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Xie D, Chen C, Dong Y, You C, Wang S, Monroig Ó, Tocher DR, Li Y. Regulation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in teleost fish. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101095. [PMID: 33741387 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA, C20-24), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), are involved in numerous biological processes and have a range of health benefits. Fish have long been considered as the main source of n-3 LC-PUFA in human diets. However, the capacity for endogenous biosynthesis of LC-PUFA from C18 PUFA varies in fish species based on the presence, expression and activity of key enzymes including fatty acyl desaturases (Fads) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acids (Elovl) proteins. In this article, we review progress on the identified Fads and Elovl, as well as the regulatory mechanisms of LC-PUFA biosynthesis both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in teleosts. The most comprehensive advances have been obtained in rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus, a marine teleost demonstrated to have the entire pathway for LC-PUFA biosynthesis, including the roles of transcription factors hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (Hnf4α), liver X receptor alpha (Lxrα), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (Srebp-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ) and stimulatory protein 1 (Sp1), as well as post-transcriptional regulation by individual microRNA (miRNA) or clusters. This research has, for the first time, demonstrated the involvement of Hnf4α, Pparγ and miRNA in the regulation of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in vertebrates. The present review provides readers with a relatively comprehensive overview of the progress made into understanding LC-PUFA biosynthetic systems in teleosts, and some insights into improving endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthesis capacity aimed at reducing the dependence of aquafeeds on fish oil while maintaining or increasing flesh LC-PUFA content and the nutritional quality of farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dizhi Xie
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Cuiying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yewei Dong
- Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Cuihong You
- Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain.
| | - Douglas R Tocher
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK94LA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanyou Li
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Li M, Xu C, Ma Y, Ye R, Chen H, Xie D, Zhang G, Zhang M, Wang M, You C, Wang S, Ning L, Luo M, Li Y. Effects of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids levels on growth, lipid metabolism and innate immunity in juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:177-185. [PMID: 32634552 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) levels on growth, lipid metabolism and innate immunity in juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus, a marine carnivorous teleost, a total of 450 fish (average body weight: 14.84 g) were randomly distributed into 18 cages at sea, each dietary group with three cages and respectively fed six diets (D1-D6) with 2.30% (D1), 0.64% (D2), 1.00% (D3), 1.24% (D4), 1.73% (D5), or 2.10% (D6) n-3 HUFA. Here, D1 with fish oil as lipid source was set as control, while D2-D6 used a mixed vegetable oil as lipid source and supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid- (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid- (EPA) enriched oils to adjust the n-3 HUFA levels. After 8 weeks feeding, the daily growth coefficient (DGC), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) showed no significant difference among the six dietary groups (P > 0.05). The levels of EPA and DHA in serum and liver increased with the dietary n-3 HUFA levels. The activity of total superoxide disumutase (T-SOD) in serum of fish fed D4 and D5 were significantly higher than that of the other groups, whereas the opposite was true for serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels as well as liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The mRNA levels of genes related to hepatic lipid metabolism including sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (srebp-1), fatty acid binding protein 1 (fabp1), peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha (pparα), elongase of very long-chain fatty acids 5 (elovl5) and fatty acyl desaturase 2 (fads2) were down-regulated in fish fed the diets with high n-3 HUFA levels, while those of apolipoprotein b 100 (aprob 100) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (cpt1) increased significantly as increasing n-3 HUFA levels up to 1.73% (D2-D5), but decreased in the 2.10% n-3 HUFA group (D6). In addition, the expression levels of genes related to innate immunity including interleukin-10 (il-10) and transforming growth factor β1 (tgf-β1) increased significantly when dietary n-3 HUFA increased from 0.64% to 1.73%, whereas the opposite was true for the expression levels of nuclear factor kappa-B (nf-κb), interleukin-1β (il-1β), interleukin-6 (il-6) and interleukin-8 (il-8). Overall, the results indicated that dietary n-3 HUFA at 1.24-1.73% (D4-D5) can effectively improve fatty acid profiles, lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity and immune response of golden pompano.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yongcai Ma
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rukai Ye
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hanyi Chen
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dizhi Xie
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guanrong Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Cuihong You
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Lijun Ning
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, 571126, China.
