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Bao S, Wang W, Deng Z, Zhou R, Zeng S, Hou D, He J, Huang Z. Changes of bacterial communities and bile acid metabolism reveal the potential "intestine-hepatopancreas axis" in shrimp. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 938:173384. [PMID: 38815838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between the gut and the liver plays a significant role in individual health and diseases. Mounting evidence supports that bile acids are important metabolites in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the liver. Most of the current studies on the "gut-liver axis" have focused on higher vertebrates, however, few was reported on lower invertebrates such as shrimp with an open circulatory system. Here, microbiomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted to investigate the bacterial composition and bile acid metabolism in intestine, hemolymph and hepatopancreas of Penaeus vannamei fed diets supplemented with octanoic acid and oleic acid. After six days of feeding, the bacterial composition in intestine, hemolymph and hepatopancreas changed at different stages, with significant increases in the relative abundance of several genera such as Pseudomonas and Rheinheimera in intestine and hepatopancreas. Notably, there was a more similar bacterial composition in intestine and hepatopancreas at the genus level, which indicated the close communication between shrimp intestine and hepatopancreas. Meanwhile, higher content of some bile acids such as lithocholic acid (LCA) and α-muricholic acid (α-MCA) in intestine and lower content of some bile acids such as taurohyocholic acids (THCA) and isolithocholic acid (IsoLCA) in hepatopancreas were detected. Furthermore, Spearman correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between bacterial composition and bile acid metabolism in intestine and hepatopancreas. The microbial source tracking analysis showed that there was a high proportion of intestine and hepatopancreas bacterial community as the source of each other. Collectively, these results showed a strong crosstalk between shrimp intestine and hepatopancreas, which suggests a unique potential "intestine-hepatopancreas axis" in lower invertebrate shrimp with an open circulatory system. Our finding contributed to the understanding of the interplay between shrimp intestine and hepatopancreas in the view of microecology and provided new ideas for shrimp farming and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Bao
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Zhixuan Deng
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Renjun Zhou
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Shenzheng Zeng
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Dongwei Hou
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Jianguo He
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Lennox-Hvenekilde D, Bali AP, Gronenberg LS, Acevedo-Rocha C, Sommer MOA, Genee HJ. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for high-level production of free lipoic acid. Metab Eng 2023; 76:39-49. [PMID: 36639019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
L-Lipoic acid (LA) is an important antioxidant with various industrial applications as a nutraceutical and therapeutic. Currently, LA is produced by chemical synthesis. Cell factory development is complex as LA and its direct precursors only occur naturally in protein-bound forms. Here we report a rationally engineered LA cell factory and demonstrate de novo free LA production from glucose for the first time in E. coli. The pathway represents a significant challenge as the three key enzymes, native Octanoyltransferase (LipB) and Lipoyl Synthase (LipA), and heterologous Lipoamidase (LpA), are all toxic to overexpress in E. coli. To overcome the toxicity of LipB, functional metagenomic selection was used to identify a highly active and non-toxic LipB and LipA from S. liquefaciens. Using high throughput screening, we balanced translation initiation rates and dual, orthogonal induction systems for the toxic genes, LipA and LpA. The optimized strain yielded 2.5 mg free LA per gram of glucose in minimal media, expressing carefully balanced LipB and LipA, Enterococcus faecalis LpA, and a truncated, native, Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase (AceF) lipoylation domain. When the optimized cell factory strain was cultivated in a fed-batch fermentation, a titer of 87 mg/L free LA in the supernatant was reached after 48 h. This titer is ∼3000-fold higher than previously reported free LA titer and ∼8-fold higher than the previous best total, protein-bound LA titer. The strategies presented here could be helpful in designing, constructing and balancing biosynthetic pathways that harbor toxic enzymes with protein-bound intermediates or products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lennox-Hvenekilde
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark; Biosyntia ApS, Fruebjergvej 3, 2100, Oesterbro, Denmark
| | - Anne P Bali
- Biosyntia ApS, Fruebjergvej 3, 2100, Oesterbro, Denmark
| | | | | | - Morten O A Sommer
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hans J Genee
- Biosyntia ApS, Fruebjergvej 3, 2100, Oesterbro, Denmark.
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Chen B, Foo JL, Ling H, Chang MW. Mechanism-Driven Metabolic Engineering for Bio-Based Production of Free R-Lipoic Acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mitochondria. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:965. [PMID: 32974306 PMCID: PMC7468506 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoic acid is a valuable organosulfur compound used as an antioxidant for dietary supplementation, and potentially anti-diabetic and anti-cancer. Currently, lipoic acid is obtained mainly through chemical synthesis, which requires toxic reagents and organic solvents, thus causing environmental issues. Moreover, chemically synthesized lipoic acid is conventionally a racemic mixture. To obtain enantiomerically pure R-lipoic acid, which has superior bioactivity than the S form, chiral resolution and asymmetric synthesis methods require additional reagents and solvents, and often lead to wastage of S-lipoic acid or precursors with undesired chirality. Toward sustainable production of R-lipoic acid, we aim to develop a synthetic biology-based method using engineered yeast. Here, we deepened mechanistic understanding of lipoic acid biosynthesis and protein lipoylation in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to facilitate metabolic engineering of the microbe for producing free R-lipoic acid. In brief, we studied the biosynthesis and confirmed the availability of protein-bound lipoate in yeast cells through LC-MS/MS. We then characterized in vitro the activity of a lipoamidase from Enterococcus faecalis for releasing free R-lipoic acid from lipoate-modified yeast proteins. Overexpression of the lipoamidase in yeast mitochondria enabled de novo free R-lipoic acid production in vivo. By overexpressing pathway enzymes and regenerating the cofactor, the production titer was increased ∼2.9-fold. This study represents the first report of free R-lipoic acid biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae. We envision that these results could provide insights into lipoic acid biosynthesis in eukaryotic cells and drive development of sustainable R-lipoic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jee Loon Foo
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hua Ling
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthew Wook Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Jayakar SS, Singhal RS. Kinetic modeling and scale up of lipoic acid (LA) production from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a stirred tank bioreactor. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Moon HJ, Jeya M, Yu IS, Ji JH, Oh DK, Lee JK. Chaperone-aided expression of LipA and LplA followed by the increase in alpha-lipoic acid production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 83:329-37. [PMID: 19234698 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-1899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2008] [Revised: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid (LA), a naturally occurring cofactor reported to be present in a diverse group of microorganisms, plants, and animal tissues, has been widely and successfully used as a therapy for a variety of diseases, including diabetes and heart disease. However, to date, recombinant DNA technology has not been applied for higher LA production due mainly to difficulties in the functional expression of key enzymes involved in LA production. Here, we report a study for higher LA production with the aid of chaperone plasmids, DnaKJE and trigger factor (Tf). The lipA and lplA genes encoding lipoate synthase and lipoate protein ligase in Pseudomonas fluorescens, respectively, were cloned and transformed into Escherichia coli K12. When they were overexpressed in E. coli, both LipA and LplA were expressed as inclusion bodies leading to no increase in LA production. However, when chaperone plasmids DnaKJE and Tf were coexpressed with lipA and lplA, the resulting recombinant E. coli strains showed higher LA production than the wild-type E. coli by 32-111%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
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