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Abstract
Although viral vectors comprise the majority of gene delivery vectors, their various safety, production, and other practical concerns have left a research gap to be addressed. The non-viral vector space encompasses a growing variety of physical and chemical methods capable of gene delivery into the nuclei of target cells. Major physical methods described in this chapter are microinjection, electroporation, and ballistic injection, magnetofection, sonoporation, optical transfection, and localized hyperthermia. Major chemical methods described in this chapter are lipofection, polyfection, gold complexation, and carbon-based methods. Combination approaches to improve transfection efficiency or reduce immunological response have shown great promise in expanding the scope of non-viral gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hong Sum
- University of Waterloo, School of Pharmacy, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Shirley Wong
- University of Waterloo, School of Pharmacy, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Samadishadlou M, Farshbaf M, Annabi N, Kavetskyy T, Khalilov R, Saghfi S, Akbarzadeh A, Mousavi S. Magnetic carbon nanotubes: preparation, physical properties, and applications in biomedicine. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1314-1330. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1389746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Samadishadlou
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Material Science and Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Farshbaf
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taras Kavetskyy
- Joint Ukrainian-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems, Drohobych Ukraine & Baku, Azerbaijan
- Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine
- The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Rovshan Khalilov
- Joint Ukrainian-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems, Drohobych Ukraine & Baku, Azerbaijan
- Institute of Radiation Problems of NAS Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Siamak Saghfi
- Joint Ukrainian-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems, Drohobych Ukraine & Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Mousavi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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Sheikhpour M, Golbabaie A, Kasaeian A. Carbon nanotubes: A review of novel strategies for cancer diagnosis and treatment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:1289-1304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Huzil JT, Saliaj E, Ivanova MV, Gharagozloo M, Loureiro MJ, Lamprecht C, Korinek A, Chen DW, Foldvari M. Selective nuclear localization of siRNA by metallic versus semiconducting single wall carbon nanotubes in keratinocytes. Future Sci OA 2015; 1:FSO17. [PMID: 28031892 PMCID: PMC5137862 DOI: 10.4155/fso.15.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in gene therapy as delivery systems for nucleic acids has been recently recognized. Here, we describe that metallic versus semiconducting single-wall CNTs can produce significant differences in transfection rate and cellular distribution of siRNA in murine PAM212 keratinocytes. RESULTS/METHODOLOGY The results of cell interaction studies, coupled with supportive computational simulations and ultrastructural studies revealed that the use of metallic single wall CNTs resulted in siRNA delivery into both the cytoplasm and nucleus of keratinocytes, whereas semiconducting CNTs resulted in delivery only to the cytoplasm. CONCLUSION Using enriched fractions of metallic or semiconducting CNTs for siRNA complex preparation may provide specific subcellular targeting advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Torin Huzil
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Evi Saliaj
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marina V Ivanova
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marjan Gharagozloo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Maria Jimena Loureiro
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Constanze Lamprecht
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Andreas Korinek
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Ding Wen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marianna Foldvari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Orecchioni M, Bedognetti D, Sgarrella F, Marincola FM, Bianco A, Delogu LG. Impact of carbon nanotubes and graphene on immune cells. J Transl Med 2014; 12:138. [PMID: 24885781 PMCID: PMC4067374 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recently proposed that nanomaterials, alone or in concert with their specific biomolecular conjugates, can be used to directly modulate the immune system, therefore offering a new tool for the enhancement of immune-based therapies against infectious disease and cancer. Here, we revised the publications on the impact of functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs), graphene and carbon nanohorns on immune cells. Whereas f-CNTs are the nanomaterial most widely investigated, we noticed a progressive increase of studies focusing on graphene in the last couple of years. The majority of the works (56%) have been carried out on macrophages, following by lymphocytes (30% of the studies). In the case of lymphocytes, T cells were the most investigated (22%) followed by monocytes and dendritic cells (7%), mixed cell populations (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, 6%), and B and natural killer (NK) cells (1%). Most of the studies focused on toxicity and biocompatibility, while mechanistic insights on the effect of carbon nanotubes on immune cells are generally lacking. Only very recently high-throughput gene-expression analyses have shed new lights on unrecognized effects of carbon nanomaterials on the immune system. These investigations have demonstrated that some f-CNTs can directly elicitate specific inflammatory pathways. The interaction of graphene with the immune system is still at a very early stage of investigation. This comprehensive state of the art on biocompatible f-CNTs and graphene on immune cells provides a useful compass to guide future researches on immunological applications of carbon nanomaterials in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Bianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Preparation of magnetic carbon nanotubes (Mag-CNTs) for biomedical and biotechnological applications. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:24619-42. [PMID: 24351838 PMCID: PMC3876132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141224619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely studied for their potential applications in many fields from nanotechnology to biomedicine. The preparation of magnetic CNTs (Mag-CNTs) opens new avenues in nanobiotechnology and biomedical applications as a consequence of their multiple properties embedded within the same moiety. Several preparation techniques have been developed during the last few years to obtain magnetic CNTs: grafting or filling nanotubes with magnetic ferrofluids or attachment of magnetic nanoparticles to CNTs or their polymeric coating. These strategies allow the generation of novel versatile systems that can be employed in many biotechnological or biomedical fields. Here, we review and discuss the most recent papers dealing with the preparation of magnetic CNTs and their application in biomedical and biotechnological fields.
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Qu ZG, He XC, Lin M, Sha BY, Shi XH, Lu TJ, Xu F. Advances in the understanding of nanomaterial–biomembrane interactions and their mathematical and numerical modeling. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:995-1011. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread application of nanomaterials (NMs), which has accompanied advances in nanotechnology, has increased their chances of entering an organism, for example, via the respiratory system, skin absorption or intravenous injection. Although accumulating experimental evidence has indicated the important role of NM–biomembrane interaction in these processes, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Computational techniques, as an alternative to experimental efforts, are effective tools to simulate complicated biological behaviors. Computer simulations can investigate NM–biomembrane interactions at the nanoscale, providing fundamental insights into dynamic processes that are challenging to experimental observation. This paper reviews the current understanding of NM–biomembrane interactions, and existing mathematical and numerical modeling methods. We highlight the advantages and limitations of each method, and also discuss the future perspectives in this field. Better understanding of NM–biomembrane interactions can benefit various fields, including nanomedicine and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Guo Qu
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiao Cong He
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Min Lin
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science & Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Bao Yong Sha
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & Translational Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Xing Hua Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science & Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China.
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He C, Gu Q, Huang M, Yang X, Xing J, Chen J. A low-cost intracellular delivery system based on microbubble and high gravity field. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2012:2424-7. [PMID: 23366414 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6346453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we developed a low-cost intracellular delivery system based on microbubble and high gravity field. We successfully delivered FITC-Dextran (40kD) into hard-to-deliver THP-1 cells. The results showed that our method achieved high delivery efficiency up to 80%. It was found that the delivery efficiency and cell viability were closely related to the centrifuge speed. We speculated that the burst of microbubbles causes transient pore opening thus increasing the chance of biomolecules entering cells. This fast, low-cost and easy-to-operate protocol is very promising for delivering therapeutic genes and drugs into any cells which do not actively take up extracellular materials. This method is most effective for in-vitro delivery, but after delivery, treated cells might be injected back to human for in-vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Mendes RG, Bachmatiuk A, Büchner B, Cuniberti G, Rümmeli MH. Carbon nanostructures as multi-functional drug delivery platforms. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:401-428. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tb00085g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2012; 24:770-9. [PMID: 23146873 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e32835af8de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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