1
|
Kostina LV, Filatov IE, Eliseeva OV, Latyshev OE, Chernoryzh YY, Yurlov KI, Lesnova EI, Khametova KM, Cherepushkin SA, Savochkina TE, Tsibezov VV, Kryshen KL, Alekseeva LI, Zaykova ON, Grebennikova TV. [Study of the safety and immunogenicity of VLP-based vaccine for the prevention of rotavirus infection in neonatal minipig model]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:415-427. [PMID: 38156575 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Russia, almost half of the cases of acute intestinal infections of established etiology in 2022 are due to rotavirus infection (RVI). There is no specific treatment for rotavirus gastroenteritis. There is a need to develop modern, effective and safe vaccines to combat rotavirus infection that are not capable of multiplying (replicating) in the body of the vaccinated person. A promising approach is to create vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLPs). OBJECTIVE Study of the safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine against rotavirus infection based on virus-like particles of human rotavirus A in newborn minipigs with multiple intramuscular administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Newborn minipigs were used as an animal model in this study. The safety of the tested vaccine was assessed based on thermometry data, clinical examination, body weight gain, clinical and biochemical blood parameters, as well as necropsy and histological examination. When studying the immunogenic properties of the Gam-VLP-rota vaccine in doses of 30 and 120 µg, the cellular, humoral and secretory immune response was studied. RESULTS The results of assessing the general condition of animals during the immunization period, data from clinical, laboratory and pathomorphological studies indicate the safety of the vaccine against human rotavirus infection based on VLP (Gam-VLP-rota) when administered three times intramuscularly. Good local tolerance of the tested vaccine was demonstrated. The results of the assessment of humoral immunity indicate the formation of a stable immune response after three-time immunization with Gam-VLP-rota, stimulation of the production of antigen-specific IgG antibodies and their functional activity to neutralize human rotavirus A. It was shown that following the triple immunization with the minimum tested concentration of 30 µg/dose, animals developed a cell-mediated immune response. The results of the IgA titer in blood serum and intestinal lavages indicate the formation of both a systemic immunological response and the formation of specific secretory immunity to human rotavirus A. CONCLUSION Thus, three-time intramuscular immunization of minipigs with the Gam-VLP-rota vaccine forms stable protective humoral and cellular immunity in experimental animals. Evaluated vaccine is safe and has good local tolerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L V Kostina
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - I E Filatov
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - O V Eliseeva
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - O E Latyshev
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - Y Y Chernoryzh
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - K I Yurlov
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - E I Lesnova
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - K M Khametova
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - S A Cherepushkin
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - T E Savochkina
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - V V Tsibezov
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | | | | | - O N Zaykova
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - T V Grebennikova
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Asensio-Cob D, Rodríguez JM, Luque D. Rotavirus Particle Disassembly and Assembly In Vivo and In Vitro. Viruses 2023; 15:1750. [PMID: 37632092 PMCID: PMC10458742 DOI: 10.3390/v15081750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are non-enveloped multilayered dsRNA viruses that are major etiologic agents of diarrheal disease in humans and in the young in a large number of animal species. The viral particle is composed of three different protein layers that enclose the segmented dsRNA genome and the transcriptional complexes. Each layer defines a unique subparticle that is associated with a different phase of the replication cycle. Thus, while single- and double-layered particles are associated with the intracellular processes of selective packaging, genome replication, and transcription, the viral machinery necessary for entry is located in the third layer. This modular nature of its particle allows rotaviruses to control its replication cycle by the disassembly and assembly of its structural proteins. In this review, we examine the significant advances in structural, molecular, and cellular RV biology that have contributed during the last few years to illuminating the intricate details of the RV particle disassembly and assembly processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dunia Asensio-Cob
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada;
| | - Javier M. Rodríguez
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Luque
