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Nguyen TKO, Vu TL, Nguyen MQ, Ta HKK, Park KS, Kim SH, Kim CJ, Jang YJ, Choe H. Soluble Prokaryotic Overexpression and Purification of Human GM-CSF Using the Protein Disulfide Isomerase b'a' Domain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105267. [PMID: 34067755 PMCID: PMC8156066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a member of the colony-stimulating factor (CSF) family, which functions to enhance the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and other hematopoietic lineages such as neutrophils, dendritic cells, or macrophages. These proteins have thus generated considerable interest in clinical therapy research. A current obstacle to the prokaryotic production of human GM-CSF (hGM-CSF) is its low solubility when overexpressed and subsequent complex refolding processes. In our present study, the solubility of hGM-CSF was examined when combined with three N-terminal fusion tags in five E. coli strains at three different expression temperatures. In the five E. coli strains BL21 (DE3), ClearColi BL21 (DE3), LOBSTR, SHuffle T7 and Origami2 (DE3), the hexahistidine-tagged hGM-CSF showed the best expression but was insoluble in all cases at each examined temperature. Tagging with the maltose-binding protein (MBP) and the b'a' domain of protein disulfide isomerase (PDIb'a') greatly improved the soluble overexpression of hGM-CSF at 30 °C and 18 °C. The solubility was not improved using the Origami2 (DE3) and SHuffle T7 strains that have been engineered for disulfide bond formation. Two conventional chromatographic steps were used to purify hGM-CSF from the overexpressed PDIb'a'-hGM-CSF produced in ClearColi BL21 (DE3). In the experiment, 0.65 mg of hGM-CSF was isolated from a 0.5 L flask culture of these E. coli and showed a 98% purity by SDS-PAGE analysis and silver staining. The bioactivity of this purified hGM-CSF was measured at an EC50 of 16.4 ± 2 pM by a CCK8 assay in TF-1 human erythroleukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kieu Oanh Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (T.K.O.N.); (T.L.V.); (M.Q.N.); (H.K.K.T.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Thi Luong Vu
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (T.K.O.N.); (T.L.V.); (M.Q.N.); (H.K.K.T.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Minh Quan Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (T.K.O.N.); (T.L.V.); (M.Q.N.); (H.K.K.T.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Huynh Kim Khanh Ta
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (T.K.O.N.); (T.L.V.); (M.Q.N.); (H.K.K.T.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Kyoung Sun Park
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 25159, Korea; (K.S.P.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Soo Hyeon Kim
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 25159, Korea; (K.S.P.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Yeon Jin Jang
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (T.K.O.N.); (T.L.V.); (M.Q.N.); (H.K.K.T.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Han Choe
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (T.K.O.N.); (T.L.V.); (M.Q.N.); (H.K.K.T.); (Y.J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3010-4292
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Expression and one step intein-mediated purification of biologically active human G-CSF in Escherichia coli. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2861-2869. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Malekian R, Sima S, Jahanian-Najafabadi A, Moazen F, Akbari V. Improvement of soluble expression of GM-CSF in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli using chemical and molecular chaperones. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 160:66-72. [PMID: 30998976 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The most common approaches to improve soluble expression of heterologous proteins are applications of molecular chaperones such as DnaK, DnaJ, GrpE, GroEL and GroES. The aim of present study was to enhance soluble expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in Escherichia coli by different approaches including modification of cultivation and induction conditions, and thermally, genetically and chemically enhancement of expression of cellular chaperones. To genetically enhance amount of molecular chaperones, co-expression of pET28-GM-CSF and pKJE7 plasmids was performed. The soluble expressed protein was affinity purified and subjected to endotoxin removal. Co-expression with molecular chaperones significantly increased soluble expression of GM-CSF. Addition of chemical chaperones and osmolytes like NaCl (0.5 M), sucrose (0.5 M), sorbitol (0.5 M) and MgCl2 (1 mM) to growing media could improve solubility of GM-CSF. Biological activity of purified GM-CSF was confirmed based on its proliferative effect on HL-60 cell lines. The approach developed in the present study can be applied to improve soluble expression of other recombinant protein proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Malekian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Setareh Sima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Jahanian-Najafabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moazen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vajihe Akbari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Cloning and expression of recombinant human GMCSF from Pichia pastoris GS115--a progressive strategy for economic production. Am J Ther 2015; 21:462-9. [PMID: 24531404 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGMCSF) is a proinflammatory cytokine and hematopoietic growth factor. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGMCSF) serves as a biotherapeutic agent in bone marrow stimulations, vaccine development, gene therapy approaches, and stem cell mobilization. The objective of the present study includes construction of rhGMCSF having N-terminal intein tag, expression of protein both extracellularly and intracellularly from yeast expression system followed by its purification in a single step by affinity chromatography. The soluble and biologically active rhGMCSF was obtained from Pichia pastoris GS115. About 122 g DCW/L of final yield was obtained for both cytosolic and secretory expression of Pichia GS115 strain. Purified intracellular hGMCSF was 420 mg/L with a specific activity of 2.1×10⁸ IU/mg, and the purified extracellular recombinant protein was 360 mg/L with a specific activity of 1.9×10⁸ IU/mg. The data presented here indicate the possibilities of exploring the economic ways of producing the rhGMCSF.