| | - Yuanyou Li
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Molecular cloning and functional characterization of elongase (elovl5) and fatty acyl desaturase (fads2) in sciaenid, Nibea diacanthus (Lacepède, 1802). Gene 2019; 695:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Lin Z, Huang Y, Zou W, Rong H, Hao M, Wen X. Cloning, tissue distribution, functional characterization and nutritional regulation of a fatty acyl Elovl5 elongase in chu's croaker Nibea coibor. Gene 2018; 659:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jin M, Monroig Ó, Navarro JC, Tocher DR, Zhou QC. Molecular and functional characterisation of two elovl4 elongases involved in the biosynthesis of very long-chain (> C 24 ) polyunsaturated fatty acids in black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 212:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dietary DHA/EPA ratio affected tissue fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity, hematological characteristics and expression of lipid-related genes but not growth in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176216. [PMID: 28430821 PMCID: PMC5400258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary docosahexaenoic to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio (DHA/EPA) on growth performance, fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity, hematological characteristics and expression of some lipid metabolism related genes of juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) of initial weight 9.47 ± 0.03 g. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (45% crude protein and 14% crude lipid) were formulated to contain graded DHA/EPA ratios of 0.65, 1.16, 1.60, 2.03 and 2.67. There were no differences in growth performance and feed utilization among treatments. Fish fed higher DHA/EPA ratios had higher malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in serum than lower ratios. Serum triacylglycerol (TAG) content was significantly higher in fish fed the lowest DHA/EPA ratio. Tissue fatty acid profiles reflected the diets despite down-regulation of LC-PUFA biosynthesis genes, fatty acyl desaturase 2 (fads2) and elongase of very long-chain fatty acids 5 (elovl5), by high DHA/EPA ratios. Expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (accα) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (cpt1a) were up-regulated by high DHA/EPA ratio, whereas sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (srebp-1) and hormone-sensitive lipase (hsl) were down-regulated. Fatty acid synthase (fas), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6pgd) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (pparα) showed highest expression in fish fed intermediate (1.16) DHA/EPA ratio. Overall, this study indicated that dietary DHA/EPA ratio affected fatty acid profiles and significantly influenced lipid metabolism including LC-PUFA biosynthesis and other anabolic and catabolic pathways, and also had impacts on antioxidant capacity and hematological characteristics.
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Li W, Feng Z, Song X, Zhu W, Hu Y. Cloning, expression and functional characterization of the polyunsaturated fatty acid elongase (ELOVL5) gene from sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). Gene 2016; 593:217-224. [PMID: 27538705 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) are beneficial for maintaining the health, growth and development of an organism and could reduce the risk of some diseases. The ability to endogenously produce PUFA, especially in invertebrates, is largely unknown. To study the function of elongase genes in the PUFA biosynthesis of Apostichopus japonicus, we cloned an ELOVL5 homology gene from intestinal cDNA of A. japonicus (Aj-ELOVL5). The Aj-ELOVL5 gene encoded a 318 amino acid (AA) protein that exhibited all the characteristics of the ELOVL5 family, such as a histidine box motif and four putative transmembrane-spanning domains. The results of the tissue expression profile of Aj-ELOVL5 revealed that the body wall exhibited the highest expression level compared with other adult tissues. We also found that the Aj-ELOVL5 enzyme exhibited the ability to elongate γ-linolenic acid (18:3 n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) to dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3 n-6) and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3), respectively. Our results indicated that the Aj-ELOVL5 enzyme had the capacity to biosynthesize PUFA from C18/C20 PUFA substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Li
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Immune Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhengfu Feng
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Immune Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaojun Song
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Immune Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Immune Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Yanjiang Hu
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Immune Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