- Electron Microscopy Unit UCCT/ISCIII, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kurokawa N, Lavoie PO, D'Aoust MA, Couture MMJ, Dargis M, Trépanier S, Hoshino S, Koike T, Arai M, Tsutsui N. Development and characterization of a plant-derived rotavirus-like particle vaccine. Vaccine 2021; 39:4979-4987. [PMID: 34325930 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-like particles (VLPs) are unable to replicate in the recipient but stimulate the immune system through recognition of repetitive subunits. Parenterally delivered rotavirus-VLP (Ro-VLP) vaccine could have the potential to overcome the weaknesses of licensed oral live-attenuated rotavirus vaccines, namely, low efficacy in low-income and high mortality settings and a potential risk of intussusception. METHODS A monovalent Ro-VLP composed of viral protein (VP) 7, VP6 and VP2 of G1 genotype specificity was produced in Nicotiana benthamiana using Agrobacterium tumefaciens infiltration-based transient recombinant expression system. Plants expressing recombinant G1 Ro-VLP were harvested, then the resultant biomass was processed through a series of clarification and purification steps including standard extraction, filtration, ultrafiltration and chromatography. The purified G1 Ro-VLP was subsequently examined for its immunogenicity and toxicological profile using animal models. RESULTS G1 Ro-VLP had a purity of ≥90% and was structurally similar to triple-layered rotavirus particles as determined by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Two doses of aluminum hydroxide-adjuvanted G1 Ro-VLP (1 μg, 5 μg or 30 μg), administered intramuscularly, elicited a robust homotypic neutralizing antibody response in rats. Also, rabbits administered G1 Ro-VLP (10 μg or 30 μg) four times intramuscularly with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant did not show any significant toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Plant-derived Ro-VLP composed of VP7, VP6 and VP2 structural proteins would be a plausible alternative to live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines currently distributed worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Kurokawa
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 17-10, Nihonbashi-Koamicho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8405, Japan.
| | | | | | - Manon M-J Couture
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Dargis
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia Trépanier
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Shigeki Hoshino
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Koike
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaaki Arai
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Naohisa Tsutsui
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 17-10, Nihonbashi-Koamicho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8405, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kato T, Machida Y, Takemura K, Xu J, Park EY. Preparation of divalent antigen-displaying enveloped virus-like particles using a single recombinant Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus bacmid in silkworms. J Biotechnol 2020; 323:92-97. [PMID: 32771428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Silkworms have been used as a host for the production of recombinant proteins in a baculovirus expression system using Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). To coexpress several recombinant proteins, a silkworm must be coinfected with several recombinant BmNPVs, which requires a difficult DNA manipulation procedure. In this study, we constructed recombinant BmNPVs containing three expression cassettes, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) Gag protein, surface antigen 1 of Neospora caninum (NcSAG1) and SAG1-related sequence 2 of N. caninum (NcSRS2), by Gibson assembly and the Bac-to-Bac system, designated BmNPV/SAG-SRS-Gag and BmNPV/SAG-Gag-SRS. BmNPV/SAG-SRS-Gag was expressed in silkworms and characterized. NcSAG1 and NcSRS2 were purified with RSV Gag proteins using sucrose density gradient centrifugation and affinity chromatography. RSV Gag formed virus-like particles (RSV-LPs) at a diameter of 20-30 nm based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Immuno-TEM analysis showed that both NcSAG1 and NcSRS2 were displayed on the surface of the RSV-LPs. These results indicate that RSV-LPs displaying two different kinds of proteins were produced in the hemolymph of silkworm larvae by the single polycistronic strategy. This expression platform is efficient for generating multiantigen-displaying VLPs and facilitates the development of vaccines against infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kato
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Machida
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenshin Takemura
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jian Xu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan; Institute of Biology and Information Science, Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Production of Ebola virus-like particles in Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 cells. J Virol Methods 2018; 261:156-159. [PMID: 30145180 PMCID: PMC7113664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we generated recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) against family Filoviridae, genus Ebolavirus, species Zaire ebolavirus, strain Makona (EBOV) in Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells using the EBOV Makona. S2 cells were cotransfected with four viral plasmids encoding EBOV Makona proteins and protein expression was analyzed by immunoblotting. We confirmed that EBOV Makona proteins were successfully expressed in S2 cells. Additionally, we further examined the formation of intracellular and extracellular VLPs by electron microscopy. eVLPs were produced by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation of S2 cells transfected with EBOV Makona genes, and production of VLPs was confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Collectively, our findings showed that the S2 cell system could be a promising tool for efficient production of eVLPs.