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A simplified method for the efficient refolding and purification of recombinant human GM-CSF. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49891. [PMID: 23166789 PMCID: PMC3498172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) is a haematopoietic growth factor and proinflammatory cytokine. Recombinant hGM-CSF is important not only as a research tool but also as a biotherapeutic. However, rhGM-CSF expressed in E. coli is known to form inclusion bodies of misfolded, aggregated protein. Refolding and subsequent purification of rhGM-CSF from inclusion bodies is difficult with low yields of bioactive protein being produced. Here we describe a method for the isolation, refolding and purification of bioactive rhGM-CSF from inclusion bodies. The method is straightforward, not requiring extensive experience in protein refolding nor purification and using standard laboratory equipment.
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Production and characterization of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) expressed in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:89-101. [PMID: 22627758 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its isolation, the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) has been proposed as a new class of therapeutic biological products in the treatment of various diseases. However, the toxicity of this cytokine towards its expression host constitutes a major obstacle to bioprocess development for large-scale production. In this work, the optimized gene encoding hGM-CSF was expressed in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica in one and two copies under the control of the fatty acid-inducible POX2 promoter. Protein secretion was directed by the targeting sequence of the extracellular lipase (LIP2): preXALip2. After 48 h of induction, Western blot analysis revealed the presence of a nonglycosylated form of 14.5 kDa and a trail of hGM-CSF hyperglycosylated varying from 23 kDa to more than 60 kDa. The two-copy transformants produced hGM-CSF level which was sevenfold higher compared to the single-copy ones. Deglycosylation with PNGase F showed two forms: a mature form of 14.5 kDa and an unprocessed form of 18 kDa. The addition of two alanines to the signal sequence resulted in correct hGM-CSF processing. The production level was estimated at 250 mg/l after preliminary optimization studies of the cultivation and induction phases. The purified hGM-CSF was identified by N-terminal sequencing and LC-MS/MS analysis; its biological activity was confirmed by stimulating the proliferation of TF1 cell line. This study demonstrated that Y. lipolytica is a promising host for the efficient production of active toxic proteins like hGM-CSF.