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Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in chordates: Insights into the evolution of Fads and Elovl gene repertoire. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:25-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Kim SH, Roh KH, Park JS, Kim KS, Kim HU, Lee KR, Kang HC, Kim JB. Heterologous Reconstitution of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Arabidopsis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:768478. [PMID: 26339641 PMCID: PMC4538586 DOI: 10.1155/2015/768478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reconstitution of nonnative, very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC-PUFA) biosynthetic pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana was undertaken. The introduction of three primary biosynthetic activities to cells requires the stable coexpression of multiple proteins within the same cell. Herein, we report that C22 VLC-PUFAs were synthesized from C18 precursors by reactions catalyzed by Δ(6)-desaturase, an ELOVL5-like enzyme involved in VLC-PUFA elongation, and Δ(5)-desaturase. Coexpression of the corresponding genes (McD6DES, AsELOVL5, and PtD5DES) under the control of the seed-specific vicilin promoter resulted in production of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3) and docosatetraenoic acid (22:4 n-6) as well as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) in Arabidopsis seeds. The contributions of the transgenic enzymes and endogenous fatty acid metabolism were determined. Specifically, the reasonable synthesis of omega-3 stearidonic acid (18:4 n-3) could be a useful tool to obtain a sustainable system for the production of omega-3 fatty acids in seeds of a transgenic T3 line 63-1. The results indicated that coexpression of the three proteins was stable. Therefore, this study suggests that metabolic engineering of oilseed crops to produce VLC-PUFAs is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Roh
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sug Park
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Seodun-dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ryeol Lee
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Chul Kang
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Bum Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
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Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Elovl5 and Elovl2 differ in selectivity for elongation of omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1656-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Gregory MK, James MJ. Functional characterization of the duck and turkey fatty acyl elongase enzymes ELOVL5 and ELOVL2. J Nutr 2014; 144:1234-9. [PMID: 24919687 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.194159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In most Western countries, the consumption of fish is low and insufficient to provide the recommended daily intake of the n-3 (ω-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). Poultry has the potential to be a sustainable source of EPA and DHA if poultry species are capable of synthesizing these n-3 PUFAs from dietary plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3). In most animals, the elongation of very long-chain fatty acids (ELOVL) enzyme ELOVL2 is essential for conversion of dietary ALA to DHA because only ELOVL2 and not ELOVL5 can elongate docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5n-3) to 24:5n-3, the precursor of DHA. The chicken is the only poultry species in which elongase enzymes have been functionally characterized, and chicken ELOVL5 had unique DPA-to-24:5n-3 activity, which may enable chickens to synthesize more DHA than other animals. By using a yeast expression system, we examined the duck and turkey elongases, ELOVL2 and ELOVL5, to understand if all poultry species have similar potential to synthesize EPA and DHA. The duck and turkey ELOVL5 enzymes were active with C18-20 PUFAs only. The duck ELOVL2 had a broad substrate specificity with C18-22 PUFAs, whereas the turkey ELOVL2 was active only with EPA and C22 PUFAs. Both duck and turkey ELOVL2 enzymes catalyzed 2 rounds of EPA elongation, with the products being DPA and its elongation product, 24:5n-3. With exogenous DPA, both duck and turkey ELOVL2 synthesized 24:5n-3, with the duck ELOVL2 being more active than the turkey ELOVL2. The reason for the lack of DPA elongation activity by the duck and turkey ELOVL5 enzymes compared with the chicken ELOVL5 could not be elucidated by protein sequence comparisons. By using the elongase enzyme activities only as a predictor of DHA synthesis, ducks may have a similar ability to chickens to convert increasing dietary ALA to DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J James
- Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Novel elongase of Pythium sp. with high specificity on Δ6-18C desaturated fatty acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:507-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Coexpression of multiple genes reconstitutes two pathways of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Pichia pastoris. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1843-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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