Collapse
|
6
|
Changotra H, Vij A. Rotavirus virus-like particles (RV-VLPs) vaccines: An update. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harish Changotra
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Solan Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Avni Vij
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Solan Himachal Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zitzmann J, Weidner T, Czermak P. Optimized expression of the antimicrobial protein Gloverin from Galleria mellonella using stably transformed Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Cytotechnology 2017; 69:371-389. [PMID: 28132128 PMCID: PMC5366974 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are valuable as leads in the pharmaceutical industry for the development of novel anti-infective drugs. Here we describe the efficient heterologous expression and basic characterization of a Gloverin-family AMP derived from the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. Highly productive single-cell clones prepared by limiting dilution achieved a 100% increase in productivity compared to the original polyclonal Drosophila melanogaster S2 cell line. Comprehensive screening for suitable expression conditions using statistical experimental designs revealed that optimal induction was achieved using 600 µM CuSO4 at the mid-exponential growth phase. Under these conditions, 25 mg/L of the AMP was expressed at the 1-L bioreactor scale, with optimal induction and harvest times ensured by dielectric spectroscopy and the online measurement of optical density. Gloverin was purified from the supernatant by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography followed by dialysis. In growth assays, the purified protein showed specific antimicrobial activity against two different strains of Escherichia coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zitzmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
- Project Group Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yamaji H. Suitability and perspectives on using recombinant insect cells for the production of virus-like particles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:1963-70. [PMID: 24407451 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) can be produced in recombinant protein production systems by expressing viral surface proteins that spontaneously assemble into particulate structures similar to authentic viral or subviral particles. VLPs serve as excellent platforms for the development of safe and effective vaccines and diagnostic antigens. Among various recombinant protein production systems, the baculovirus-insect cell system has been used extensively for the production of a wide variety of VLPs. This system is already employed for the manufacture of a licensed human papillomavirus-like particle vaccine. However, the baculovirus-insect cell system has several inherent limitations including contamination of VLPs with progeny baculovirus particles. Stably transformed insect cells have emerged as attractive alternatives to the baculovirus-insect cell system. Different types of VLPs, with or without an envelope and composed of either single or multiple structural proteins, have been produced in stably transformed insect cells. VLPs produced by stably transformed insect cells have successfully elicited immune responses in vivo. In some cases, the yield of VLPs attained with recombinant insect cells was comparable to, or higher than, that obtained by baculovirus-infected insect cells. Recombinant insect cells offer a promising approach to the development and production of VLPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Yamaji
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fernandes F, Teixeira AP, Carinhas N, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM. Insect cells as a production platform of complex virus-like particles. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:225-36. [PMID: 23414412 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multiprotein structures that resemble the conformation of native viruses but lack a viral genome, potentiating their application as safer and cheaper vaccines. The production of VLPs has been strongly linked with the use of insect cells and the baculovirus expression vector system, especially those particles composed of two or more structural viral proteins. In fact, this expression platform has been extensively improved over the years to address the challenges of coexpression of multiple proteins and their proper assembly into complexes in the same cell. In this article, the role of insect cell technology in the development and production of complex VLPs is overviewed; recent achievements, current bottlenecks and future trends are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Fernandes
- ITQB-Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Development of a stable insect cell line constitutively expressing rotavirus VP2. Virus Res 2013; 172:66-74. [PMID: 23287060 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
11
|
Yamaji H, Nakamura M, Kuwahara M, Takahashi Y, Katsuda T, Konishi E. Efficient production of Japanese encephalitis virus-like particles by recombinant lepidopteran insect cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:1071-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
12
|
Moraes AM, Jorge SAC, Astray RM, Suazo CAT, Calderón Riquelme CE, Augusto EFP, Tonso A, Pamboukian MM, Piccoli RAM, Barral MF, Pereira CA. Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells for expression of heterologous genes: From gene cloning to bioprocess development. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:613-28. [PMID: 22079894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present review we discuss strategies that have been used for heterologous gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells using plasmid vectors. Since the growth of S2 cells is not dependent on anchorage to solid substrates, these cells can be easily cultured in suspension in large volumes. The factors that most affect the growth and gene expression of S2 cells, namely cell line, cell passage, inoculum concentration, culture medium, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, hydrodynamic forces and toxic metabolites, are discussed by comparison with other insect and mammalian cells. Gene expression, cell metabolism, culture medium formulation and parameters involved in cellular respiration are particularly emphasized. The experience of the authors with the successful expression of a biologically functional protein, the rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP), by recombinant S2 cells is presented in the topics covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Moraes
- Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais e de Bioprocessos, Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|