditions. When L-Thr and its analogue L-allo-threonine were added to brown rice flour solid medium before inoculation, trichothecene production after 4 days of incubation was suppressed. A time-course analysis of gene expression demonstrated that L-Thr suppressed transcription of Tri6, a trichothecene master regulator gene, and a terpene cyclase Tri5 gene. Regulation of trichothecene biosynthesis by altering major primary metabolic processes may open up the possibility to develop safe chemicals for the reduction of mycotoxin contamination might be developed.
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Maeda K, Nakajima Y, Tanahashi Y, Kosaki T, Kitou Y, Kanamaru K, Kobayashi T, Nishiuchi T, Kimura M. Characterization of the acivicin effects on trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum species complex. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2016; 62:272-276. [PMID: 27600357 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Maeda
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University
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Sakuda S, Yoshinari T, Furukawa T, Jermnak U, Takagi K, Iimura K, Yamamoto T, Suzuki M, Nagasawa H. Search for aflatoxin and trichothecene production inhibitors and analysis of their modes of action. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:43-54. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1086261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of crops is a serious problem throughout the world because of its impact on human and animal health as well as economy. Inhibitors of mycotoxin production are useful not only for developing effective methods to prevent mycotoxin contamination, but also for investigating the molecular mechanisms of secondary metabolite production by fungi. We have been searching for mycotoxin production inhibitors among natural products and investigating their modes of action. In this article, we review aflatoxin and trichothecene production inhibitors, including our works on blasticidin S, methyl syringate, cyclo(l-Ala-l-Pro), respiration inhibitors, and precocene II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Sakuda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yoshinari
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Furukawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Usuma Jermnak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Keiko Takagi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kurin Iimura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Scherm B, Balmas V, Spanu F, Pani G, Delogu G, Pasquali M, Migheli Q. Fusarium culmorum: causal agent of foot and root rot and head blight on wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:323-41. [PMID: 23279114 PMCID: PMC6638779 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fusarium culmorum is a ubiquitous soil-borne fungus able to cause foot and root rot and Fusarium head blight on different small-grain cereals, in particular wheat and barley. It causes significant yield and quality losses and results in contamination of the grain with mycotoxins. This review summarizes recent research activities related to F. culmorum, including studies into its population diversity, mycotoxin biosynthesis, mechanisms of pathogenesis and resistance, the development of diagnostic tools and preliminary genome sequence surveys. We also propose potential research areas that may expand our basic understanding of the wheat-F. culmorum interaction and assist in the management of the disease caused by this pathogen. TAXONOMY Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) Sacc. Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Subphylum Pezizomycotina; Class Sordariomycetes; Subclass Hypocreomycetidae; Order Hypocreales; Family Nectriaceae; Genus Fusarium. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Foot and root rot (also known as Fusarium crown rot): seedling blight with death of the plant before or after emergence; brown discoloration on roots and coleoptiles of the infected seedlings; brown discoloration on subcrown internodes and on the first two/three internodes of the main stem; tiller abortion; formation of whiteheads with shrivelled white grains; Fusarium head blight: prematurely bleached spikelets or blighting of the entire head, which remains empty or contains shrunken dark kernels. IDENTIFICATION AND DETECTION: Morphological identification is based on the shape of the macroconidia formed on sporodochia on carnation leaf agar. The conidiophores are branched monophialides, short and wide. The macroconidia are relatively short and stout with an apical cell blunt or slightly papillate; the basal cell is foot-shaped or just notched. Macroconidia are thick-walled and curved, usually 3-5 septate, and mostly measuring 30-50 × 5.0-7.5 μm. Microconidia are absent. Oval to globose chlamydospores are formed, intercalary in the hyphae, solitary, in chains or in clumps; they are also formed from macroconidia. The colony grows very rapidly (1.6-2.2 cm/day) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at the optimum temperature of 25 °C. The mycelium on PDA is floccose, whitish, light yellow or red. The pigment on the reverse plate on PDA varies from greyish-rose, carmine red or burgundy. A wide array of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR tools, as well as complementary methods, which are summarised in the first two tables, have been developed for the detection and/or quantification of F. culmorum in culture and in naturally infected plant tissue. HOST RANGE Fusarium culmorum has a wide range of host plants, mainly cereals, such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, corn, sorghum and various grasses. In addition, it has been isolated from sugar beet, flax, carnation, bean, pea, asparagus, red clover, hop, leeks, Norway spruce, strawberry and potato tuber. Fusarium culmorum has also been associated with dermatitis on marram grass planters in the Netherlands, although its role as a causal agent of skin lesions appears questionable. It is also isolated as a symbiont able to confer resistance to abiotic stress, and has been proposed as a potential biocontrol agent to control the aquatic weed Hydrilla spp. USEFUL WEBSITES http://isolate.fusariumdb.org/; http://sppadbase.ipp.cnr.it/; http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/genome/fusarium_group/MultiHome.html; http://www.fgsc.net/Fusarium/fushome.htm; http://plantpath.psu.edu/facilities/fusarium-research-center; http://www.phi-base.org/; http://www.uniprot.org/; http://www.cabi.org/; http://www.indexfungorum.org/
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Scherm
- Dipartimento di Agraria-Sezione di Patologia Vegetale ed Entomologia and Centro Interdisciplinare per lo Sviluppo della Ricerca Biotecnologica e per lo Studio della Biodiversità della Sardegna e dell'Area Mediterranea, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
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Crešnar B, Petrič S. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in the fungal kingdom. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1814:29-35. [PMID: 20619366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases of fungi are involved in many essential cellular processes and play diverse roles. The enzymes catalyze the conversion of hydrophobic intermediates of primary and secondary metabolic pathways, detoxify natural and environmental pollutants and allow fungi to grow under different conditions. Fungal genome sequencing projects have enabled the annotation of several thousand novel cytochromes P450, many of which constitute new families. This review presents the characteristics of fungal cytochrome P450 systems and updates information on the functions of characterized fungal P450 monooxygenases as well as outlines the currently used strategies for determining the function of the many putative P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Crešnar
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Yoshinari T, Yaguchi A, Takahashi-Ando N, Kimura M, Takahashi H, Nakajima T, Sugita-Konishi Y, Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. Spiroethers of German chamomile inhibit production of aflatoxin G1and trichothecene mycotoxin by inhibiting cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in their biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 284:184-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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