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Khasa YP, Khushoo A, Tapryal S, Mukherjee KJ. Optimization of human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) expression using asparaginase and xylanase gene's signal sequences in Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:523-37. [PMID: 21562804 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of the recombinant protein towards the expression host remains a significant deterrent for bioprocess development. In this study, the expression of human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF), which is known to be toxic to its host, was enhanced many folds using a combination of genetic and bioprocess strategies in Escherichia coli. The N terminus attachment of endoxylanase and asparaginase signal sequences from Bacillus subtilis and E. coli, respectively, in combination with and without His-tag, considerably improved expression levels. Induction and media optimization studies in shake flask cultures resulted in a maximal hGM-CSF concentration of 365 mg/L in the form of inclusion bodies (IBs) with a specific product yield (Y (P/X)) of 120 mg/g dry cell weight in case of the asparaginase signal. Culturing the cells in nutrient rich Terrific broth maintained the specific product yields (Y (P/X)) while a 6.6-fold higher volumetric concentration of both product and biomass was obtained. The purification and refolding steps were optimized resulting in a 95% pure protein with a fairly high refolding yield of 45%. The biological activity of the refolded protein was confirmed by a cell proliferation assay on hGM-CSF dependent human erythroleukemia TF-1 cells. This study demonstrated that this indeed is a viable route for the efficient production of hGM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogender Pal Khasa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
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Das KM, Banerjee S, Shekhar N, Damodaran K, Nair R, Somani S, Raiker VP, Jain S, Padmanabhan S. Cloning, soluble expression and purification of high yield recombinant hGMCSF in Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:2064-76. [PMID: 21673940 PMCID: PMC3111651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12032064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGMCSF), a cytokine of therapeutic importance, as a thioredoxin (TRX) fusion has been investigated in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) codon plus cells. The expression of this protein was low when cloned under the T7 promoter without any fusion tags. High yield of GMCSF was achieved (∼88 mg/L of fermentation broth) in the shake flask when the gene was fused to the E. coli TRX gene. The protein was purified using a single step Ni(2+)-NTA affinity chromatography and the column bound fusion tag was removed by on-column cleavage with enterokinase. The recombinant hGMCSF was expressed as a soluble and biologically active protein in E. coli, and upon purification, the final yield was ∼44 mg/L in shake flask with a specific activity of 2.3 × 10(8) U/mg. The results of Western blot and RP-HPLC analyses, along with biological activity using the TF-1 cell line, established the identity of the purified hGMCSF. In this paper, we report the highest yield of hGMCSF expressed in E. coli. The bioreactor study shows that the yield of hGMCSF could be easily scalable with a yield of ∼400 mg/L, opening up new opportunities for large scale production hGMCSF in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M.P. Das
- Clone Development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mails: (K.M.P.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Sampali Banerjee
- Clone Development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mails: (K.M.P.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Nivedita Shekhar
- Mammalian Bioassay Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mail:
| | - Karpagavalli Damodaran
- Analytical development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mails: (K.D.); (V.P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Rahul Nair
- Upstream Development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mail:
| | - Sandeep Somani
- Downstream Development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mail:
| | - Veena P. Raiker
- Analytical development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mails: (K.D.); (V.P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Shweta Jain
- Analytical development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mails: (K.D.); (V.P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Sriram Padmanabhan
- Biotechnology R&D, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India
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Self-cleaving fusion tags for recombinant protein production. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:869-81. [PMID: 21267760 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusion expression is a common practice for recombinant protein production. Some fusion tags confer solubility on the target protein whereas others provide affinity handles that facilitate purification. However, the tag usually needs to be removed from the final product, which involves using expensive proteases or hazardous chemicals and requires additional chromatography steps. Self-cleaving tags are a special group of fusion tags that possess inducible proteolytic activity. Combined with appropriate affinity tags, they enable fusion purification, cleavage and target separation to be achieved in a single step, which saves time, labor and cost. This paper reviews currently available self-cleaving fusion tags for recombinant protein production. For each system, an introduction of its key characteristics and a brief discussion of its advantages and disadvantages is given.
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Dürauer A, Ahrer K, Kaar W, Achmüller C, Sprinzl W, Mayer S, Auer B, Jungbauer A, Hahn R. NproAutoprotease Fusion Technology: Development, Characteristics, and Influential Factors. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15228967.2010.507552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Elleuche S, Pöggeler S. Inteins, valuable genetic elements in molecular biology and biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:479-89. [PMID: 20449740 PMCID: PMC2874743 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inteins are internal protein elements that self-excise from their host protein and catalyze ligation of the flanking sequences (exteins) with a peptide bond. They are found in organisms in all three domains of life, and in viral proteins. Intein excision is a posttranslational process that does not require auxiliary enzymes or cofactors. This self-excision process is called protein splicing, by analogy to the splicing of RNA introns from pre-mRNA. Protein splicing involves only four intramolecular reactions, and a small number of key catalytic residues in the intein and exteins. Protein-splicing can also occur in trans. In this case, the intein is separated into N- and C-terminal domains, which are synthesized as separate components, each joined to an extein. The intein domains reassemble and link the joined exteins into a single functional protein. Understanding the cis- and trans-protein splicing mechanisms led to the development of intein-mediated protein-engineering applications, such as protein purification, ligation, cyclization, and selenoprotein production. This review summarizes the catalytic activities and structures of inteins, and focuses on the advantages of some recent intein applications in molecular biology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skander Elleuche
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Kasernenstr. 12, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pöggeler
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department Genetics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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